Recognition of gypsum-responsive soils

Soil Research ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Loveday
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Response Measure ◽  
Dispersion Index ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Predictive Equations ◽  
Response Measures

Gypsum response for 53 soils has been measured in terms of air-dry crust strength (resistance to penetrometer, Y1) and subterranean clover seedling emergence (Y2) in three glasshouse experiments. It was also measured in terms of hydraulic conductivity (Y3) of samples taken from the treated and untreated soils at the end of the experiments, and this proved to be the most sensitive response measure. Relationships between these response measures and a variety of soil properties have been examined by regression and canonical correlation analyses. A regression of Y3 on three properties, i.e. dispersion index, and percentage exchangeable sodium and magnesium, gives the greatest predictability (R2 86%). Regressions involving a pair of easily determined properties, dispersion index and pH, give reasonable predictability (R2 = 70, 73 and 77% respectively for Y1, Y2, and Y3). Limits to the values of Y1, Y2, and Y3 have been set to provide three categories of gypsum response, viz. strong, moderate and little or no response. It is argued from a general understanding of the ameliorative process that the predictive equations should be of value beyond the areas sampled in the present study.

Emergence response of subterranean clover to dissolved gypsum in relation to soil properties and evaporative conditions

Soil Research ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Loveday ◽  
DR Scotter
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Emergence Response

Using small plots set in the earthen floor of an open glasshouse, the emergence response of subterranean clover to dissolved gypsum has been determined on 10 soils covering a range of clay and exchangeable sodium levels. The response on a loam soil of low exchangeable sodium percentage (E.S.P.) has been examined at three times of differing evaporative potential. For loams and clay loams, the appearance of a response depends on the severity of evaporative conditions as well as on the E.S.P. On clay soils not naturally self mulching, some response is probably always obtained but, in general, the higher the clay content and the higher the E.S.P. and evaporative potential, the more likely is an emergence response to dissolved gypsum. Emergence was found to be highly correlated with the matric potential of the surface 1/2 in. at the time emergence began. From a consideration of the relationships between emergence and moisture status, the most significant effect of the gypsum treatment seems to be the delay of several days it causes in the air drying of the surface soil, probably because of improved transmission of moisture from beneath. Parallel effects on surface soil temperature to those on moisture can be explained in terms of differences in amount of evaporative cooling. Relationships found between emergence and emergence response to gypsum on the one hand and clay content and E.S.P. on the other are presumably a reflection of the relationship of these soil properties to porosity and moisture transmission.

Pedogenic processes and soil–landform relationships for identification of yield-limiting soil properties

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duraisamy Vasu ◽  
Surendra Kumar Singh ◽  
Pramod Tiwary ◽  
Padikkal Chandran ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Variability ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Deccan Plateau ◽  
Pedogenic Processes ◽  
Semi Arid

Knowledge of soil–landform relationships helps in understanding the dominant pedogenic processes causing variations in soil properties within and between landforms. In this study, we investigated how major pedogenic processes in three landform positions of the semi-arid Deccan Plateau (India) have led to current plant yield-limiting soil properties. For this, we characterised 26 pedons from three landforms – piedmont, alluvial plain and valley – and performed factor analysis on the dataset. As the frequency distribution of the dataset was highly skewed for most of the soil properties, landform-wise partition and log-transformation were performed before studying soil variability within landforms. Results indicated that two factors explained 56, 71 and 64% of variability in soil properties in piedmonts, alluvial plains and valleys, respectively. The major soils in lower piedmonts (Typic Haplustalfs and Typic Rhodustalfs) were spatially associated with Vertisols (Sodic Haplusterts) occurring in alluvial plains and valleys. The soil properties in alluvial plains and valleys (Vertic Haplustepts, Sodic Haplusterts and Typic Ustifluvents) were modified due to regressive pedogenic processes. These soils were characterised by high pH (8.5–9.8), exchangeable sodium percentage (16.5–46.6) and poor saturated hydraulic conductivity (<1cmh–1). Subsoil sodicity induced by the presence of pedogenic calcium carbonate impaired the hydraulic conductivity. Subsoil sodicity and poor saturated hydraulic conductivity were identified as major yield-limiting soil properties. The relationships found between specific soil properties, surface and subsurface horizons, and position in the landscape helped to determine the dominant pedogenic processes and how these influenced current soil properties and their effects on crop yield.

Assessment of the Role of Different Soil Properties on Crust Strength by Linear Regression Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
MINAKSHI SERAWAT ◽  
V K PHOGAT ◽  
ANIL Abdul KAPOOR ◽  
VIJAY KANT SINGH ◽  
ASHA SERAWAT
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dispersion Ratio ◽  
Crust Strength

Soil crust strength influences seedling emergence, penetration and morphology of plant roots, and, consequently, crop yields. A study was carried out to assess the role of different soil properties on crust strength atHisar, Haryana, India. The soil samples from 0-5 and 5-15 cm depths were collected from 21 locations from farmer’s fields, having a wide range of texture.Soil propertieswere evaluated in the laboratory and theirinfluence on the modulus of rupture (MOR), which is the measure of crust strength, was evaluated.The MOR of texturally different soils was significantly correlated with saturated hydraulic conductivity at both the depths. Dispersion ratio was found to decrease with an increase in fineness of the texture of soil and the lowest value was recorded in silty clay loam soil,which decreased with depth. The modulus of rupture was significantly negatively correlative with the dispersion ratio.There was no role of calcium carbonate in influencing the values of MOR of soils. Similarly,the influence of pH, EC and SAR of soil solution on MOR was non-significant.A perusal of thevalues of the correlations between MOR and different soil properties showed that the MOR of soils of Haryana are positively correlated with silt + clay (r = 0.805) followed by water-stable aggregates (r = 0.774), organic carbon (r = 0.738), silt (r = 0.711), mean weight diameter (r = 0.608) and clay (r = 0.593) while negatively correlated with dispersion ratio (r = - 0.872), sand (r = -0.801) and hydraulic conductivity (r = -0.752) of soils.

Amelioration of sodic soils with blue-green algae

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Subhashini ◽  
BD Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Biological Input

Algal growth resulted in significant reductions in pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and in hydraulic conductivity and aggregation status of the soil. There was a significant increase in the total nitrogen content of the soil due to algal growth. Two out of the three inoculated species of algae could establish in the pots along with the indigenous algal flora. Combination of gypsum and algal application were found to have appreciable reclamative properties, and the possibility of using algae as a biological input for the reclamation of sodic soils has been indicated.

scholarly journals Salinity Status of Lajas Valley Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bonnet ◽  
Eduardo J. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Sodium Percentage

1. The area of soils surveyed in Lajas Valley was 24,656 acres. 2. The soils were classified into normal, saline, saline-alkali, and non- saline-alkali at depths of 0 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches, respectively. 3. A large percentage of normal soils was found in the upper soil layer and of saline-alkali soils in the lower layers. 4. Normal soils occupied about 86 percent of the surface area to a depth of 8 inches and about 63 percent at a depth of 8 to 24 inches. 5. Soils with a salinity problem increased from 9 percent at a depth of 8 inches to 28.3, 58.8 and 68.5 percent, respectively, at depths of 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches. 6. The soils with a salinity problem were largely of the saline-alkali class. 7. In four soil-profile samples taken from Lajas Valley, the saturation percentage varied from 58 to 191, the electrical conductivity from 0.8 to 28.4 millimhos per centimeter, the exchangeable-sodium percentage from 2.2 to 46.0, the soil pH from 8.1 to 8.9, the content of gypsum from 0 to 21.9 tons per acre-foot, the gypsum requirement from 0 to 23.8 tons per acre-foot, and the hydraulic conductivity from less than 0.005 to 6.24 inches of water per hour. Higher gypsum contents were found in the deep subsoil layers of two soils (profiles 1 and 4). Amounts of gypsum varying from 9.9 to 20.3 tons per acre-foot of depth, are required for the reclamation of the surface layers of these two profiles. In general, the hydraulic- conductivity values show that the soil-surface layers are more permeable than the subsoil layers. 8. The procedure and methods used in this paper were found to be accurate, simple, rapid, and practical. They are recommended for the coordination of data related to the classification and reclamation of soils affected by salinity problems in the different countries of the world.

Combined effects of site preparation, soil properties, and sowing date on the establishment of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies from seeds

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 931-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle de Chantal ◽  
Kari Leinonen ◽  
Hannu Ilvesniemi ◽  
Carl Johan Westman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Frost Heaving

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of site preparation on soil properties and, in turn, the emergence, mortality, and establishment of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) seedlings sown in spring and summer along a slope with variation in soil texture and moisture. Three site preparation treatments of varying intensities were studied: exposed C horizon, mound (broken L–F–H–Ae–B horizons piled over undisturbed ground), and exposed Ae–B horizons. Seedling emergence was higher in the moist growing season than in the dry one. During a dry growing season, mounds and exposed C horizon had negative effects on soil moisture that increased mortality. Moreover, frost heaving was an important cause of winter mortality on mounds and exposed C horizon, whereas frost heaving was low on exposed Ae–B horizons, even though soil moisture and the content of fine soil particles (<0.06 mm) were high. Frost heaving mortality was higher for summer-sown than for spring-sown seedlings and for P. abies than for P. sylvestris. Growing season mortality was high following a winter with frost heaving, suggesting that roots were damaged, thereby making seedlings more susceptible to desiccation.

Method for Quick Prediction of Hydraulic Conductivity and Soil-Water Retention of Unsaturated Soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (52) ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaoyang Dong ◽  
Yuan Guo ◽  
Xiong (Bill) Yu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention

Hydraulic conductivity and soil-water retention are two critical soil properties describing the fluid flow in unsaturated soils. Existing experimental procedures tend to be time consuming and labor intensive. This paper describes a heuristic approach that combines a limited number of experimental measurements with a computational model with random finite element to significantly accelerate the process. A microstructure-based model is established to describe unsaturated soils with distribution of phases based on their respective volumetric contents. The model is converted into a finite element model, in which the intrinsic hydraulic properties of each phase (soil particle, water, and air) are applied based on the microscopic structures. The bulk hydraulic properties are then determined based on discharge rate using Darcy’s law. The intrinsic permeability of each phase of soil is first calibrated from soil measured under dry and saturated conditions, which is then used to predict the hydraulic conductivities at different extents of saturation. The results match the experimental data closely. Mualem’s equation is applied to fit the pore size parameter based on the hydraulic conductivity. From these, the soil-water characteristic curve is predicted from van Genuchten’s equation. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results from documented studies, and excellent agreements were observed. Overall, this study provides a new modeling-based approach to predict the hydraulic conductivity function and soil-water characteristic curve of unsaturated soils based on measurement at complete dry or completely saturated conditions. An efficient way to measure these critical unsaturated soil properties will be of benefit in introducing unsaturated soil mechanics into engineering practice.

scholarly journals Effects of Land Use Types on Selected Soil Properties in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Daniel Jaleta Negasa
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Central Highlands ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

Rapid land use changes have been observed in recent years in central Ethiopia. The shift from natural ecosystem to artificial ecosystem is the main direction of change. Therefore, this study was initiated to assess the effects of land use types on selected soil properties in Meja watershed, central highlands of Ethiopia. The randomized complete block design, including three adjacent land use types as treatments with three replications and two soil depths (0–15 and 15–30 cm), was applied in this study. There were significant differences in some soil properties among the three land use types. Lower soil pH and electric conductivity were observed in cultivated land soils than Eucalyptus woodlots soils. This has indicated the worsening soil conditions due to the shift from Eucalyptus woodlots to cultivated land. Less decomposition rate of the Eucalyptus leaves and debris collection for fuel could result in lowest soil organic carbon at the upper layer of Eucalyptus woodlot soils. However, the highest soil organic carbon at the lower layer was observed in Eucalyptus woodlot soils. The presence of highest soil potassium, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable potassium in cultivated land soil was related to application of artificial fertilizers. Grassland soils have highest exchangeable sodium at the lower layer while highest soil carbon and sum cations at the upper layer, which can be related to the grass root biomass return and less surface runoff on grassland. There was the highest exchangeable sodium percentage on Eucalyptus woodlot soils at the upper layer; it can be due to the less surface nutrient movement and growth characteristics of the tree. The soils in cultivated land was shifted to more acidic and less electric conductivity.This shift can lead to soil quality deterioration that affects the productivity of the soils in the future.Nutrient leaching, application of artificial fertilizer, soil erosion, and continuous farming have affected the soil properties in cultivated land. The presence of highest exchangeable sodium percentage and lowest sum of cations at the upper layer of soil in Eucalyptus woodlot should be noted for management and decision makers. The previous negative speculations on Eucalyptus woodlots which can be related with the soil texture, soil moisture, bulk density, total nitrogen, exchangeable magnesium, calcium, and available sulfur should be avoided because there were no significant differences observed among the three land use types in the study area. The study recommends further studies on the effects of Eucalyptus on soil properties by comparing among different ages and species of Eucalyptus. Finally, planting of Eucalyptus on central highlands of Ethiopia should be supported by land use management decision.

Soil properties influencing growth of subterranean clover in the Coleambally Irrigation Area, NSW

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Loveday ◽  
DS McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soil Factors ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Moisture Supply ◽  
Diffusion Rates ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Complete Fertilizer ◽  
Spring Yield

The significance of physical soil factors in controlling the growth of subterranean clover under irrigation was assessed in a field experiment involving small plots scattered over a range of soils. Nutrient differences were reduced by a complete fertilizer dressing, so that as far as possible vegetative growth was controlled only by moisture supply and soil aeration under two watering treatments, one approximating the normal regional practice and the other a more frequent watering. Yield was increased by the latter and variation between sites due to soil differences was reduced. Spring yields from the plots watered at the normal regional level were significantly correlated with water increments at irrigation but not with available water capacity. Fifteen other soil properties showed significant simple correlations with spring yield and in multiple regression relationships a high proportion of yield variation could be accounted for in terms of the variation in selected properties. The best pair of variables for yield prediction, accounting for 59 per cent of variability, were per cent exchangeable sodium at 1-4 inches, and aggregate density at 1-4 inches. These variables were highly correlated with water increment at irrigation. On the more frequently watered plots, waterlogging induced in late winter depressed yield slightly and this, apparently, was not caused by poor aeration, but possibly by leaching of nutrients. Oxygen diffusion rates measured one day after irrigation were negatively correlated with yield. Spring yields from these plots were unrelated to total and air-filled porosity and air permeability. The evidence again pointed to moisture supply being responsible for the yield variation between sites.

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