Effects of lime on the residual effectiveness of phosphate in acid soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 425
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Residual Effectiveness

The effectiveness of phosphate, applied 9 months previously, was compared with that of freshly applied phosphate in relation to lime-induced changes in several phosphate characteristics of 14 phosphate-deficient, acidic soils. Effectiveness was measured in terms of the yield and phosphorus uptake of white clover herbage in a glasshouse experiment. Lime increased yields on the majority of soils, whether phosphate was applied or not. These were accompanied by increases in uptake of soil phosphate, which were usually associated with higher levels of exchangeable and soluble phosphate but not of sodium bicarbonate-extractable phosphate. On the other hand, lime had much more variable effects on the apparent uptake of fertilizer phosphate which were unrelated to lime-induced changes in soil phosphate sorptivity. Lime increased the uptake of previously applied phosphate in all but two soils, and it had a more beneficial or less detrimental effect on the uptake of old phosphate than of fresh phosphate in 9 of the 14 soils. Because lime usually increases the uptake of soil phosphate but often depresses the uptake and effectiveness of fertilizer phosphate, the more beneficial effect of lime on phosphate residues is consistent with their partial transformation into compositions resembling native soil phosphates.

The relationship between phosphate response and base saturation in acid soils

1952 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Exchangeable Calcium ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Phosphate Response

In three groups of field experiments totalling fiftysix observations phosphate responses were found to be very significantly and inversely related both to the percentage saturation of the b.e.c. and exchangeable calcium as a percentage of exchangeable calcium plus hydrogen. The availability of the native soil phosphate was significantly and directly related to these values. The relationships between phosphate response or availability and the amounts of acid-soluble, adsorbed and water-soluble phosphate in the soils were much less conclusive.In acid soils considerable amounts of phosphate can be retained in a plant-available form associated with exchangeable bases, mainly calcium. Since practically all the soils from the field experiments lay within the range pH 4·7–6·3, it is believed that this form of phosphate is operative in these soils. The presence of such phosphate in the soil is, however, a function of the degree of base saturation in so far as this governs (probably through its influence on soil pH) the equilibrium distribution of the native soil phosphate between the available base-linked (saloid-bound) form and the less available colloid-bound form. With decreasing pH and base saturation increasing amounts of colloid-bound phosphate are formed at the expense of the saloid-bound phosphate. The degree of base saturation is therefore directly related to phosphate availability and, consequently, inversely related to phosphate response.In view of the significant regressions obtained, and the association of the exchangeable bases with a specific form of available phosphate, it is suggested that until methods are worked out for determining the amount of saloid-bound phosphate exchangeable base data may be used for assessing phosphato availability and response in acid soils. This method is contrasted with the more conventional methods of determining acid-soluble and adsorbed phosphates which are not always specific regarding tho form of phosphate extracted and the values for which, since they may represent the sum of a number of forms of different availabilities, aro difficult to interpret.

Efficacy of various soil phosphate tests for predicting phosphate responsiveness and requirements of clover pastures on acidic tableland soils

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford ◽  
GJ Crocker
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement

The efficacies of six different soil phosphate tests (Bray1, Bray2, alkaline fluoride, lactate, Olsen and Colwell) for predicting yield responsiveness and phosphate requirements of white clover pastures were investigated in 41 experiments over five years on acidic soils of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. The results contrasted with those obtained on slightly acid-to-alkaline wheat-growing soils and supported the dual hypothesis that a different type of phosphate extractant is required on acidic pasture soils from that required on more alkaline wheat-growing soils, and that phosphate sorptivity is of little importance on more acid soils. The Bray1 test was the most effective, and the lactate test least effective, in predicting responsiveness and fertilizer requirement. All soil tests, except Bray2 and lactate, were more effective on these acidic soils than on more alkaline wheat-growing soils. This was partly caused by a significant positive correlation between values of the more effective tests and yield response curvatures. However, there was no correlation between phosphate sorption and response curvature. The critical values for Bray1, fluoride and bicarbonate tests were similar to those on wheat-growing soils, but those for Bray2 and lactate were somewhat higher. Critical values for the Colwell test tended to increase with increasing phosphate sorptivity.

The relationship in acid soils between base saturation and phosphorus uptake by grasses

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Soluble Phosphate ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Phosphate Availability ◽  
Percentage Saturation ◽  
The Relationship

Analyses of grass samples from seventeen fertilizer trials on acid soil showed that both the percentage phosphate in the grass and the amount of phosphate removed by the crop were significantly and directly related to the percentage saturation of the b.e.c. of the soil. The amount of acid-soluble phosphate by difference (Table 1, A — B) was also significantly and directly related to the percentage phosphate in the grass but not to the amount taken up by the crop. The amounts of exchangeable bases, exchangeable calcium and acid-soluble, adsorbed and watersoluble forms of phosphate showed no significant relationships with phosphate uptake and percentage phosphate in the grass.The percentage saturation of the b.e.c. was found to be, on the average, about five times as effective a contributory factor to the percentage phosphate in the grass as the amount of acid-soluble phosphate by difference. The results confirm previous work, which indicated that in acid soils the main form of available phosphate is that associated with the exchangeable bases the effective presence of which is governed by the percentage saturation of the b.e.c. It is considered that phosphate availability and response in acid soils are best assessed by considering the percentage saturation of the b.e.c. rather than the amounts of some form or forms of phosphate in the soil.The grass analyses also showed that when the amount of phosphorus (P) hi the dry grass exceeds 0·33% no response to phosphate is to be expected. When the percentage in the grass is less than 0·23% responses of 10% or more are likely.

Effects of lime on yields and phosphate uptake by clover in relation to changes in soil phosphate and related characteristics

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
ICR Holford
Keyword(s):  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Soil Phosphate ◽  
South Wales ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Exchangeable Phosphate

In a glasshouse experiment on 15 acid soils from north-eastern New South Wales, lime was applied in factorial combination with phosphate to determine their effects and interactions on the yield and phosphorus uptake of white clover. Phosphate caused significant yield responses on all but one soil. The higher rate of lime increased the uptake of soil phosphate, but decreased the apparent uptake of fertilizer phosphate from most soils. These effects were generally consistent with lime-induced increases in phosphate concentration in the soil solution, exchangeable phosphate and buffer capacity. The effects of lime on yields and phosphorus uptake by clover on the 14 phosphate-deficient soils suggest that responses to lime will depend on whether the soils are high in manganese or toxic in aluminium. Where clover contained > 110 ppm manganese, lime increased yields only in the absence of applied phosphate (negative interactions). Where clover contained toxic levels of aluminium, lime increased yields only in the presence of phosphate (positive interaction). In the former soils, lime increased the levels of exchangeable phosphate, phosphate concentration in solution, and uptake of soil phosphate, but generally depressed the uptake of fertilizer phosphate. In the aluminium toxic soil, lime greatly decreased the levels of exchangeable phosphate and buffer capacity, and increased the uptake of fertilizer phosphate but not of soil phosphate.

PERBANDINGAN METODE MD4 DAN SHA 384 UNTUK MENDETEKSI ORISINALITAS CITRA DIGITAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lemcia Hutajulu ◽  
Hery Sunandar ◽  
Imam Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Computer Crime ◽  
The Other ◽  
Image Manipulation ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Secret Key

Cryptography is used to protect the contents of information from anyone except those who have the authority or secret key to open information that has been encoded. Along with the development of technology and computers, the increase in computer crime has also increased, especially in image manipulation. There are many ways that people use to manipulate images that have a detrimental effect on others. The originality of a digital image is the authenticity of the image in terms of colors, shapes, objects and information without the slightest change from the other party. Nowadays many digital images circulating on the internet have been manipulated and even images have been used for material fraud in the competition, so we need a method that can detect the image is genuine or fake. In this study, the authors used the MD4 and SHA-384 methods to detect the originality of digital images, by using this method an image of doubtful authenticity can be found out that the image is authentic or fake.Keywords: Originality, Image, MD4 and SHA-384

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Methods of Producing Adaptation of Saccade Size and Implications for the Site of Plasticity

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Scudder ◽  
Ekatherina Y. Batourina ◽  
George S. Tunder
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Saccade Size ◽  
Orbital Position ◽  
One Step ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Visual Error

Scudder, Charles A., Ekatherina Y. Batourina, and George S. Tunder. Comparison of two methods of producing adaptation of saccade size and implications for the site of plasticity. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 704–715, 1998. Saccade accuracy is known to be maintained by adaptive mechanisms that progressively reduce any visual error that consistently exists at the end of saccades. Experimentally, the visual error is induced using one of two paradigms. In the first, the horizontal and medial recti of trained monkeys are tenectomized and allowed to reattach so that both muscles are paretic. After patching the unoperated eye and forcing the monkey to use the “paretic eye,” saccades initially undershoot the intended target, but gradually increase in size until they almost acquire the target in one step. In the second, the target of a saccade is displaced in midsaccade so that the saccade cannot land on target. Again saccade size adapts until the target can be acquired in one step. Because adaptation with the latter paradigm is very rapid but adaptation using the former is slow, it has frequently been questioned whether or not the two forms of adaptation depend on the same neural mechanisms. We show that the rate of adaptation in both paradigms depends on the number of possible visual targets, so that when this variable is equated, adaptation occurs at similar rates in both paradigms. To demonstrate further similarities between the result of the two paradigms, an experiment using intrasaccadic displacements was conducted to show that rapid adaptation possesses the capacity to produce gain changes that vary with orbital position. The relative size of intrasaccadic displacements were graded with orbital position so as to mimic the position-dependent dysmetria initially produced by a single paretic extraocular muscle. Induced changes in saccade size paralleled the size of the displacements, being largest for saccades into one hemifield and being negligible for saccades into the other hemifield or in the opposite direction. Collectively, the data remove the rational for asserting that adaptation produced by the two paradigms depends on separate neural mechanisms. We argue that adaptation produced by both paradigms depends on the cerebellum.

scholarly journals A randomized ‘just-in-time’ prompt to interrupt prolonged sitting at two international conferences held in two countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chia ◽  
Ahmad Munir Che Muhamed ◽  
LOW Li Choo Pamela Suraddah ◽  
Nur Adilah Masismadi
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prolonged Sitting ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
Oral Presentations ◽  
Experimental Group

Prolonged sitting has a detrimental effect on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity leading to increased risks of metabolic conditions. Attendees at conferences typically sit for long periods during oral presentations. The use of visual cues or ‘just-in-time’ prompts during oral presentations can inform audiences about the deleterious effects of prolonged sitting and encourage them to avoid sitting for long periods. It remains largely unclear whether these ‘just-prompts used in a conference setting are effective in reducing prolonged sitting. The ‘just-in-time’ prompts were used in two separate conference audiences- one focused on health and the other on language. Ten sessions were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EXPT, with the JIT prompt) and ten sessions to the control group (CON, without the JIT prompt). In both conferences, the proportion of the attendees who chose not to sit during the oral presentations in the EXPT conditions was less than 10%. The main finding was that the use of the JIT prompt to discourage sitting at the health conference where attendees were likely to be knowledgeable about the dangers of prolonged sitting was ineffective (EXPT vs CON conditions, p>0.05; ES=0.69) compared to conference attendees at a language conference (EXPT vs CON conditions, p<0.05, ES=1.14).

scholarly journals Effects of Liming on Dithionate and Oxalate Extractable Aluminium in Acid Soils

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Esther Mwende Muindi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
World Information ◽  
Considerable Work

Liming and phosphorus (P) applications are recommended practices for improving crop production in acid soils of the tropics. Although considerable work has been done to establish liming rates for acid soils in many parts of the world, information on the effects of lime on the forms of aluminium which actively sorb P in such soils is minimal. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted at Waruhiu Farmers Training Centre, Githunguri to evaluate the effect of liming on oxalate and dithionate extractable aluminium in acid soils. Extremely (pH 4.48) and strongly (pH 4.59) acidic soils were evaluated. Four liming (CaO) rates namely 0, 2.2, 5.2 and 7.4 tonnes ha-1 for extremely acidic and 0, 1.4, 3.2, and 4.5 tonnes ha-1 for  strongly acidic soils were evaluated. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data collected included: initial soil chemical properties, oxalate (Alo) and dithionate (Ald) aluminium levels. The tested soils had high exchangeable Al (> 2 cmol Al kg-1), Al saturation of (> 20% Al) and low extractable P values (< 15 mg P kg-1 soil). Liming significantly (p=.05) reduced Alo by 70% and 68% in extremely and strongly acidic soils respectively and Ald by 78% in both extremely and strongly acidic soils compared to control. Use of 7.4 tonnes ha-1 of lime in extremely acidic soils and 4.5 tonnes ha-1 of lime in strongly acidic soils significantly (p=.05) reduced both Alo and Ald by > 68% compared to no lime. It was, therefore, concluded that liming contributes to the reduction of soluble Alo and Ald in acid soils of the Kenya highlands leading to increased soluble P availability. Studies are required to provide short and long term optimal liming rates that reduce Alo and Ald without distabilizing availability of other nutrients in field conditions under wide range of acid soils.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON THE PERIODONTAL TISSUE

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Herawati Herawati ◽  
Jenny Sunariani
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Periodontal Therapy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Periodontal Tissue ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Periodontal Tissues ◽  
Periodontal Destruction

Tobacco contains thousands of chemical substances which known to be harmful to periodontal tissues. Nicotine was considered as the most toxic substances to periodontal tissues. The datas in this review indicate that smoking may have a significant role in the initiation and progression of periodontal destruction. The conclusion of this and the other studies indicate that smokers have a less favorable response to periodontal therapy than non smoker. Nicotine is potentially toxic substances that have a detrimental effect on periodontal tissue, by altering the host response or directly damage the cells of normal periodontium.

scholarly journals Σχέσεις μεταξύ του ζευγαριού και οι αντιλήψεις τους για το δεσμό με τη μητέρα τους

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Ελένη Κυργερίδου ◽  
Παναγιώτα Βόρρια ◽  
Γρηγόρης Κιοσέογλου
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Dyadic Adjustment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dyadic Adjustment Scale

The current study examined the association between attachment style and adjustment in romantic relationships as well as the association between perceptions of adult attachment and adjustment in romantic relationships. 65 cohabitating couples aged from 21 to 32 years were recruited for the study. Couples completed the following self-report questionnaires: 1) Perceptions of Adult Attachment Questionnaire, PAAQ, Lichtenstein & Cassidy, 1991, 2) Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory, ECR, Brennan, Clark & Shaver, 1998 and 3) Dyadic Adjustment Scale, DAS, Spanier, 1976. Results showed that secure couples (both partners described themselves as securely attached) as well as mixed couples (one partner chose the secure description and the other defined himself or herself as insecure) reported higher relationship quality compared to both insecure couples (both partners described themselves as insecurely attached). Analyses aimed to test the links between early attachment experiences and marital relationship quality illustrated that both partners’ rejection from their mother in early childhood had a detrimental effect on women’s marital adjustment.

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