Rotation crops for irrigated cotton in a medium-fine, self-mulching, grey Vertosol

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 317 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
F. Scott ◽  
J. Kahl
Keyword(s):  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Fibre Quality ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Rotation Crops ◽  
Rotation Crop ◽  
Gross Margins

Many cotton growers sow rotation crops after irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), assuming that they will improve soil quality and maintain profitability of cotton. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most common rotation crop, although more recently, legumes such as faba bean (Vicia Faba L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) have come into favour. This paper reports data on soil quality (organic C, nitrate-N, soil structure), yield (cotton lint and rotation crop grain yield, fibre quality), economic returns (gross margins/ha, gross margins/ML irrigation water), and management constraints from an experiment conducted from 1993 to 1998 near Wee Waa, north-western New South Wales, Australia. The soil is a medium-fine, self-mulching, grey Vertosol. The cropping sequences used were cotton followed by N-fertilised wheat (urea at 140 kg N/ha in 1993; 120 kg N/ha thereafter), unfertilised wheat, and unfertilised grain legumes (chickpea in 1993; faba bean thereafter), which were either harvested or the grain incorporated during land preparation. Soil organic C in the 0—0.6 m depth was not affected by the rotation crop, although variations occurred between times of sampling. Regression analysis indicated that there had been no net gain or loss of organic C between June 1993 and October 1998. Sowing leguminous rotation crops increased nitrate-N values. A net increase in root-zone nitrate-N reserves occurred with time (from June 1993 to October 1998) with all rotation crops. Soil compaction (measured as specific volume of oven-dried soil) was lower with wheat by October 1998. A net decrease in soil compaction occurred in the surface 0.15 m with all rotation crops between 1993 and 1998, whereas it increased in the 0.15–0.60 m depth. Cotton lint yield and quality, and gross margins/ha and gross margins/ML, were always higher where wheat was sown, with highest gross margins occurring when N fertiliser was applied. Applying N fertiliser to wheat did not significantly increase cotton lint yield and fibre quality, but increased gross margins of the cotton–wheat sequence due to higher wheat yield and protein percentage. Lint yield and fibre quality were decreased by sowing leguminous rotation crops. Management constraints such as lack of effective herbicides, insect damage, harvesting damage, and availability of suitable marketing options were greater with legumes than with wheat. Overall, wheat was a better rotation crop than grain legumes for irrigated cotton.

Effects of sowing cowpea on properties of an irrigated Vertisol and growth and yield of succeeding cotton

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
NR Hulugalle ◽  
P Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Fibre Quality ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Nitrate N

The effects of sowing a break crop of cowpea on soil properties, nutrient uptake, growth, and yield of furrow-irrigated cotton were evaluated in a trial conducted from 1993 to 1995 in a Typic Haplustert (Vertisol) with high subsoil compaction in north-western New South Wales, Australia. The experimental treatments were cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), continuous cotton, and long-fallow cotton (cotton alternating annually with a bare fallow). Cotton was sown in all plots in 1994 with minimum tillage. Soil was sampled to a depth of 0.6 m in August 1993, May–June 1994, and April 1995. Soil properties evaluated were organic matter fractions, resilience (a measure of the self-mulching ability of the soil), plastic limit, strength (as cone resistance), shrinkage indices derived from shrinkage curves, exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Na, pH, nitrate-N, and electrical conductivity. Profile water content and water extraction, nutrient uptake, crop vegetative growth, cotton lint yield, and fibre quality were also quantified. Compared with fallowing, sowing either cotton or cowpea in 1993 decreased pH and aggregate size formed after puddling and drying, and increased soil organic matter and plastic limit. Cropping also increased exchangeable cations in the surface 0.3 m of the soil. Nitrate-N in the 0–0.15 m depth was 23% higher after cowpea than after fallow. Amelioration of soil compaction was quickest in the short-term where continuous cotton was sown, but was also observed with time in plots where cowpea was sown in 1993. In comparison with cowpea-cotton and long-fallow cotton, continuous cotton had the highest nutrient uptake. Growth of cotton sown after either fallow or cotton was greater than that of cotton sown after cowpea, with lint yield being highest in the previously fallowed plots. Lint fibre quality did not differ significantly between treatments. Overall, the benefits of sowing cowpea in terms of improvements in soil properties and crop yields were either small or negligible in comparison with fallowing or sowing cotton.

Sowing wheat or field pea as rotation crops after irrigated cotton in a grey Vertosol

Soil Research ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. R. Hulugalle ◽  
P. C. Entwistle ◽  
J. L. Cooper ◽  
S. J. Allen ◽  
F. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
Rotation Crop ◽  
Gross Margins

The effects of green manured field pea (Pisum sativum L.), low-input (LI) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (seeding rate of 40 kg/ha and 85 kg/ha of diammonium phosphate), and high-input (HI) wheat (seeding rate of 100 kg/ha, 85 kg/ha of diammonium phosphate, and 180 kg/ha of urea) sown as rotation crops after cotton on soil quality; cotton growth, yield and nutrient uptake; and gross margins ($AU/ha and $AU/ML of irrigation water) were evaluated from 1993 to 1998 in an irrigated Vertosol in the central-west of New South Wales. Soil quality indicators monitored were aggregate stability (dispersion index), compaction (air-filled porosity), soil resilience to structural destruction (as geometric mean diameter of soil aggregates formed after puddling and drying of soil), exchangeable cations, calcium carbonate, nitrate-N, pH, organic C, development of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), and incidence of cotton root diseases (black root rot). In comparison with wheat, field pea increased soil nitrate-N levels during the early stages of the experiment and formed smaller aggregates after puddling and drying, but it was ineffective in ameliorating soil compaction. In contrast wheat was very effective in ameliorating soil compaction. Nitrate-N values under wheat–cotton rotations increased with time such that after 4 years they were similar to that under the field pea–cotton rotation. Soil chemical fertility indicators such as organic C, pH, EC, and exchangeable cations were not affected consistently by either wheat or field pea, whereas minimum tillage, retention of crop residues, and cropping phase (i.e. rotation crop or cotton) affected them more. A net decrease in organic C and an increase in EC was observed with time in all treatments. By sowing either field pea or wheat, the mycorrhizal colonisation of cotton roots was improved. Black root rot incidence was increased 3-fold by sowing field pea, but was not significantly affected by wheat. Cotton lint yield was unaffected by rotation crop, although profitability shown as gross margins/ha and gross margins/ML irrigation water were greater with wheat compared with field pea. Gross margins/ha were in the order HI wheat > LI wheat > field pea, and gross margins/ML irrigation water were in the order LI wheat > HI wheat > field pea. In terms of ameliorating soil compaction, minimising black root incidence, and maximising returns to the cotton grower, wheat is a better rotation crop than field pea. The decision to apply fertiliser and sow wheat at a higher seeding rate will depend on whether land or water is the major limiting factor.

Plant Population and Plant Height Effects on Pima Cotton Lint Yield 1

1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Kittock ◽  
R. A. Selley ◽  
C. J. Cain ◽  
B. B. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Pima Cotton ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield

Competition of noogoora burr (Xanthium occidentale) and fierce thornapple (Datura ferox) with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham W. Charles ◽  
Robert D. Murison ◽  
Steven Harden
Keyword(s):  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Spline Regression ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Regression Curves ◽  
Economic Thresholds ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Area Of Influence ◽  
Average Size

Competitiveness of noogoora burr and fierce thornapple in irrigated cotton was assessed using area-of-influence methodology. Lint yields were regressed against distances from the weeds using spline regression. The resulting regression curves were used to estimate areas of influence and yield losses, which were further modeled as functions of weed size to understand weed competitiveness. Cotton lint yield reductions averaged 36 and 12%, with maximum distances of influence of 1.71 and 1.65 m for noogoora burr and fierce thornapple, respectively. Economic thresholds for control using hand hoeing were related to weed size. Thresholds for average-size weeds were one cocklebur in 195 m and one fierce thornapple in 73 m of cotton row.

scholarly journals Changes in Leaf Structural and Functional Characteristics when Changing Planting Density at Different Growth Stages Alters Cotton Lint Yield under a New Planting Model

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Khan ◽  
Jie Zheng ◽  
Daniel Kean Yuen Tan ◽  
Ahmad Khan ◽  
Kashif Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield

Manipulation of planting density and choice of variety are effective management components in any cropping system that aims to enhance the balance between environmental resource availability and crop requirements. One-time fertilization at first flower with a medium plant stand under late sowing has not yet been attempted. To fill this knowledge gap, changes in leaf structural (stomatal density, stomatal length, stomata width, stomatal pore perimeter, and leaf thickness), leaf gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes of different cotton varieties were made in order to change the planting densities to improve lint yield under a new planting model. A two-year field evaluation was carried out on cotton varieties—V1 (Zhongmian-16) and V2 (J-4B)—to examine the effect of changing the planting density (D1, low, 3 × 104; D2, moderate, 6 × 104; and D3, dense, 9 × 104) on cotton lint yield, leaf structure, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf gas exchange attribute responses. Across these varieties, J-4B had higher lint yield compared with Zhongmian-16 in both years. Plants at high density had depressed leaf structural traits, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 uptake, quenching (qP), actual quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) in both years. Crops at moderate density had improved leaf gas exchange traits, stomatal density, number of stomata, pore perimeter, length, and width, as well as increased qP, ΦPSII, and Fv/Fm compared with low- and high-density plants. Improvement in leaf structural and functional traits contributed to 15.9%–10.7% and 12.3%–10.5% more boll m−2, with 20.6%–13.4% and 28.9%–24.1% higher lint yield averaged across both years, respectively, under moderate planting density compared with low and high density. In conclusion, the data underscore the importance of proper agronomic methods for cotton production, and that J-4B and Zhongmian-16 varieties, grown under moderate and lower densities, could be a promising option based on improved lint yield in subtropical regions.

scholarly journals Sowing Density Effects in Cotton Yields and Its Components

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Manuel Guzman ◽  
Luis Vilain ◽  
Tatiana Rondon ◽  
Juan Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Boll Weight ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield ◽  
Weight Number ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Evaluation of sowing density is an important factor for achieving maximum yields without affecting other agronomic traits. Field experiments were conducted during three consecutive years (2008, 2009 and 2010) to determinate the effect of four sowing density (62,500; 83,333; 100,000 and 142,857 pl ha−1) on yields and its components of two cotton varieties, ‘Delta Pine 16′ and ‘SN-290′ in Venezuela. The traits evaluated were lint yield, boll weight, number of seeds per boll, 100-seed weight, and fiber content. Highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were observed among genotypes, sowing density and their interactions for all traits. Sowing density was not affected by year factor. High lint yield was found in ‘SN-290′ (4216.2 kg ha−1) at 100,000 pl ha−1; and in ‘Delta Pine 16′ (3917.3 kg ha−1) at 83,333 pl ha−1. The highest sowing density (142,857 pl ha−1), decrease lint yield and yield components in the genotypes. The highest boll weight was obtained by ‘SN-290′ with 6.4 g in average. All sowing densities evaluated resulted in lint percentages above 40%. Cotton lint yield was positively correlated with all yield components. Our results indicate that highest lint yields could be obtained with sowing densities between 83,333 and 100,000 pl ha−1 depending upon varieties used across savannahs of Venezuela.

Full-season Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) interference with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt W. Rowland ◽  
Don S. Murray ◽  
Laval M. Verhalen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Fiber Fineness ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield

Four field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to measure full-season Palmer amaranth interference on cotton lint yield and fiber properties. Density of the weed ranged from 0 to 12 plants 10 m−1of row. Cotton lint yield vs. weed density fit a linear model for densities ⩽ 8 weeds row−1at Perkins and Chickasha in 1996 and at Alms in 1997. At Perkins in 1997, all densities fit a linear model. For each increase of 1 weed row−1, lint yield reductions were 62 kg ha−1(or 10.7%) and 58 kg ha−1(or 11.5%) at Perkins and at Chickasha in 1996, respectively. At Perkins and Alms in 1997, for each 1 weed row−1, lint yield was reduced 71 kg ha−1(or 5.9%) and 112 kg ha−1(or 8.7%), respectively. Lint yield vs. end-of-season weed volume fit a linear model except at Alms in 1997. For each increase of 1 m3of weed plot−1, cotton lint yield in 1996 was reduced by 1.6 and 1.5% at Perkins and Chickasha, respectively. In 1997 at Perkins and Altus (⩽ 6 weeds), each increase of 1 m3of weed plot−1reduced lint yield 1.6 and 2.3%, respectively. Lint yield vs. end-of-season weed biomass fit a linear model in all four experiments. Lint yield was reduced 5.2 to 9.3% for each increase of 1 kg of weed biomass plot−1. Fiber analyses revealed significant differences for micronaire (fiber fineness) among weed densities in two experiments, marginal significance in a third, and none in a fourth. An intermediate number of weeds often resulted in improved fiber micronaires in these environments. No other fiber properties were influenced by weed density.

scholarly journals Impact of Heterozygosity and Heterogeneity on Cotton Lint Yield Stability

Crop Science ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1577-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Cole ◽  
D. T. Bowman ◽  
F. M. Bourland ◽  
W. D. Caldwell ◽  
B. T. Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stability ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Cotton Lint ◽  
Cotton Lint Yield
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document