Reaction of surface-applied superphosphate with soil. I. The fertilizer solution and its initial reaction with soil

Soil Research ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer ◽  
Point Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

The phosphorus and calcium contents of the fertilizer solution from surfaceapplied superphosphate in contact with moist soil were shown to be similar to those of the metastable triple-point solution (MTPS) produced when an excess of monocalcium phosphate is shaken with water. The average phosphorus, calcium, and sulphur concentrations of saturated aqueous extracts of superphosphate at 20�C were 4.0M, 1.5M , and 0.023M respectively. The pH of these extracts ranged from 1.60 to 1.92 (0.15-0.47 units higher than that of MTPS). The sulphur content of the fertilizer solution was generally one-fiftieth to one-hundredth of the phosphorus content. In the absence of leaching both diffusion and capillarity were involved in the movement of phosphate from superphosphate particles into moist soil. The fertilizer solutes entered the soil mainly by diffusion but on soils of low moisture content the increase in pore size of the fertilizer particles, which resulted from the dissolution of monocalcium phosphate, led to a reversal of the suction gradient between soil and particle which caused movement of some of the fertilizer solution into the soil by capillarity. Leaching of superphosphate applied to dry soils by rainwater is likely to yield fertilizer solutions which have higher pH, lower phosphorus and calcium contents, and higher sulphur contents than the saturated solutions arising from superphosphate particles in contact with moist soil. When synthetic fertilizer solution reacted with acid soils the rate of removal of phosphate and calcium from solution depended upon the phosphate sorption capacity of the soil. In calcareous soil the calcium carbonate played a major part in phosphate precipitation. Appreciable amounts of iron and particularly aluminium were dissolved from each of the soils studied by the synthetic fertilizer solution to give solutions which, on standing, readily formed precipitates of phosphate. Both sulphate and organic sulphur compounds were displaced from the acid soils by the fertilizer solution but, in the calcareous soil, sulphate was coprecipitated with the phosphate.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF THE META-STABLE TRIPLE POINT SOLUTION OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE MONOHYDRATE UPON THE CLAY SEPARATES OF TWO ONTARIO SOILS

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-267
Author(s):  
A. F. MacKenzie ◽  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Triple Point ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Point Solution ◽  
Soil Clay

Samples of material less than 2 μ in diameter were obtained from the surface horizon of a Guelph loam and of a Haldimand clay loam. These samples were subjected to six successive treatments with the meta-stable triple point solution of monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MTPS) to simulate the environment near a dissolving superphosphate granule. Samples of montmorillonite and illite standard clays were also included. The dissolution losses in per cent were: Guelph clay 59.5, Haldimand clay 40.4, montmorillonite 3.4, and illite 8.1. Total chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction techniques, differential thermal analyses and electron microscope observations were used to determine the nature of these losses. In the soil clay separates, vermiculite and interstratified montmorillonite were more susceptible to the action of MTPS than were the illite or halloysite clay minerals.

scholarly journals Nitrogen:Phosphorus:Potassium Ratios Affect Production of Two Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.T. Kraus ◽  
S.L. Warren ◽  
G.J. Bjorkquist ◽  
A.W. Lowder ◽  
C.M. Tchir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

A series of experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations and N:P:K ratio on flowering and vegetative growth of two herbaceous perennials, Hibiscus moscheutos L. (hibiscus) and Rudbeckia fulgida var. sullivantii Ait. ‘Goldsturm’ (rudbeckia). Plant growth and flowering of both hibiscus and rudbeckia were influenced by concentration and ratio of N, P, and K. When N was held constant at 100 mg·L−1, 4:1 N:K (25 mg·L−1 K) and 16:1 N:P (6.3 mg·L−1 P) were optimal for growing hibiscus, whereas higher K concentration (1:2 N:K, 200 mg·L−1 K) and lower P concentration (32:1 N:P, 3.1 mg·L−1 N) were required for optimal growth of rudbeckia. However, when holding N constant at 100 mg·L−1 and varying both P and K in the fertilizer solutions, higher P and K concentrations and a 2:1:2 (50 mg·L−1 P, 100 mg·L−1 K) N:P:K ratio best supported hibiscus growth, whereas 3:1:2 (33 mg·L−1 P, 66 mg·L−1 K) N:P:K was needed for growth of rudbeckia. Finally, when both N concentration and N:P:K ratio were altered, optimum growth of both hibiscus and rudbeckia was achieved at similar and lower P and K concentrations (25 mg·L−1 P and 50 mg·L−1 K) and 200 mg·L−1 N. An 8:1:2 N:P:K ratio was optimum for production of both hibiscus and rudbeckia, although 12:1:2 N:P:K (200 mg·L−1 N, 17 mg·L−1 P, 33 mg·L−1 K) produced similar growth of rudbeckia. Based on results of these two herbaceous perennials, it appears herbaceous perennials have N requirements similar to annual plants and P and K requirements similar to woody plants. Furthermore, the two herbaceous perennials used in this study required nutrients in the fertilizer solution at a higher N:P:K ratio than either annual or woody plants. Foliar concentrations of 2.2% N, 0.4% P, and 1.9% K were adequate for growth of hibiscus, whereas 2.4% N, 0.2% P, and 2.6% K were required to maximize growth of rudbeckia.

scholarly journals Calcium Interference with Zoospore Biology and Infectivity of Phytophthora parasitica in Nutrient Irrigation Solutions

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 522-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon L. von Broembsen ◽  
J. W. Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Phytophthora Parasitica ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Organic Nutrient ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions ◽  
Multiple Stages

Calcium, applied as either CaCl2 or Ca(NO3)2 to water or calcium-free soluble fertilizer solution (Peters 20-10-20 Peat Lite Special), affected several important stages of Phytophthora parasitica zoospore behavior relevant to infection and disease spread. Release of zoospores from sporangia was suppressed by Ca2+ concentrations in the range of 10 to 50 meq. These concentrations also curtailed zoospore motility; 20 meq of Ca2+ in fertilizer solution caused all zoospores to encyst within 4 h, whereas 94% of zoospores remained motile in unamended solution. In addition, Ca2+ in the range of 10 to 30 meq stimulated zoospore cysts to germinate in the absence of an organic nutrient trigger, while suppressing the release of a single zoospore (diplanetism) from cysts that did not germinate. In growth chamber experiments, the amendment of the fertilizer solution with 10 or 20 mM Ca(NO3)2 greatly suppressed infection of flood-irrigated, containerized vinca seedlings in a peat-based mix by motile or encysted zoospores of P. parasitica. These results demonstrate that Ca2+ amendments interfere with P. parasitica zoospore biology at multiple stages, with compounding effects on epidemiology, and suggest that manipulation of Ca2+ levels in irrigation water or fertilizer solutions could contribute to management of Phytophthora in recirculating irrigation systems.

scholarly journals Iron Chelate Photodegradation in Fertilizer Solution Affects Foliar Iron and Manganese

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 445A-445
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Albano ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Iron Chelate ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions ◽  
Production Conditions ◽  
Iron And Manganese

We have shown previously that Fe-chelates incorporated into soluble fertilizers are vulnerable to photodegradation, and that such solutions can cause modifications in root reductase activity. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of Fe-chelate photodegradation under commercial production conditions. Marigolds were grown in a greenhouse and transplanted stepwise from #200 plug trays to 804 packs to 11.4-cm (4.5-inch) pots. Plants were harvested at the end of each stage, and treatments consisted of either irradiated (complete loss of soluble Fe) or non-irradiated fertilizer solutions ranging from 100-400 mg/L N (0.5–2 mg/L Fe). In the plug and pack stages, foliar Fe was significantly lower and Mn significantly higher in plants treated with the irradiated than nonirradiated fertilizer solutions, averaging 97 μg·g–1 and 115 μg·g–1 Fe, and 217 μg·g–1 and 176 μg·g–1 Mn, respectively. Fe(III)-DTPA reductase activity of roots of plugs treated with the irradiated fertilizer solution was 1.4-times greater than for roots treated with the non-irradiated fertilizer solution. Leaf dry weight in the plug and pack stages was not affected by treatment, and averaged 0.1 g and 1.2 g per plant, respectively.

scholarly journals Microbiological transformations of phosphorus and sulphur compounds in acid soils

2012 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Dragana Stamenov ◽  
Mirjana Jarak ◽  
Simonida Djuric ◽  
Hajnal Jafari ◽  
Dragana Bjelic
Keyword(s):  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Organic Sulphur ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

The dynamics of phosphorus and sulphur in soil is closely related to the dynamics of the biological cycle in which microorganisms play a central role. There is not much microbiological activity in acid soils because aerobes are scarce, rhizosphere is restricted to the shallow surface layer, and the biomass of microorganisms decreases with higher acidity. The aim of the research was to investigate the number of microorganisms, which decompose organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds and organic sulphur compounds in calcocambisol, luvisol, and pseudogley. The following parameters were determined in the soil samples: pH in H2O and in 1MKCl; the content of CaCO3 (%); humus content (%), nitrogen content (%); the content of physiologically active phosphorus and potassium (mg P2O5/100g of soil; mg K2O/100g of soil). The number of microorganisms was determined by the method of agar plates on appropriate nutrient media: the number of microorganisms solubilizing phosphates on a medium by Muramcov; the number of microorganisms that decompose organic phosphorus compounds on a medium with lecithin; and the number of microorganisms that transform organic sulphur compounds on a medium by Baar. All three types of soil are acid non-carbonate soils with a low level of available phosphorus and a more favorable amount of potassium, nitrogen, and humus. The largest number of bacteria, which transform organic phosphorus compounds, was found in calcocambisol. The largest number of phosphate solubilizing bacteria was recorded in pseudogley, whereas the largest number of phosphate solubilizing fungi was recorded in calcocambisol. The largest number of bacteria, which transform organic sulphur compounds, was recorded in pseudogley.

Corrosion of Metals by Liquid Fertilizer Solutions★

CORROSION ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. VREELAND ◽  
S. H. KALIN
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Corrosion Tests ◽  
Partial Immersion ◽  
Pit Depth ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

Abstract Laboratory corrosion tests were conducted on aluminum, carbon steel, chromium, and chromium-nickel stainless steels to evaluate their suitability as constructional materials for storage, transport, and applicator tanks for “nitrogen” and “complete-mix” liquid fertilizers. Two types of corrosion tests were conducted: (1) Partial immersion of small specimens of each material in each fertilizer solution, and (2) Simulated service tests in which small tanks fabricated of each of the test materials were partially filled with each of the fertilizer solutions. The amount and type of corrosion was evaluated by weight-loss determinations, thickness changes, pit-depth measurements, and metallographic examinations. The results of the corrosion tests showed that in the nitrogen fertilizer solutions aluminum and several chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels, were not attacked while carbon steel was attacked. In the complete-mix fertilizer solutions, only the chromium-nickel stainless steels were not attacked while aluminum, carbon steel, and three chromium stainless steels were attacked. Service tests are being considered on carbon steel and some of the stainless steels that had satisfactory corrosion resistance in the laboratory tests. 4.3.4

Phosphorus diffusion from monocalcium phosphate co-applied with salts in a calcareous soil

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kumaragamage ◽  
O. O. Akinremi ◽  
C. M. Cho ◽  
T. B. Goh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Phosphorus Diffusion ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
P Diffusion ◽  
Sulphate Salts

Mixing non-phosphatic salts with fertilizer P influences the solubility and mobility of P in soils. Little evidence, however, is available regarding the mechanisms causing such effects. The object ives of this study were to investigate the effects of mixing fertilizer P with (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 or (NH2)2CO on the diffusion of P in a calcareous soil (Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem), and to identify the causes for such effects. To the surface of 50-mm-long soil columns, maintained at field capacity water content, 32P-labelled monocalcium phosphate (MCP) was applied alone or in combination with (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 or (NH2)2CO. Ratios of applied P:N, P:Mg and P:S were 1:5, 1:4.5 and 1:6, respectively. Extraction and analysis of each 2-mm layer of the columns after incubation for 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk revealed that the addition of (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 with MCP significantly increased P diffusion whereas (NH2)2CO had little or no effect. The mechanisms of such effects were identified using a multi-ionic, mechanistic, diffusion model. According to model predictions, the dissolution of MCP was increased by more than twofold when mixed with (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4, and by 1.2-fold when mixed with urea. The main difference between SO4 salts and urea in affecting P diffusion was the competition between the anion of the salt and P for precipitation with Ca. Sulphate competed strongly with P, reducing the precipitation of Ca phosphates. Application of urea increased soil pH initially, but eventually soil pH decreased with nitrification of NH4. Initial increase in pH to above 8.0 favoured precipitation of Ca phosphate, but the pH was not high enough to favour CaCO3 precipitation. The application of P fertilizers with fertilizers containing SO4 could be beneficial in calcareous soils due to enhancement of P solubility and mobility. Key words: Calcareous soils, phosphorus diffusion, precipitation, sulphate salts, transport model, urea

Dynamics of phosphorus fractions in the rhizosphere of fababean (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grown in calcareous and acid soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohua Li ◽  
Haigang Li ◽  
Peter A. Leffelaar ◽  
Jianbo Shen ◽  
Fusuo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Rhizosphere Ph ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Vicia Faba L

The dynamics of soil phosphorus (P) fractions were investigated, in the rhizosphere of fababean (Vicia faba L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) grown in calcareous and acid soils. Plants were grown in a mini-rhizotron with a thin (3 mm) soil layer, which was in contact with the root-mat, and considered as rhizosphere soil. Hedley sequential fractionation was used to evaluate the relationship between soil pH and P dynamics in the rhizosphere of fababean and maize. Soil pH influenced the dynamics of P fractions in both calcareous and acid soils. Fababean and maize roots decreased rhizosphere pH by 0.4 and 0.2 pH units in calcareous soil, and increased rhizosphere pH by 1.2 and 0.8 pH units in acid soil, respectively, compared with the no-plant control. The acid-soluble inorganic P fraction in the rhizosphere of calcareous soil was significantly depleted by fababean, which was probably due to strong rhizosphere acidification. In contrast, maize had little effect on this fraction. Both fababean and maize significantly depleted the alkali-soluble organic P fractions in calcareous soil, but not in acid soil. Fababean and maize utilised different P fractions in soil, which was partly due to their differing abilities to modify the rhizosphere. This study has decoupled successfully the effects of chemically induced pH change from plant growth effects (such as mineralisation and P uptake) on P dynamics. The effect of soil pH on plant exudation response in P-limited soils has been demonstrated in the present study.

Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Non-O157 Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli, and Salmonella in Water and Hydroponic Fertilizer Solutions

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 2179-2183 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA SHAW ◽  
KARA HELTERBRAN ◽  
MICHAEL R. EVANS ◽  
CHRISTOPHER CURREY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

ABSTRACT The desire for local, fresh produce year round is driving the growth of hydroponic growing systems in the United States. Many food crops, such as leafy greens and culinary herbs, grown within hydroponics systems have their root systems submerged in recirculating nutrient-dense fertilizer solutions from planting through harvest. If a foodborne pathogen were introduced into this water system, the risk of contamination to the entire crop would be high. Hence, this study was designed to determine whether Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, and Salmonella were able to survive and reproduce in two common hydroponic fertilizer solutions and in water or whether the bacteria would be killed or suppressed by the fertilizer solutions. All the pathogens grew by 1 to 6 log CFU/ml over a 24-h period, depending on the solution. E. coli O157:H7 reached higher levels in the fertilizer solution with plants (3.12 log CFU/ml), whereas non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli and Salmonella reached higher levels in the fertilizer solution without plants (1.36 to 3.77 log CFU/ml). The foodborne pathogens evaluated here survived for 24 h in the fertilizer solution, and populations grew more rapidly in these solutions than in plain water. Therefore, human pathogens entering the fertilizer solution tanks in hydroponic systems would be expected to rapidly propagate and spread throughout the system and potentially contaminate the entire crop.

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