Amelioration of sodic soils with blue-green algae

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Subhashini ◽  
BD Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Biological Input

Algal growth resulted in significant reductions in pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and in hydraulic conductivity and aggregation status of the soil. There was a significant increase in the total nitrogen content of the soil due to algal growth. Two out of the three inoculated species of algae could establish in the pots along with the indigenous algal flora. Combination of gypsum and algal application were found to have appreciable reclamative properties, and the possibility of using algae as a biological input for the reclamation of sodic soils has been indicated.

scholarly journals CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egeiza Moreira Leite ◽  
Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante ◽  
Adriana Araújo Diniz ◽  
Rivaldo Vital dos Santos ◽  
Gibran Da Silva Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
Irrigated Perimeter ◽  
Physical Degradation

CORREÇÃO DA SODICIDADE DE DOIS SOLOS IRRIGADOS EM RESPOSTA À APLICAÇÃO DE GESSO AGRÍCOLA  Egeiza Moreira Leite1; Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante1; Adriana Araujo Diniz1; Rivaldo Vital dos Santos2; Gibran da Silva Alves3; Italo Herbert Lucena Cavalcante41Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, [email protected] de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB3Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB4Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP  1 RESUMO             Uma das limitações das áreas irrigadas, nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas, ao sistema produtivo é a degradação química e física dos solos pela salinidade e sodicidade. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do gesso sobre a condutividade elétrica, pH, percentagem de sódio trocável, teores de cálcio, magnésio, sódio do extrato de saturação e de sódio trocável de dois solos salino-sódicos: um do Perímetro Irrigado Engenheiro Arco Verde no município de Condado-PB e o outro do Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo em Sousa-PB, conduziu-se um experimento em abrigo protegido do Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural do CCA/UFPB, Areia, PB. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x5 referente a dois solos e cinco doses de gesso equivalentes a 0; 3,2; 6,3; 9,4 e 12,5 g kg-1 de cada solo. Pelos resultados a incorporação do gesso exerceu efeito positivo sobre a redução da salinidade e da sodicidade dos solos. Os valores da condutividade elétrica, percentagem de sódio trocável, pH e os teores de sódio solúvel e trocável em relação aos que os solos possuíam antes da aplicação dos tratamentos, foram sensivelmente reduzidos e os de cálcio e magnésio incrementados com a incorporação do gesso em ambos os solos. UNITERMOS: salinidade, sódio trocável, recuperação de solo.  LEITE, E. M.; CAVALCANTE, L. F.; DINIZ, A. A.; SANTOS, R. V.; ALVES, G. S.; CAVALCANTE, I. H. L. SODICITY CORRECTION OF TWO IRRIGATED SOILS IN RESPONSE TO APPLICATION OF AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM  2 ABSTRACT             The chemical and physical degradation of the soils by salinity and sodicity problems constitutes a serious obstacle in productive irrigated areas in arid and semi-arid regions. An experiment was carried out in green house at the Soil and Rural Engeneering Department in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil, in order to evaluate the effect of gypsum on electrical conductivity, pH, exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium, calcium and magnesium content in saturation extract and exchangeable sodium of two saline-sodic soils: one from irrigated Perimeter Engenheiro Arco Verde in the municipality of Condado and another from irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in the municipality of Sousa,  both in Paraiba State,  Brazil.  The experiment factorial design 2 x 5 referred to two soils and five gypsum levels equivalent to 0; 3.2; 6.3; 9.4 and 12.5 gkg-1 for each soil. The gypsum application had positive effects on salinity and sodicity reduction. The valued for electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage, pH and contents of soluble and exchangeable sodium in relation to soil data before the application of gypsum treatments in both soils  decreased. KEYWORDS: salinity, exchangeable sodium, soil reclamation

scholarly journals Salinity Status of Lajas Valley Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bonnet ◽  
Eduardo J. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Alkali Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Sodium Percentage

1. The area of soils surveyed in Lajas Valley was 24,656 acres. 2. The soils were classified into normal, saline, saline-alkali, and non- saline-alkali at depths of 0 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches, respectively. 3. A large percentage of normal soils was found in the upper soil layer and of saline-alkali soils in the lower layers. 4. Normal soils occupied about 86 percent of the surface area to a depth of 8 inches and about 63 percent at a depth of 8 to 24 inches. 5. Soils with a salinity problem increased from 9 percent at a depth of 8 inches to 28.3, 58.8 and 68.5 percent, respectively, at depths of 8 to 24, 24 to 48, and 48 to 72 inches. 6. The soils with a salinity problem were largely of the saline-alkali class. 7. In four soil-profile samples taken from Lajas Valley, the saturation percentage varied from 58 to 191, the electrical conductivity from 0.8 to 28.4 millimhos per centimeter, the exchangeable-sodium percentage from 2.2 to 46.0, the soil pH from 8.1 to 8.9, the content of gypsum from 0 to 21.9 tons per acre-foot, the gypsum requirement from 0 to 23.8 tons per acre-foot, and the hydraulic conductivity from less than 0.005 to 6.24 inches of water per hour. Higher gypsum contents were found in the deep subsoil layers of two soils (profiles 1 and 4). Amounts of gypsum varying from 9.9 to 20.3 tons per acre-foot of depth, are required for the reclamation of the surface layers of these two profiles. In general, the hydraulic- conductivity values show that the soil-surface layers are more permeable than the subsoil layers. 8. The procedure and methods used in this paper were found to be accurate, simple, rapid, and practical. They are recommended for the coordination of data related to the classification and reclamation of soils affected by salinity problems in the different countries of the world.

scholarly journals 1063 CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SALINE AND SODIC SOILS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 581a-581
Author(s):  
C. A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Workshop Presentation ◽  
Saturated Extract

Approximately 33% of all irrigated lands worldwide are affected by varying degrees of salinity and sodicity. Soils with an electrical conductivity (EC) of, the saturated extract greater than 4 dS/m are considered saline, but some horticultural crops are negatively impacted if salt concentrations in the rooting zone exceed 2 dS/m. Salinity effects on plant growth are generally considered osmotic in nature, but specific ion toxicities and nutritional imbalances are also known to occur. In addition to direct toxic affects from Na salts, Na can negatively impact soil structure. Soils with exchangeable sodium percentages (ESPs) or saturated extract sodium absorption ratios (SARs) exceeding 15 are considered sodic. Sodic soils tend to deflocculate, become impermeable to water and air, and have a strong tendency to puddle. Some soils are both saline and sodic. This workshop presentation will summarize various considerations in the management of saline and sodic soils for the production of horticultural crops.

Prewetting rate and sodicity effects on the hydraulic conductivity of soils

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Shainberg ◽  
G. J. Levy ◽  
D. Goldstein ◽  
A. I. Mamedov ◽  
J. Letey
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Dependent Property

Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 604/2000 series. Exchangeable sodium deteriorates the hydraulic conductivity of soils. The susceptibility of soils to sodicity depends on the soils’ inherent properties, and is known to increase with an increase in clay content and the presence of 2:1 clay minerals, and decrease with an increase in sesquioxides content. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an extrinsic time-dependent property, such as soil prewetting rate (PWR), on the hydraulic conductivity (HC) of smectitic soils varying in their exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) between 1 and 10 and in clay content. Five soils were studied: a loamy sand, a loam, a sandy clay, and 2 clay soils. Air-dried soil samples with ESP of 2, 6, and 10 were packed in plexiglass columns and were prewetted from below at 3 rates (1.7, 4.25, and 50 mm/h) with deionised water. The columns were then leached at constant hydraulic head with deionised water, and flow rates were measured. The reference hydraulic conductivity (HC0) of the loamy sand was not affected by both PWR and sodicity. In the loam, HC0 was not affected by rate of wetting. However, increasing the ESP from 2.1 to 9.5 decreased HC0 from 15.8 to 5.0 mm/h for the fast wetting. Similar decreases were noted in the other 2 wetting rates. The hydraulic conductivity of the sandy clay and the 2 clay soils were effected by PWR. In the sandy clay with ESP 5.5, increasing PWR from 1.7 to 50 mm/h resulted in a decrease in HC0 from 78.7 to 3.2 mm/h The decrease in HC0 in these soils with the increase in wetting rate was ascribed to aggregate slaking. The effect of PWR on HC0 was more notable, especially at the low ESP, as clay content increased. The hydraulic conductivity of the sodic soils leached with distilled water decreased more steeply and to lower values with increasing PWR. Fast prewetting, which increased breakdown of soil aggregates, increased the susceptibility of the soils to sodicity

Effect of sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus on saline soils amendment and growth of cowpea and yam bean legumes

2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. STAMFORD ◽  
A. D. S. FREITAS ◽  
D. S. FERRAZ ◽  
C. E. R. S. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
Saturation Extract ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
Semi Arid Region ◽  
Semi Arid

A greenhouse experiment was carried out from January–May 2001, to evaluate the effects of elemental sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus, compared with gypsum, in the amendment of two saline sodic soils (Neosol Fluvic Salic sodic) from the Brazilian semi-arid region, and on growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean, inoculated with specific rhizobia strains. The treatments consisted of sulphur rates (0·6, 1·2 and 1·8 t/ha) and gypsum (1·8 and 3·6 t/ha), and irrigation water containing the salts NaHCO3, MgCl2, CaCl2, NaCl and KCl, with electrical conductivity 0·2 dS/m at 25 °C. There was a treatment with no sulphur or gypsum applied. The correctives increased Na+ and electrical conductivity on leached solution, and decreased soil pH and exchangeable cations, especially Na+. Sulphur inoculated with Thiobacillus was more efficient than gypsum, reducing soil-exchangeable sodium. Sulphur with Thiobacillus in Soil 1 reduced pH (8·2 to 4·7) and electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract (15·3 to 1·7 mS/cm) to values below those used for classification as saline and sodic soil. The growth of the tropical legumes cowpea and yam bean was increased by rhizobia inoculation when soil ameliorants were used, especially sulphur in combination with Thiobacillus.

scholarly journals Hydraulic conductivity in response to exchangeable sodium percentage and solution salt concentration

Revista CERES ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 715-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Luiz de Aguiar Paes ◽  
Hugo Alberto Ruiz ◽  
Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes ◽  
Maria Betânia Galvão dos Santos Freire ◽  
Maria de Fatima Cavalcanti Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Sodium Percentage ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Salt Affected Soils

Hydraulic conductivity is determined in laboratory assays to estimate the flow of water in saturated soils. However, the results of this analysis, when using distilled or deionized water, may not correspond to field conditions in soils with high concentrations of soluble salts. This study therefore set out to determine the hydraulic conductivity in laboratory conditions using solutions of different electrical conductivities in six soils representative of the State of Pernambuco, with the exchangeable sodium percentage adjusted in the range of 5-30%. The results showed an increase in hydraulic conductivity with both decreasing exchangeable sodium percentage and increasing electrical conductivity in the solution. The response to the treatments was more pronounced in soils with higher proportion of more active clays. Determination of hydraulic conductivity in laboratory is routinely performed with deionized or distilled water. However, in salt affected soils, these determinations should be carried out using solutions of electrical conductivity different from 0 dS m-1, with values close to those determined in the saturation extracts.

Aggregate stability of salt-affected kaolinitic soils on the North-east Plateau, Thailand

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kaewmano ◽  
I. Kheoruenromne ◽  
A. Suddhiprakarn ◽  
R. J. Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Sodic Soils ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Sodium Percentage

The aggregate stability of 56 salt-affected soil samples from the North-east Plateau, Thailand, was related to soil properties. The soils were Typic Natraqualfs and a Typic Endoaqualf, which are commonly used for paddy rice cultivation. The soil textures are mostly clays and clay loams with clay contents ranging from 313 to 849 g/kg. The dominant mineral in the clay fraction is kaolinite with minor smectite and traces of illite and a little quartz. Aggregate stability of these soils, measured by the wet sieving method, ranges from 3 to91%. Electrical conductivity measured by the saturation extract method ranges from 0.6 to 16.2 dS/m and exchangeable sodium percentage ranges from 5 to 31%, so that the soil samples can be variously classed as saline, sodic, saline–sodic, and normal. The soil property that is most strongly correlated with aggregate stability is pH (r = –0.84) followed by exchangeable potassium (r = +0.75), cation exchange capacity (r = +0.73), clay content (r = +0.72), extractable acidity (r = +0.66), and organic matter (r = +0.66). However contrary to much published literature, no significant relationships exist between aggregate stability and exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, or electrical conductivity. Multivariate stepwise regression analyses indicated that aggregate stability of these mostly saline–sodic soils was well predicted by a combination of soil pH and clay content, which is convenient as they are properties determined in routine soil surveys. The presence of small amounts of smectite and illite may have reduced the stability of the dominantly kaolinitic soil aggregates.

INTEGRATED ALGA-CULTURE IN INUNDATED COASTAL FARMLANDS OF INDIAN SUNDARBANS AS A SUSTAINABLE ADAPTATION FOR MARGINAL COMMUNITIES TOWARDS CLIMATE RISK REDUCTION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipayan Dey ◽  
Dipayan Dey ◽  
Ashoka Maity ◽  
Ashoka Maity
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Daily Growth Rate ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Daily Growth ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Tidal Waters

Algae has a great potential for quick capture of biological carbon and its storage in saltwater-inundated coastal wetlands and can also be introduced as a climate adaptive alternate farming practice. An intervention with native algal flora Enteromorpha sp. in enclosed coastal Sundarbans in India on two open water culture techniques, viz. U-Lock & Fish-Bone, shows that growth in native algal stock is influenced by seasonal variations of salinity and other limnological factors. Sundarbans, facing the odds of climate change is fast loosing arable lands to sea level rise. Algaculture in inundated coastal areas can be an adaptive mitigation for the same. Perusal of results show that daily growth rate (DGR%) increases with increasing salinity of the intruding tidal waters to an extent and biomass increment under salt stress results in accumulation of metabolites those are having nutrient values and can yield bio-diesel as well. Algal growth recorded mostly in post monsoon period, has impacts on pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) of the ambient water to facilitate integrated pisciculture. The paper suggests that alga-culture has unrealized potentials in carbon sequestration and can be significantly used for extraction of Biodiesel.

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