Effects of lime on yields and phosphate uptake by clover in relation to changes in soil phosphate and related characteristics

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Exchangeable Phosphate

In a glasshouse experiment on 15 acid soils from north-eastern New South Wales, lime was applied in factorial combination with phosphate to determine their effects and interactions on the yield and phosphorus uptake of white clover. Phosphate caused significant yield responses on all but one soil. The higher rate of lime increased the uptake of soil phosphate, but decreased the apparent uptake of fertilizer phosphate from most soils. These effects were generally consistent with lime-induced increases in phosphate concentration in the soil solution, exchangeable phosphate and buffer capacity. The effects of lime on yields and phosphorus uptake by clover on the 14 phosphate-deficient soils suggest that responses to lime will depend on whether the soils are high in manganese or toxic in aluminium. Where clover contained > 110 ppm manganese, lime increased yields only in the absence of applied phosphate (negative interactions). Where clover contained toxic levels of aluminium, lime increased yields only in the presence of phosphate (positive interaction). In the former soils, lime increased the levels of exchangeable phosphate, phosphate concentration in solution, and uptake of soil phosphate, but generally depressed the uptake of fertilizer phosphate. In the aluminium toxic soil, lime greatly decreased the levels of exchangeable phosphate and buffer capacity, and increased the uptake of fertilizer phosphate but not of soil phosphate.

The assessment of available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils under subterranean clover pastures of various ages

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Practical Measure

Three methods of estimating available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils were compared on three groups of soils from the Pejar district near Goulburn, New South Wales in which differences in pH had been brought about by different periods under subterranean clover pasture. Managanese extracted by 0.01 M calcium chloride gave the best correlation with the manganese concentration in rape and subterranean clover grown in pot culture, and provided the best index of available manganese. Soil solution manganese was inferior to CaCl2-extractable manganese and was more difficult to determine. Extraction with neutral ammonium acetate was unsatisfactory because this reagent overestimated available forms of manganese in soils containing high levels of reactive manganese. Aluminium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 was well correlated with exchangeable aluminium and with percentage aluminium saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity. None of the three measures of aluminium status alone was an effective index for predicting lime response by rape on these soils because both manganese and aluminium status were involved in this response. These three parameters were equally effective in multiple regressions for yield responses of rape to lime. Because of its relative ease of determination, CaCl2 extraction is preferred as a practical measure of aluminium status. Aluminium interacted with and increased the toxic effects of manganese in rape. Thus CaCl2-extractable manganese alone only provided a satisfactory index of a 'critical' value for manganese toxicity in rape for soils low in available aluminium. Subterranean clover was only slightly affected by aluminium and manganese levels in these soils, and manganese toxicity symptoms were only observed on soils containing 50 ppm or more CaCl2-extractable manganese. Nodulation failure in pots occurred in all soils with pH below 5.2 (water) or below 4.3 in CaCl2, whereas nodulation was normal when these soils were treated with CaCO3 to raise the pH to 5.8-6.0 (water). With one exception nodulation appeared adequate at field sites from which soils showing nodulation failure in the glasshouse had been collected.

Yield responses to lime of wheat and barley on acid soils in north-eastern Victoria

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
BR Walker ◽  
GR Morrison ◽  
MT Hyland ◽  
JC Avery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Lime Treatment ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Yield Responses

Liming experiments were conducted at 13 sites (soil pH range 4.99-6.27, 0-10 cm depth) in the dryland cropping region of north-eastern Victoria with wheat grown at all sites and barley at 3 sites. Lime increased wheat yields at 9 of the 13 sites with the acid sensitive cultivar Oxley, but the yield increase was not correlated (r2=0.07) with exchangeable Al. Exchangeable A1 was closely related to pH (in 0.01 mmol/L CaCl2). The acid-tolerant wheat cultivars (Matong and Millewa) out-yielded Oxley at a soil pH (CaCl2) of 4.7 and the acid-tolerant cultivars were less responsive to liming. The barley responded to the lime treatment at each of the 3 sites. The use of acid tolerant crop species is recommended on these soils, but an improvement in the predictability of a lime response is required before liming is widely recommended.

Effects of lime on the residual effectiveness of phosphate in acid soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 425
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

The effectiveness of phosphate, applied 9 months previously, was compared with that of freshly applied phosphate in relation to lime-induced changes in several phosphate characteristics of 14 phosphate-deficient, acidic soils. Effectiveness was measured in terms of the yield and phosphorus uptake of white clover herbage in a glasshouse experiment. Lime increased yields on the majority of soils, whether phosphate was applied or not. These were accompanied by increases in uptake of soil phosphate, which were usually associated with higher levels of exchangeable and soluble phosphate but not of sodium bicarbonate-extractable phosphate. On the other hand, lime had much more variable effects on the apparent uptake of fertilizer phosphate which were unrelated to lime-induced changes in soil phosphate sorptivity. Lime increased the uptake of previously applied phosphate in all but two soils, and it had a more beneficial or less detrimental effect on the uptake of old phosphate than of fresh phosphate in 9 of the 14 soils. Because lime usually increases the uptake of soil phosphate but often depresses the uptake and effectiveness of fertilizer phosphate, the more beneficial effect of lime on phosphate residues is consistent with their partial transformation into compositions resembling native soil phosphates.

Efficacy of various soil phosphate tests for predicting phosphate responsiveness and requirements of clover pastures on acidic tableland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
GJ Crocker
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement

The efficacies of six different soil phosphate tests (Bray1, Bray2, alkaline fluoride, lactate, Olsen and Colwell) for predicting yield responsiveness and phosphate requirements of white clover pastures were investigated in 41 experiments over five years on acidic soils of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The results contrasted with those obtained on slightly acid-to-alkaline wheat-growing soils and supported the dual hypothesis that a different type of phosphate extractant is required on acidic pasture soils from that required on more alkaline wheat-growing soils, and that phosphate sorptivity is of little importance on more acid soils. The Bray1 test was the most effective, and the lactate test least effective, in predicting responsiveness and fertilizer requirement. All soil tests, except Bray2 and lactate, were more effective on these acidic soils than on more alkaline wheat-growing soils. This was partly caused by a significant positive correlation between values of the more effective tests and yield response curvatures. However, there was no correlation between phosphate sorption and response curvature. The critical values for Bray1, fluoride and bicarbonate tests were similar to those on wheat-growing soils, but those for Bray2 and lactate were somewhat higher. Critical values for the Colwell test tended to increase with increasing phosphate sorptivity.

An evaluation of eight soil phosphate extractants on acidic wheat growing soils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 647 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
BR Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales

In a study using earlier data from 44 wheat field experiments on acidic (pH < 5.6) soils in southern New South Wales, eight soil phosphate extractants (Bray,, Bray,, neutral fluoride, Mehlich, Truog, lactate, Olsen and Colwell) were evaluated and calibrated in terms of responsiveness (�) and response curvature (C) parameters derived from the Mitscherlich equation. All extraction procedures, except Colwell, had a standard shaking time of 30 min and so1ution:soil ratio of 50. The order of efficacy of the tests was different from that obtained on moderately acid to alkaline soils of central and northern New South Wales. Neutral fluoride and acidic sulfate (Truog) replaced lactate as the best extractant, followed by the double acid Mehlich extractant. The Colwell test was more effective on these very acid soils than on the more alkaline soils, being equal to Bray1 and greatly superior to Bray2 and Olsen. The critical values of the fluoride, Mehlich, Truog, lactate and Colwell tests were significantly lower than they were for more alkaline soils in central New South Wales. The changes in extraction procedures could explain the lower critical values of the lactate and Truog tests, but differences in the critical values of the other three tests were inconsistent with changes in extraction procedures. The results support the hypothesis that a different phosphate extractant is required on very acid soils from that required on moderately acid to alkaline soils.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 2. The effect of soil incorporation of lime and phosphorus on the growth of subterranean clover and lucerne pastures and on their response to topdressing

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
First Year ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Yield Responses

Subterranean clover responds poorly to superphosphate application on some acid soils of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. A field experiment was undertaken, for two years, to examine the effects of incorporating large additional amounts of superphosphate or rock phosphate in the soil, with and without lime, on the growth of subterranean clover, lucerne and phalaris sown with recommended rates of lime superphosphate. Dry matter responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressing in the second year were also recorded. In the first year, subterranean clover growth was increased by the additional lime and by lime plus superphosphate. Lucerne growth was increased by additional lime. In the second year, the growth of subterranean clover was increased by the lime treatments and the superphosphate treatments applied in the previous year and by the deep incorporation into the soil of lime and superphosphate together. Subterranean clover growth also responded to the application of rock phosphate without lime. Lucerne dry matter production in the second year was increased by the lime, superphosphate and rock phosphate treatments applied in the first year. Lime application increased the yield responses of subterranean clover and lucerne to superphosphate topdressed in the second year. Lime application had no effect on the nitrogen content of the clover but increased that of lucerne. Lime application reduced the aluminium levels in the tops of all three species. The data suggest that the responsiveness of pastures to superphosphate on these soils is increased by the application of lime and rock phosphate and is related to low nitrogen fixation and high aluminium levels in the plant.

Topdressing requirements of established perennial pastures with a substantial history of superphosphate use

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Curll ◽  
AN Smith
Keyword(s):  
Practical Method ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Soil Buffering ◽  
High Rainfall Area ◽  
Extractable Soil

Topdressing requirements of grazed perennial pastures with histories of substantial super phosphate use were assessed from 25 field trials in the high rainfall area of the Southern Slopes of New South Wales during 1972 and 1973. Yield responses from an application of superphosphate were related to a number of site variables including yield of unsupered pasture, total past superphosphate application, 'time since last application', available soil phosphate determined by three extractant methods, the phosphate sorption capacity of the soil, soil buffering capacity, and plant phosphate. Significant reponses were recorded on 16. of the 25 sites but no single site variable adequately predicted these responses. Analysis also revealed no significant change in the proportion of responsive and nonresponsive sites when these were classified as low, medium or high on the basis of extractable soil phosphate. Multiple regression analysis using the best combination of site variables to predict yield of unsupered pasture, yield increase from superphosphate and yield increase as a percentage of unsupered yield, was similarly unsuccessfuI ; only 3ZI4 and 44 per cent of variation respectively, was accounted for. These results suggest that the direct approach of applying a superphosphate strip and assessing the pasture's response is the best practical method currently available for deciding if a paddock with a substantial superphosphate history requires topdressing.

Liming effects on soil exchangeable and soil solution cations of 4 soil types in north-eastern Victoria

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Slattery ◽  
GR Morrison ◽  
DR Coventry
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Organic C ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Yield Responses

The effects of lime additions on exchangeable and soil solution cations of four soil types in north-eastern Victoria are discussed. Liming significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the concentration of exchangeable (1 M KCl), extractable (0.01 M CaCl2), soil solution total and monomeric aluminium. Raising the soil pHCa to 4.8 decreased Ale, concentrations below 1 mg kg-1, Al saturation % of the effective cation exchange capacity below 5 and AlTot below 5 PM; and raising the soil pHCa to 5.8 decreased MnCa concentrations below 10 mg kg-1 and AlTot below 2�m on the four soil types used in this study. Grain yield responses were best described by the sum of the activities of the Al monomers. Where organic C was present, responses could also be attributed to the complexing of monomeric Al. Grain yield responses could not always be reliably predicted by the Al saturation % of the effective cation exchange capacity. Liming significantly (P < 0.05) increased the concentration of Ca in the ECEC, but the Ca activity was not well correlated with lime response for all sites. The In ratio of aCa2+/�aAl- mono shows promise in predicting negative responses to lime applications (with values > 6) where soil pHCa is less than 5. The combination of Ca activity and the sum of the activity of the Al monomers, together with organic C content, may provide a better description of the responsiveness of acid soils to lime applications.

Effectiveness of protected areas in north-eastern New South Wales: recent trends in six measures

2002 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L Pressey ◽  
G.L Whish ◽  
T.W Barrett ◽  
M.E Watts
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Recent Trends

Interactions of surface drying and subsurface nutrients affecting plant growth on acidic soil profiles from an old pasture

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Pinkerton ◽  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Reconstituted Soil ◽  
Subsurface Layers ◽  
Surface Drying

Previous studies on soils from old pastures in southern New South Wales have demonstrated that nutrients have accumulated at the soil surface, but that the 40-100-mm depth layer in many profiles has become strongly acidic (e.g. pH 4.7), and high in extractable aluminium. Poor growth of subterranean clover has occurred on such soils during dry periods and may be associated with poor root growth in the acidic, nutrient-poor subsurface layers. Possible nutritional causes of these observations were investigated using reconstituted soil profiles. The root and shoot growth of subterranean clover, wheat, oats and lucerne were compared in unamended profiles and in profiles amended by applying nutrients or calcium carbonate (lime) to correct the more obvious deficiencies of the subsurface layers. Subterranean clover grew well as long as the surface soil remained moist, so that plants could utilise the nutrients potentially available within it. When the surface (0-40 mm) was allowed to dry but the subsurface layers remained moist, growth was poor unless phosphate was applied to the moist layer. Subsurface application of lime alone was ineffective. Nitrogen application increased clover growth in the presence of added phosphate or surface moisture, but nitrogen alone did little to alleviate the effects of surface drought. Wheat, and to a lesser extent oats, responded to subsurface lime when the surface was moist, and both responded to subsurface phosphate when the surface was dry. Lucerne responded to subsurface phosphate similarly to subterranean clover but the response was more than doubled in the presence of additional borate and lime. Lime without borate was not effective. When the surface was maintained moist, liming both the surface (0-40 mm) and subsurface layers improved the response over liming the subsurface layer only. The results suggest that declining fertility and productivity in old pastures developed on acid soils may not be rectified by liming alone, but that cultivation, ripping or drilling of phosphate, and in some cases addition of borate, may be required to improve the penetration of nutrients, particularly phosphorus, to greater depth.

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