Modified square root of time relation to predict evaporation trends from bare soil

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Jalota ◽  
SS Prihar ◽  
KS Gill
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Transport Theory ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Empirical Relations ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Time Relation

The existing methods of calculating cumulative evaporation (CE) from water transport theory pose a problem of availability of the governing parameters of the soil and atmospheric evaporativity. An empirical relation between CE, inclusive of the constant rate stage, and its time limit is not available. We investigated relations between CE and time (t) for different evaporativities (4). Estimates of CE by using the empirical relations between CE, t and vt agreed well with the observed values: where tf is the duration of the constant rate stage which can be computed from K and E0 K is the r,egression coefficient of CE on vt and b is the intercept. The results indicated that the duration of the constant rate stage decreased with increasing E0 and increasing redistribution time (T); CE under a lower E0 can exceed that under higher E0. Evaporation rate during the falling rate stage is dependent upon E0. For the same E0, the duration of the constant rate stage was higher in silt loam than in sandy loam.

Effects of atmospheric evaporativity, soil type and redistribution time on evaporation from bare soil

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
SK Jalota ◽  
SS Prihar
Keyword(s):  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Water Transmission

Several reports in the literature show that atmospheric evaporativity (Eo), water transmission characteristics of soil and distribution of water in the profile influence the pattern of evaporation losses from soil, but few relate to their interactive effects. Experiments were conducted with silt loam, sandy loam and loamy sand soils with zero and 2 days' redistribution time before commencement of evaporation under high (15.1 � 0.50 mm day-1), medium (10.1 � 0.50 mm day-1) and low (6.3 � 0.52 mm day-1) Eo to ascertain if cumulative evaporation (CE) was always greater under higher Eo irrespective of experimental conditions, and if the evaporation rates during falling rate stage were insensitive to changes in Eo in all soils. Where evaporation commenced immediately after wetting, CE up till 30 days was always higher under higher than lower Eo values in the silt loam and sandy loam soils. In the loamy sand, however, CE under medium Eo conditions exceeded that under high Eo conditions after 2 days. When evaporation commenced after 2 days of redistribution CE under medium and low Eo values exceeded that under high Eo values after 8 and 12 days in the sandy loam, and 2 and 6 days in loamy sand, respectively. Where evaporation was commenced after the 2-day redistribution, CE at 30 days in the silt loam and sandy loam was 12% less than where evaporation commenced immediately after infiltration under all the Eo values. In loamy sand these differences were 17% and 40% under low and high Eo values, respectively. CE as well as evaporation rate (ER) were sensitive to Eo in the initial period of falling rate stage in the silt loam and the sandy loam but not in the loamy sand.

Chloride and Lithium Transport in Large Arrays of Undisturbed Silt Loam and Sandy Loam Soil Columns

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 316
Author(s):  
M. Saleem Akhtar ◽  
Tammo S. Steenhuis ◽  
Brian K. Richards ◽  
Murray B. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Lithium Transport ◽  
Loam Soil

scholarly journals Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in Trichoderma spp. Development

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez ◽  
Sergio Mezquita-García ◽  
Álvaro Rodríguez-González ◽  
Guzmán Carro-Huerga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Trichoderma Species

Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as Trichoderma. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of Trichoderma spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with Trichoderma velutinum T029 and T. harzianum T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both Trichoderma species developed better in AS than in NS, T. velutinum T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than T. harzianum T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the Trichoderma development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in T. velutinum T029 development and pH in the development of T. harzianum T059.

scholarly journals VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND NUTRIENT LEVELS OF LINGONBERRIES GROWN IN FOUR ALASKAN SUBSTRATES

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA S. HOLLOWAY ◽  
ROBERT M. VAN VELDHUIZEN ◽  
CECIL STUSHNOFF ◽  
DAVID K. WILDUNG
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil

Vegetative growth of lingonberries was observed on plants growing in four unsterilized, native-Alaskan substrates: coarsely-ground Lemeta peat, Fairbanks silt loam soil, a mixture of peat and silt loam soil and washed Chena very fine sandy loam soil. Following three growing seasons, plants in the peat treatment showed the greatest increase in vegetative growth as revealed by the number of new stems produced, stem length and dry weight per plant. Leaf size did not differ among substrate treatments. The leaves on plants grown in the peat substrate remained green throughout the entire experiment. The leaves of plants in all other treatments showed varying degrees of chlorosis followed by reddening and necrosis. Differences in concentration of N, P, K, Mn, Fe, Zn and Al in whole-plant tissue samples were recorded. The results indicate lingonberries should be grown in a peat substrate for maximum growth and dry matter accumulation.

THE EFFECT OF ANTECEDENT FREEZE-THAW FREQUENCY ON RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS FROM FROZEN SOIL WITH AND WITHOUT SUBSOIL COMPACTION AND GROUND COVER

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINNELL M. EDWARDS ◽  
J. R. BURNEY
Keyword(s):  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Rainfall Simulator ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Sediment Loss ◽  
Freezing Period ◽  
Subsoil Compaction

Three soils from Prince Edward Island (a loam, a fine sandy loam, and a sandy loam) were tested under a laboratory rainfall simulator to examine the effects of frequency of freezing and thawing, winter rye cover, incorporated cereal residue, and subsoil compaction on runoff volume and sediment loss. Wooden soil boxes were subjected to simulated rain (i) at the end of a 10-d freezing period, and (ii) at the end of the 5th 24-h freezing period of a 10-d alternating freeze-thaw cycle (freeze/thaw). Where the soil was continuously frozen for 10 d, there was 178% greater sediment loss and 160% greater runoff than with daily freeze/thaw over the same period, but there was no difference in sediment concentration. Incorporated cereal residue decreased sediment loss to 50% and runoff to 77% of that from bare soil. Winter rye cover decreased sediment loss to 73% of that from bare soil. Simulated soil compaction caused a 45% increase in sediment loss. The loam soil showed 16.5% greater loss of fine sediment fractions <0.075 mm than the fine sandy loam which showed 23.4% greater loss than the sandy loam. Key words: Freeze-thaw, erosion, compaction, winter rye, cereal residue, rainfall simulator, Prince Edward Island soils

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Near-Surface Temperature Forecasts to Soil Properties over a Sparsely Vegetated Dryland Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1976-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Massey ◽  
W. James Steenburgh ◽  
Sebastian W. Hoch ◽  
Jason C. Knievel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ground Heat Flux ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractWeather Research and Forecasting Model forecasts over the Great Salt Lake Desert erroneously underpredict nocturnal cooling over the sparsely vegetated silt loam soil area of Dugway Proving Ground in northern Utah, with a mean positive bias error in temperature at 2 m AGL of 3.4°C in the early morning [1200 UTC (0500 LST)]. Positive early-morning bias errors also exist in nearby sandy loam soil areas. These biases are related to the improper initialization of soil moisture and parameterization of soil thermal conductivity in silt loam and sandy loam soils. Forecasts of 2-m temperature can be improved by initializing with observed soil moisture and by replacing Johansen's 1975 parameterization of soil thermal conductivity in the Noah land surface model with that proposed by McCumber and Pielke in 1981 for silt loam and sandy loam soils. Case studies illustrate that this change can dramatically reduce nighttime warm biases in 2-m temperature over silt loam and sandy loam soils, with the greatest improvement during periods of low soil moisture. Predicted ground heat flux, soil thermal conductivity, near-surface radiative fluxes, and low-level thermal profiles also more closely match observations. Similar results are anticipated in other dryland regions with analogous soil types, sparse vegetation, and low soil moisture.

Long-term effect of biochar on soil physical properties of agricultural soils with different textures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zanutel ◽  
Sarah Garré ◽  
Charles Bielders
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Long Term Effect

&lt;p&gt;In the context of global soil degradation, biochar is being promoted as a potential solution to improve soil quality, besides its carbon sequestration potential. Burying biochar in soils is known to effect soil physical quality in the short-term (&lt;5 years), and the intensity of these effects depends on soil texture. However, the long-term effects of biochar remain largely unknown yet and are important to quantify given biochar&amp;#8217;s persistency in soils. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the long-term effect of biochar on soil physical properties as a function of soil texture and biochar concentration.&amp;#160; For this purpose, soil physical properties (particle density, bulk density, porosity, water retention and hydraulic conductivity curves) were measured in the topsoil of three fields with former kiln sites containing charcoal more than 150 years old in Wallonia (southern Belgium).&amp;#160; The fields had a silt loam, loam and sandy loam texture.&amp;#160; Samples were collected along 3 transects in each field, from the center of the kiln sites outwards.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Particle density and bulk density slightly decreased as a function of charcoal content. Because particle density and bulk density were affected to a similar extent by charcoal content, total porosity was not affected by the presence of century-old charcoal. Regarding the soil water retention curve, charcoal affected mostly water content in the mesopore range. This effect was strongest for the sandy loam. On the other hand, the presence of century-old charcoal increased significantly the hydraulic conductivity at pF between 1.5 and 2 for the silt loam, while no effect of charcoal was observed for the loamy soil.&amp;#160; The study highlights a limited effect of century-old charcoal on the pore size distribution (at constant porosity) and on the resulting soil physical properties for the range of soils and charcoal concentrations investigated here.&amp;#160; Further research may be needed to confirm the observed trends over a wider range of soil types.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Inactivation of Metribuzin in Winter Wheat by Activated Carbon

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Rydrych
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bromus Tectorum ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Chemical Injury ◽  
Loam Soil

Preemergence and postemergence application of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one] at 0.6 and 1.1 kg ai/ha controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. ♯ BROTE) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘McDermid’) but caused considerable injury without the use of activated carbon over the seeded row. Activated carbon applied in 5-cm bands over the seeded row at 84, 167, and 336 kg/ha protected winter wheat at Pendleton on a silt loam soil. On a sandy loam soil, only a 336 kg/ha rate provided protection from metribuzin. Metribuzin toxicity to winter wheat was more difficult to neutralize when applied preemergence. Downy brome control was not reduced by carbon applied over the wheat row. The best treatment in this study was carbon at 336 kg/ha applied preemergence over the row followed by metribuzin at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha postemergence. A 10-week delay between preemergence carbon banding and postemergence metribuzin protected winter wheat from chemical injury.

Influence of Various Soil Properties on the Adsorption and Desorption of ICIA-0051 in Five Soils

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Wilson ◽  
Chester L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Freundlich Equation ◽  
General Order ◽  
Highly Correlated

The soil organic matter and/or humic matter fraction was highly correlated with the adsorption of ICIA-0051 herbicide onto five soils; clay content and other soil factors were less correlated. The Freundlich equation was used to describe the adsorption of ICIA-0051 by the various soils. Based on the K constants, the general order for adsorption for each soil was Hyde silty clay loam > Frederick silt loam > Davidson clay = Bojac sandy loam > Appling loamy sand. Across all soils, 25 to 50% of the amount adsorbed was removed by two desorptions. Appling, Bojac, and Davidson soils retained less herbicide after two desorptions than did Frederick and Hyde.

Persistence and Movement of Sethoxydim Residues in Three Minnesota Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Koskinen ◽  
Kathryn M. Reynolds ◽  
Douglas D. Buhler ◽  
Donald L. Wyse ◽  
Brian L. Barber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Dimethyl Ester ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Flame Photometric Detector ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Pentanedioic Acid

The persistence and movement of sethoxydim residues were determined in the top 45 cm of an Estherville sandy loam (sl), Port Byron silt loam (sil), and Webster clay loam (cl) in the field. Analysis of sethoxydim residues simultaneously quantified parent and eight metabolites by conversion to a common volatile end product, 3-[2(ethylsulfonyl)propyl]-pentanedioic acid dimethyl ester, followed by analysis using gas chromatography (GC) and a flame photometric detector. Recovery of residues from soil spiked with 100 μg kg-1was 86 ± 21%. Residues remaining in soil 21 days after treatment (DAT) in 1989 were 37, 51, and 29% of the applied sethoxydim in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, 86, 52, and 24% remained in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Alachlor remaining 21 DAT in 1989 was 66, 52, and 65% of that applied in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively, while in 1990, it was 16, 13, and 100% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. Atrazine had the greatest % of applied chemical remaining 21 DAT in 1989: 100, 71, and 73% in the sl, sil, and cl, respectively. of the atrazine applied in 1990, atrazine remaining 21 DAT was 87% in the sl, 42% in the sil, and 100% in the cl. Over all soils and years, the amount of total sethoxydim residues remaining 137 DAT was the least of the three herbicides. In terms of leaching, sethoxydim residues showed least movement, with minimal detections below 0 to 15 cm. Although sethoxydim appears to be advantageous over alachlor and atrazine in terms of potential impact on ground water quality, additional information regarding composition of the detected residues is needed to better assess its environmental impact.

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