Topdressing requirements of established perennial pastures with a substantial history of superphosphate use

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (89) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
ML Curll ◽  
AN Smith
Keyword(s):  
Practical Method ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Soil Buffering ◽  
High Rainfall Area ◽  
Extractable Soil

Topdressing requirements of grazed perennial pastures with histories of substantial super phosphate use were assessed from 25 field trials in the high rainfall area of the Southern Slopes of New South Wales during 1972 and 1973. Yield responses from an application of superphosphate were related to a number of site variables including yield of unsupered pasture, total past superphosphate application, 'time since last application', available soil phosphate determined by three extractant methods, the phosphate sorption capacity of the soil, soil buffering capacity, and plant phosphate. Significant reponses were recorded on 16. of the 25 sites but no single site variable adequately predicted these responses. Analysis also revealed no significant change in the proportion of responsive and nonresponsive sites when these were classified as low, medium or high on the basis of extractable soil phosphate. Multiple regression analysis using the best combination of site variables to predict yield of unsupered pasture, yield increase from superphosphate and yield increase as a percentage of unsupered yield, was similarly unsuccessfuI ; only 3ZI4 and 44 per cent of variation respectively, was accounted for. These results suggest that the direct approach of applying a superphosphate strip and assessing the pasture's response is the best practical method currently available for deciding if a paddock with a substantial superphosphate history requires topdressing.

Influence of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) on wheat yields in South Australia

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (112) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Rovira ◽  
PG Brisbane ◽  
A Simon ◽  
DG Whitehead ◽  
RL Correll
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Variety ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses

Significant yield responses of up to 0.9 t/ha were obtained with the nematicides aldicarb and dibromochloropropane in seven of eleven field trials with the wheat variety, Condor. Both nematicides reduced the numbers of white cysts of Heterodera avenae on the roots of wheat. With aldicarb the increase in wheat yields varied directly as the decrease in white cysts: dibromochloropropane gave similar increases in yield as aldicarb with a greater reduction in cyst numbers. There was no yield increase with either nematicide when cereal cyst nematode was not present. An analysis of covariance indicated that over all the sites 64% of the increase in yield due to aldicarb could be explained in terms of cysts of cereal cyst nematode.

Tolerances of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean cultivars to herbicides

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
RB Hinkley
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
New South ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Advanced Line ◽  
Yield Responses

The grain yield responses of cultivars of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean to the recommended rates and twice the recommended rates of pre- and post-emergence herbicides were examined in field trials conducted at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, from 1986 to 1989. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in grain yield of some field pea cultivars resulted from the recommended rate of registered post-emergence herbicides: Cressy Blue (22%), Derrimut (20%) and Dundale (13%) with metribuzin (0.23 kg a.i./ha); Wirrega (26%) with cyanazine (1.0 kg a.i./ha); Wirrega (15%) and Maitland (13%) with methabenzthiazuron (0.6 kg a.i./ha). The canola lines Hyola 30 and BLC 198-82 also had significant reductions in yield (16-19%) from the recommended rate of clopyralid (0.09 kg a.i./ha). There were differences in cultivar (or advanced line) tolerance to other herbicides at twice the recommended rate: clopyralid (0.18 kg a.i./ha) applied post-emergence in canola; diflufenican (0.2 kg a.i./ha) and MCPA (0.75 kg a.i./ha) applied post-emergence in field pea; preemergence treatments of metribuzin (0.46 kg a.i./ha), cyanazine (3.0 kg a.i./ha) and simazine (3.0 kg a,i./ha), and post-emergence treatments of simazine (2.0 kg a.i./ha) and diflufenican (0.2 kg a.i./ha), in lupin. Faba bean cv. Fiord tolerated pre-emergence treatments of terbutryne (2.0 kg a.i./ha), prometryne (3.0 kg a.i./ha) and triallate (1.6 kg a.i./ha), and there was seasonal variation in faba bean tolerance to pre-emergence treatment with cyanazine (3 kg a.i./ha), metribuzin (0.42 kg a.i./ha) and simazine (2.0 kg a.i./ha). The crops tolerated the early post-emergence grass herbicides: clethodim (0.48 kg a.i./ha), diclofop-methyl (1.5 kg a.i./ha), fluazifop-P (0.21 kg a.i./ha), haloxyfop (0.156 kg a.i./ha), quizalofop (0.28 kg a.i./ha), sethoxydim (0.372 kg a.i./ha). Herbicides that were tested in field pea and found to have only marginal selectivity at the recommended rate (even though some cultivars were tolerant) were terbutryne + MCPA (0.4 + 0.15 kg a.i./ha), diuron (0.4 kg a.i./ha) and pyridate (1.35 kg a.i./ha). Pyridate was non-selective in canola, lupin and faba bean. Faba bean tolerance to glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) was achieved in 1989 if application was delayed from 11 to 15 weeks after sowing.

Effects of lime on yields and phosphate uptake by clover in relation to changes in soil phosphate and related characteristics

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Exchangeable Phosphate

In a glasshouse experiment on 15 acid soils from north-eastern New South Wales, lime was applied in factorial combination with phosphate to determine their effects and interactions on the yield and phosphorus uptake of white clover. Phosphate caused significant yield responses on all but one soil. The higher rate of lime increased the uptake of soil phosphate, but decreased the apparent uptake of fertilizer phosphate from most soils. These effects were generally consistent with lime-induced increases in phosphate concentration in the soil solution, exchangeable phosphate and buffer capacity. The effects of lime on yields and phosphorus uptake by clover on the 14 phosphate-deficient soils suggest that responses to lime will depend on whether the soils are high in manganese or toxic in aluminium. Where clover contained > 110 ppm manganese, lime increased yields only in the absence of applied phosphate (negative interactions). Where clover contained toxic levels of aluminium, lime increased yields only in the presence of phosphate (positive interaction). In the former soils, lime increased the levels of exchangeable phosphate, phosphate concentration in solution, and uptake of soil phosphate, but generally depressed the uptake of fertilizer phosphate. In the aluminium toxic soil, lime greatly decreased the levels of exchangeable phosphate and buffer capacity, and increased the uptake of fertilizer phosphate but not of soil phosphate.

The Earl, the Kings, and the Chronicler

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Full Length ◽  
English History ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
William The Conqueror

This book is the first full length biography of Robert (c.1088 × 90–1147), grandson of William the Conqueror and eldest son of King Henry I of England (1100–35). He could not succeed his father because he was a bastard. Instead, as the earl of Gloucester, Robert helped change the course of English history by keeping alive the prospects for an Angevin succession through his leadership of its supporters in the civil war known as the Anarchy against his father’s successor, King Stephen (1135–54). The earl is one of the great figures of Anglo-Norman History (1066–1154). He was one of only three landed super-magnates of his day, a model post-Conquest great baron, Marcher lord, borough developer, and patron of the rising merchant class. His trans-Channel barony stretched from western Lower Normandy across England to South Wales. He was both product as well as agent of the contemporary cultural revival known as the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, bilingual, well educated, and a significant literary patron. In this last role, he is especially notable for commissioning the greatest English historian since Bede, William of Malmesbury, to produce a history of their times which justified the Empress Matilda’s claim to the English throne and Earl Robert’s support of it.

scholarly journals Latent profiles of early developmental vulnerabilities in a New South Wales child population at age 5 years

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 530-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J Green ◽  
Stacy Tzoumakis ◽  
Kristin R Laurens ◽  
Kimberlie Dean ◽  
Maina Kariuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
New South ◽  
Criminal Offending ◽  
Parental History ◽  
South Wales ◽  
History Of

Objective: Detecting the early emergence of childhood risk for adult mental disorders may lead to interventions for reducing subsequent burden of these disorders. We set out to determine classes of children who may be at risk for later mental disorder on the basis of early patterns of development in a population cohort, and associated exposures gleaned from linked administrative records obtained within the New South Wales Child Development Study. Methods: Intergenerational records from government departments of health, education, justice and child protection were linked with the Australian Early Development Census for a state population cohort of 67,353 children approximately 5 years of age. We used binary data from 16 subdomains of the Australian Early Development Census to determine classes of children with shared patterns of Australian Early Development Census–defined vulnerability using latent class analysis. Covariates, which included demographic features (sex, socioeconomic status) and exposure to child maltreatment, parental mental illness, parental criminal offending and perinatal adversities (i.e. birth complications, smoking during pregnancy, low birth weight), were examined hierarchically within latent class analysis models. Results: Four classes were identified, reflecting putative risk states for mental disorders: (1) disrespectful and aggressive/hyperactive behaviour, labelled ‘misconduct risk’ ( N = 4368; 6.5%); (2) ‘pervasive risk’ ( N = 2668; 4.0%); (3) ‘mild generalised risk’ ( N = 7822; 11.6%); and (4) ‘no risk’ ( N = 52,495; 77.9%). The odds of membership in putative risk groups (relative to the no risk group) were greater among children from backgrounds of child maltreatment, parental history of mental illness, parental history of criminal offending, socioeconomic disadvantage and perinatal adversities, with distinguishable patterns of association for some covariates. Conclusion: Patterns of early childhood developmental vulnerabilities may provide useful indicators for particular mental disorder outcomes in later life, although their predictive utility in this respect remains to be established in longitudinal follow-up of the cohort.

Responses of four soybean varieties to foliar zinc fertilizer

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (109) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
IA Rose ◽  
WL Felton ◽  
LW Banks
Keyword(s):  
Oil Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Zinc Concentration ◽  
New South ◽  
North West ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Zinc Fertilization ◽  
Zinc Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilization Experiments

The soybean varieties Lee, Forrest, Bragg and Dodds were studied in zinc fertilization experiments at three sites in central and north-west New South Wales. At each site foliar sprays of ZnSO47H2O were applied before flowering. At Narrabri one spray of 4 kg ha-1 gave a yield increase of 13%. At Trangie and Breeza, two sprays each of 4 kg ha-1 increased yield by 57% and 208%, respectively. Lee was the least responsive variety at each site and Dodds or Forrest the most responsive to applied zinc. Zinc fertilizer increased plant height, foliar zinc concentration, oil content (at two sites) but decreased leaf phosphorus content. Leaf concentrations of phosphorus in untreated plots were indicative of varietal sensitivity to zinc deficiency both within and between sites. The yield increases at Narrabri were obtained even though no visual symptoms were observed. Improvement of soybean yields with zinc fertilizer in seemingly healthy crops is worthy of further investigation.

Chemical control of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.), in Rhodesia

1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret E. Richardson ◽  
D. J. W. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Phthorimaea Operculella ◽  
Macrosiphum Euphorbiae ◽  
Control Field ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Made In

An account is given of the history of chemical control Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) in potato fields in Rhodesia since the introduction of DDt prior to 1952. The failure of DDT and endrin, in routine spraying, to control field infestations is reproted, and some evidence that this is due to insecticide resistance is given. The results of critical field trials made in 1961, 1964 and 1965 to evaluate a range of insecticides for control of P. operculella and for their effects on populations of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thos.) are presented, together with the results of some laboratory tests. Good control of P. operculella in the field was obtained with sprays of azinphos-methyl at the rate of 0.5 lb active ingredient in 20 gal. water per acre, and two new compounds, methidathion and chlorfenvinphos, showed promise for the future.

Potential yield and water-use efficiency benefits in sorghum from limited maximum transpiration rate

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas R. Sinclair ◽  
Graeme L. Hammer ◽  
Erik J. van Oosterom
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Responses

Limitations on maximum transpiration rates, which are commonly observed as midday stomatal closure, have been observed even under well-watered conditions. Such limitations may be caused by restricted hydraulic conductance in the plant or by limited supply of water to the plant from uptake by the roots. This behaviour would have the consequences of limiting photosynthetic rate, increasing transpiration efficiency, and conserving soil water. A key question is whether the conservation of water will be rewarded by sustained growth during seed fill and increased grain yield. This simulation analysis was undertaken to examine consequences on sorghum yield over several years when maximum transpiration rate was imposed in a model. Yields were simulated at four locations in the sorghum-growing area of Australia for 115 seasons at each location. Mean yield was increased slightly (5–7%) by setting maximum transpiration rate at 0.4 mm h–1. However, the yield increase was mainly in the dry, low-yielding years in which growers may be more economically vulnerable. In years with yield less than ∼450 g m–2, the maximum transpiration rate trait resulted in yield increases of 9–13%. At higher yield levels, decreased yields were simulated. The yield responses to restricted maximum transpiration rate were associated with an increase in efficiency of water use. This arose because transpiration was reduced at times of the day when atmospheric demand was greatest. Depending on the risk attitude of growers, incorporation of a maximum transpiration rate trait in sorghum cultivars could be desirable to increase yields in dry years and improve water use efficiency and crop yield stability.

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