Sowing wheat or field pea as rotation crops after irrigated cotton in a grey Vertosol

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
J. L. Cooper ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
F. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Rotation Crop ◽  
Gross Margins

The effects of green manured field pea (Pisum sativum L.), low-input (LI) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (seeding rate of 40 kg/ha and 85 kg/ha of diammonium phosphate), and high-input (HI) wheat (seeding rate of 100 kg/ha, 85 kg/ha of diammonium phosphate, and 180 kg/ha of urea) sown as rotation crops after cotton on soil quality; cotton growth, yield and nutrient uptake; and gross margins ($AU/ha and $AU/ML of irrigation water) were evaluated from 1993 to 1998 in an irrigated Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales. Soil quality indicators monitored were aggregate stability (dispersion index), compaction (air-filled porosity), soil resilience to structural destruction (as geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates formed after puddling and drying of soil), exchangeable cations, calcium carbonate, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), and incidence of cotton root diseases (black root rot). In comparison with wheat, field pea increased soil nitrate-N levels during the early stages of the experiment and formed smaller aggregates after puddling and drying, but it was ineffective in ameliorating soil compaction. In contrast wheat was very effective in ameliorating soil compaction. Nitrate-N values under wheat–cotton rotations increased with time such that after 4 years they were similar to that under the field pea–cotton rotation. Soil chemical fertility indicators such as organic C, pH, EC, and exchangeable cations were not affected consistently by either wheat or field pea, whereas minimum tillage, retention of crop residues, and cropping phase (i.e. rotation crop or cotton) affected them more. A net decrease in organic C and an increase in EC was observed with time in all treatments. By sowing either field pea or wheat, the mycorrhizal colonisation of cotton roots was improved. Black root rot incidence was increased 3-fold by sowing field pea, but was not significantly affected by wheat. Cotton lint yield was unaffected by rotation crop, although profitability shown as gross margins/ha and gross margins/ML irrigation water were greater with wheat compared with field pea. Gross margins/ha were in the order HI wheat > LI wheat > field pea, and gross margins/ML irrigation water were in the order LI wheat > HI wheat > field pea. In terms of ameliorating soil compaction, minimising black root incidence, and maximising returns to the cotton grower, wheat is a better rotation crop than field pea. The decision to apply fertiliser and sow wheat at a higher seeding rate will depend on whether land or water is the major limiting factor.

Rotation crops for irrigated cotton in a medium-fine, self-mulching, grey Vertosol

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
F. Scott ◽  
J. Kahl
Keyword(s):  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Fibre Quality ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Rotation Crops ◽  
Rotation Crop ◽  
Gross Margins

Many cotton growers sow rotation crops after irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), assuming that they will improve soil quality and maintain profitability of cotton. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most common rotation crop, although more recently, legumes such as faba bean (Vicia Faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) have come into favour. This paper reports data on soil quality (organic C, nitrate-N, soil structure), yield (cotton lint and rotation crop grain yield, fibre quality), economic returns (gross margins/ha, gross margins/ML irrigation water), and management constraints from an experiment conducted from 1993 to 1998 near Wee Waa, north-western New South Wales, Australia. The soil is a medium-fine, self-mulching, grey Vertosol. The cropping sequences used were cotton followed by N-fertilised wheat (urea at 140 kg N/ha in 1993; 120 kg N/ha thereafter), unfertilised wheat, and unfertilised grain legumes (chickpea in 1993; faba bean thereafter), which were either harvested or the grain incorporated during land preparation. Soil organic C in the 0—0.6 m depth was not affected by the rotation crop, although variations occurred between times of sampling. Regression analysis indicated that there had been no net gain or loss of organic C between June 1993 and October 1998. Sowing leguminous rotation crops increased nitrate-N values. A net increase in root-zone nitrate-N reserves occurred with time (from June 1993 to October 1998) with all rotation crops. Soil compaction (measured as specific volume of oven-dried soil) was lower with wheat by October 1998. A net decrease in soil compaction occurred in the surface 0.15 m with all rotation crops between 1993 and 1998, whereas it increased in the 0.15–0.60 m depth. Cotton lint yield and quality, and gross margins/ha and gross margins/ML, were always higher where wheat was sown, with highest gross margins occurring when N fertiliser was applied. Applying N fertiliser to wheat did not significantly increase cotton lint yield and fibre quality, but increased gross margins of the cotton–wheat sequence due to higher wheat yield and protein percentage. Lint yield and fibre quality were decreased by sowing leguminous rotation crops. Management constraints such as lack of effective herbicides, insect damage, harvesting damage, and availability of suitable marketing options were greater with legumes than with wheat. Overall, wheat was a better rotation crop than grain legumes for irrigated cotton.

Cotton-based rotation systems on a sodic Vertosol under irrigation: effects on soil quality and profitability

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
T. B. Weaver ◽  
F. Scott ◽  
L. A. Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Gross Margins

An experiment was established in 1993 on a sodic Vertosol (Vertisol, Typic Haplustert) at Merah North, north–western New South Wales, to evaluate the sustainability of selected irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)–rotation crop sequences. Crop sequences were selected following discussions with local cotton growers. The indices used to evaluate sustainability included soil quality, microbiology, yield and profitability. This paper presents data on soil properties [soil organic C, structure as air–filled porosity of oven–dried soil, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na, pH, electrical conductivity (EC1:5) and EC1:5/exchangeable Na in the 0–0.6 m depth], lint yield and profitability (as gross margins/ha and gross margins/ML of irrigation water). The 6 cropping systems sown after minimum tillage were: continuous cotton (R1), long–fallow cotton (R2), cotton–green manured faba bean (Vicia faba L.) (R3), cotton–dolichos (Lablab purpureus L.)–green manured faba bean in the first year followed by cotton–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (R4), cotton–dolichos (R5), cotton–fertilised dolichos (with P and K removed by cotton replaced as fertiliser) (R6). In 1996, air–filled porosity of oven–dried soil was highest with R4 at the surface but lowest with R1 in the 0.15–0.30 m depth. In subsequent years, air–filled porosity of oven–dried soil was higher with R2 and R4 in the deeper depths, although differences between cropping sequences were small. Air–filled porosity of oven–dried soil increased between 1996 and 1998 in all treatments, and was probably caused by the change from intensive to minimum tillage in 1993, irrigation with moderately saline water and application of gypsum resulting in an increase in EC1:5/exchangeable Na. In general, differences in soil properties such as soil organic C, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na, pH, electrical conductivity (EC1:5) and EC1:5/exchangeable Na between cropping sequences were far less than those which occurred with time. The key changes were decreases in pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, exchangeable cations and organic C between 1994 and 1996, and increases in air–filled porosity of oven–dried soil, EC1:5 and EC1:5/exchangeable Na between 1996 and 1998. A decrease in air–filled porosity of oven–dried soil occurred between 1998 and 1999 as a consequence of preparing land and sowing cotton under very wet conditions. R1 had the highest cumulative gross margin/ha and R3 had the lowest. R2 had the highest cumulative gross margin/ML of irrigation water and R3 again the lowest. Among crop sequences, R2 and R4 gave the best returns with respect to both land and water resources.

Effect of long-fallow on soil quality and cotton lint yield in an irrigated, self-mulching, grey Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
J. L. Cooper ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
D. B. Nehl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Black Root Rot ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
South Wales

Reduced crop growth rates (‘long-fallow disorder’) can be a feature of long-fallow cotton (cotton, alternating with a bare fallow, is sown every other year). This is usually attributed to decreased development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), although associated soil physical, chemical, and biological properties are very rarely reported. A study was conducted from 1993 to 1997 in a grey, self-mulching Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales to characterise soil properties under long-fallow cotton with a view to identifying soil factors other than AM that could contribute to cotton growth rate reductions. Soil quality indicators monitored were compaction (bulk density and air-filled porosity), strength (cone resistance), plastic limit, exchangeable cations, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of AM, and incidence of cotton root diseases. In comparison with continuous cotton, long-fallow cotton had lower soil strength, and lower plastic limit. Exchangeable Ca and Mg were higher with continuous cotton only in 1994. Higher nitrate-N was also observed with long-fallow during the first fallow phase of the experiment. Long-fallow did not have any significant effect on soil organic carbon. However, a net decline in soil organic C and exchangeable Mg occurred with both treatments. During the cotton phase, subsoil nitrate-N and incidence of black root rot were lower with long-fallow cotton. Uptake of nitrogen by continuous cotton may have been reduced by greater severity of black root rot. Vegetative and reproductive growth, water extraction, and cotton lint yields in long-fallow cotton plots were higher than those in continuous cotton plots. AM development was similar with continuous cotton and long-fallow cotton. Compared with long-fallow cotton, the lower lint yield in continuous cotton was thought to be due to the interactive effects of declining nutrient availability, higher soil strength, and greater severity of black root rot causing decreases in nutrient and water uptake.

Change of growth processes of annual crops depending on the method of cultivation, seeding rate and fertilization

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
N. Y. Hetman ◽  
Y. A. Veklenko ◽  
T. P. Zakhlebna ◽  
E. N. Ksenchyna
Keyword(s):  
Field Pea ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
Leguminous Crops

Analysis of the height and leafiness of plants of oats (fodder), pea (spring), field pea was carried out depending on the seeding rates and fertilization. It was established that under the increase in the seeding rate of oats by 25 %, the height of plants of the grass and legume components rose irrespectively of the rate of fertilization. The leafiness of leguminous crops was 2.9—3.1 times higher than that of oats.

Assessment of tolerance for reducing yield losses in field pea caused by Aphanomyces root rot

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conner ◽  
K. F. Chang ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
T. D. Warkentin ◽  
K. B. McRae
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
High Yields

Conner, R. L., Chang, K. F., Hwang, S. F., Warkentin, T. D. and McRae, K. B. 2013. Assessment of tolerance for reducing yield losses in field pea caused by Aphanomyces root rot. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 473–482. Aphanomyces root rot, caused by Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs., is a serious disease of peas (Pisum sativum) that can severely reduce seed yield, and few effective control measures are available. The development of pea cultivars with tolerance or partial resistance to Aphanomyces root rot is generally considered to be one of the best options to reduce yield loss. A 4-yr field study was conducted at disease-free sites and at an Aphanomyces root rot site to compare the responses of cultivars and lines in the presence and absence of Aphanomyces root rot, identify breeding lines with tolerance and to evaluate the effects of tolerance on plant growth, disease severity and yield. At the Aphanomyces root rot site, a second test was established in which the phosphite fungicide Phostrol™ was applied as a soil drench treatment to the pea cultivars and lines. Aphanomyces root rot reduced seedling emergence, biomass production and yield in the susceptible pea genotypes. However, line 00-2067 consistently produced relatively high yields at all the field sites. At the Aphanomyces root rot site, yield was closely associated with plant vigour and shoot weight. Small, but significant, differences (P<0.05) in disease severity were observed between susceptible cultivars and tolerant lines indicating that the lines producing high yields at the Aphanomyces root rot site are tolerant rather than partially resistant. The root/shoot weight ratio was very low in the tolerant lines, indicating that even though their root systems were reduced and severely damaged by root rot, they were still able to produce high yields under favourable conditions for the disease. Drench application of the fungicide Phostrol™ did not significantly reduce root rot severity or improve the performance of any of the pea cultivars or lines.

Management strategies to reduce losses caused by fusarium seedling blight of field pea

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Chang ◽  
S. F. Hwang ◽  
H. U. Ahmed ◽  
B. D. Gossen ◽  
G. D. Turnbull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Fusarium Seedling Blight ◽  
Disease Pressure

Chang, K. F., Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Gossen, B. D., Turnbull, G. D. and Strelkov, S. E. 2013. Management strategies to reduce losses caused by fusarium seedling blight of field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 619–625. Fusarium seedling blight can cause substantial reductions in the stand density of field pea in western Canada. In greenhouse experiments, emergence decreased and root rot severity rose with increasing inoculum density. In field trials in 2007 and 2008 near Edmonton, AB, seeding at different depths and seeding dates did not consistently affect emergence or yield in Fusarium-infested soils. In field experiments, emergence declined significantly with each increase in inoculum level. Also, seed yield were reduced at high levels of disease pressure. Treatment of seed with Apron Maxx improved emergence, nodulation and yield of treatments challenged with inoculum of F. avenaceum in both greenhouse and field experiments. This research demonstrates the need to prevent seedling blight and root rot through proper seed treatment.

Efficacy of Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 and fungicide seed treatments for controlling the root rot complex of field pea

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Xue
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Pea Root Rot ◽  
Better Than

The efficacy of seed treatments with bioagent ACM941 (a strain of Clonostachys rosea), its formulated products GB116 and ACM941-Pro, and common fungicides for the control of pea root rot complex were examined in six field trials in western Canada from 1996 to 2000. The effects on seedling emergence, root rot severity, and yield varied among years. In trials 1 and 2 (1996–1997), none of the treatments significantly reduced root rot severity or increased yield. ACM941 + Thiram 75WP was the most effective treatment, increasing emergence by 17.4% and was significantly better than that of the untreated controls. In trials 3 and 4 (1997–1998), Apron FL alone and ACM941 + Apron FL were significantly better than the untreated control, increasing emergence by 6.2 and 7.7%, and yield by 10.8 and 11.5%, respectively. In trials 5 and 6 (1999–2000), AC M 941 and GB116 were equally the most effective treatments, increasing emergence by 11.5 and 12.2%, and yield by 8.2 and 6.3%, respectively. These effects were significantly greater than that of the untreated control, but not significantly different from those of Apron FL or Vitaflo-280. ACM941-Pro was developed and tested in 2000 only, and it increased emergence by 17.1% and reduced root rot severity by 29.6%. Key words: Bioagent, Clonostachys rosea, field pea, Pisum sativum, pea root rot complex (PRRC), seed treatment, fungicide

scholarly journals Associations among the communities of soil-borne pathogens, soil edaphic properties and disease incidence in the field pea root rot complex

2020 ◽  
Vol 457 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 339-354
Author(s):  
Kimberly Zitnick-Anderson ◽  
Luis E. del Río Mendoza ◽  
Shana Forster ◽  
Julie S. Pasche
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Aphanomyces Euteiches ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Edaphic Properties

Abstract Background and aims Field pea production is greatly impacted by multiple soil-borne fungal and oomycete pathogens in a complex. The objectives of this research were to 1) identify the soil-borne pathogens associated with field pea in North Dakota and; 2) develop prediction models incorporating the occurrence of the soil-borne pathogen communities, soil edaphic properties and disease incidence. Methods Soil and plants were sampled from 60 field pea fields in North Dakota during 2014 and 2015. Plants (1500 across two years) were rated for both root rot and soil-borne pathogens isolated from roots. Soils were analyzed for edaphic properties. Indicator species analysis was used to identify soil-borne pathogen communities. Logistic regression was used to determine associations and develop prediction models. Results Survey results from 2014 and 2015 indicated that the most prevalent soil-borne pathogens identified in field pea fields were Fusarium spp. and Aphanomyces euteiches. Five soil-borne pathogen communities were identified; three of which had statistically significant associations characterized by (1) Fusarium acuminatum, (3) A. euteiches, and (4) Fusarium sporotrichioides. The occurrence of the three communities were associated with clay content, soil pH, Fe2+, and K+. Disease incidence was associated with the presence of either community 1 or 3 and K+. Conclusions The results generated from this research will contribute to the development of management strategies by providing a soil-borne pathogen community prediction tool.

Minimising off-site movement of contaminants in furrow irrigation using polyacrylamide (PAM). II. Phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment

Soil Research ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle P. Oliver ◽  
Rai S. Kookana
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Mode Of Application

Off-site movement of nutrients and sediment from furrow-irrigated agriculture has been a concern in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia. After consultation with growers, a range of management strategies were tested to assess the effectiveness of various practices to minimise off-site movement of nutrients during irrigation. This paper reports on the effectiveness of the additions of high molecular weight, anionic, polyacrylamide (PAM) to irrigation water to minimise off-site movement of phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, and sediment. Surface runoff water quantity and quality from 4 separate irrigation bays, which contained 25 furrows per irrigation bay, was monitored over time for a single irrigation 35 days after sowing. Addition of PAM as a puck (cylindrical disc 55 mm diameter by 23 mm height) to the head of each irrigation furrow significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the average volume of surface runoff water leaving the irrigation bays by 54%, from 599 kL for the control irrigation bays to 277 kL for the PAM-treated irrigation bays. The addition of PAM also significantly (P < 0.001) decreased the average total suspended sediment load for the duration of the irrigation from 94.9 kg/ha for the control bays to 13.4 kg/ha for the PAM-treated irrigation bays. The concentrations of the different forms of N, P, and C measured in the runoff water were not significantly different between the 2 treatments. The amounts (g) of particulate (>0.45 µm) P and dissolved organic C were significantly (P < 0.01) less from the PAM-treated bays than from the control bays. There was a consistent trend for the addition of PAM to decrease the cumulative mass loss of all nutrients (N, P, and C) measured. However, significant decreases were only seen for particulate (>0.45 µm) P (by 94%), unfiltered (or total) N (by 56%), and unfiltered (or total) C (by 60%). This experiment demonstrated that the addition of PAM to irrigation waters has the potential to decrease the off-site movement of nutrients bound to colloidal material. However, in this study off-site movement of contaminants present in the ‘soluble’ (<0.45 µm) fraction is unlikely to be mitigated by the addition of PAM to irrigation water. The mode of application of PAM, however, may affect water infiltration and hence vertical movement of ‘soluble’ contaminants and requires further investigation to ensure that while off-site surface transport is being minimised, contamination of groundwater is not being increased. Other strategies to minimise off-site movement for contaminants in the dissolved phase also need investigation.

Economic benefits of integrated weed management systems for field crops in the Dark Brown and Black soil zones of western Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1273-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Smith ◽  
B. M. Upadhyay ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
H. J. Beckie ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Common Practices

Integrated weed management (IWM) systems that combine seeding date, seeding rate, herbicide rate, and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application were assessed for their economic performance in the Dark Brown and Black soil zones. A barley-field pea IWM system in the Black soil zone at Lacombe, Alberta, and a wheat-canola IWM system in the Dark Brown soil zone at Lethbridge, Alberta, and Scott, Saskatchewan, were used to assess contributions of seeding date (April or May), seeding rate (recommended or 150% of recommended), fertilizer timing (fall or spring), and in-crop herbicide rate (50% or 100% of recommended). The factorial set of treatments was applied in 4 consecutive years at each site. For barley-field pea production, the highest contribution margin (CM) (returns over variable production costs) was earned with 50% of the recommended herbicide rate, spring application of N fertilizer, seeding barley later at the high seeding rate, and seeding field pea early at the recommended seeding rate. This IWM system had a CM benefit of at least $51 ha-1 compared with current common practices. The wheat-canola system results were site specific. At Lethbridge, it was more profitable to use 50% of recommended herbicide rates and to seed both crops early, with an early seeding date being very important for canola. The CM of this IWM system was $48 ha-1 higher than current common practices. At Scott, the wheat-canola system was more profitable with spring fertilizer application, 50% of the recommended herbicide rate, and an early seeding date for canola. The best IWM system had a CM $15 to $75 ha-1 higher, depending on the year, than common practices. Our results confirmed the economic merits of using IWM practices for cereal-oilseed and cereal-pulse cropping systems in these regions of western Canada. Key words: Economic, integrated weed management, contribution margin, canola, wheat, field pea, barley

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