Phosphorus diffusion from monocalcium phosphate co-applied with salts in a calcareous soil

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kumaragamage ◽  
O. O. Akinremi ◽  
C. M. Cho ◽  
T. B. Goh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Phosphorus Diffusion ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
P Diffusion ◽  
Sulphate Salts

Mixing non-phosphatic salts with fertilizer P influences the solubility and mobility of P in soils. Little evidence, however, is available regarding the mechanisms causing such effects. The object ives of this study were to investigate the effects of mixing fertilizer P with (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 or (NH2)2CO on the diffusion of P in a calcareous soil (Gleyed Rego Black Chernozem), and to identify the causes for such effects. To the surface of 50-mm-long soil columns, maintained at field capacity water content, 32P-labelled monocalcium phosphate (MCP) was applied alone or in combination with (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4 or (NH2)2CO. Ratios of applied P:N, P:Mg and P:S were 1:5, 1:4.5 and 1:6, respectively. Extraction and analysis of each 2-mm layer of the columns after incubation for 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk revealed that the addition of (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4 with MCP significantly increased P diffusion whereas (NH2)2CO had little or no effect. The mechanisms of such effects were identified using a multi-ionic, mechanistic, diffusion model. According to model predictions, the dissolution of MCP was increased by more than twofold when mixed with (NH4)2SO4 and MgSO4, and by 1.2-fold when mixed with urea. The main difference between SO4 salts and urea in affecting P diffusion was the competition between the anion of the salt and P for precipitation with Ca. Sulphate competed strongly with P, reducing the precipitation of Ca phosphates. Application of urea increased soil pH initially, but eventually soil pH decreased with nitrification of NH4. Initial increase in pH to above 8.0 favoured precipitation of Ca phosphate, but the pH was not high enough to favour CaCO3 precipitation. The application of P fertilizers with fertilizers containing SO4 could be beneficial in calcareous soils due to enhancement of P solubility and mobility. Key words: Calcareous soils, phosphorus diffusion, precipitation, sulphate salts, transport model, urea

Changes with time of zinc forms in an acid, a neutral, and a calcareous soil amended with three organic zinc complexes

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Obrador ◽  
J. M. Alvarez ◽  
M. D. Fernández ◽  
L. M. López-Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acids ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Organic Zinc ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Percentage Conversion

Three zinc (Zn) fertilisers were added as soluble organic salts (Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetate plus fulvic and humic acids, Zn-lignosulfonate plus ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and Zn-2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxilate) at several levels, to 3 representative types of soils, to study the behaviour of Zn applied. Samples of treated and untreated soils were incubated for 15, 30, and 60 days at 22˚C and field capacity. A selective sequential dissolution procedure and DTPA extraction were employed to determine the changes in Zn distribution. The distribution and the percentage conversion into different forms of the added metal were dependent on soil type, Zn sources, and Zn loading level. After an initial increase in all forms of Zn in the treated soils, Zn concentration in the water-soluble plus exchangeable fraction and the amounts extracted with DTPA began to decrease. At the end of the experiment, Zn in the most labile fraction was detected in the calcareous soil (pHw 8.3) only when the mixture of fulvic and humic acids with Zn-EDTA chelate was applied (e.g. 1.59 mg/kg of Zn in the 20 mg/kg treatment). The highest conversion values of Zn applied in this calcareous soil occurred in the amorphous Fe-oxide bound and residual fractions of all fertilisation treatments and a low conversion value occurred in the carbonate-bound fraction. fulvic acid, humic acid, Zn-EDTA, Zn-lignosulfonate, Zn-2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxilate, Zn extractability.

scholarly journals Acidification of Calcareous Soils Improves Zinc Absorption of Pecan Trees

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.B. Fenn ◽  
H.L. Malstrom ◽  
T. Riley ◽  
G.L. Horst
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Zinc Absorption ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Tree Roots

Acidification of < 1% of the effective root zone of a mature pecan tree (Carya illinoensis (Wanghenh.) C. Koch) significantly increased uptake of Zn into the tree and maintained elevated Zn in leaves for 9 years. Sulfuric acid and ZnSO4, applied in a shallow trench, lowered soil pH to a depth of 60 cm and increased volubility of Zn in the acid band. Large concentrations of CaSO4 were formed. Laboratory tests confirmed the movement and volubility of Zn in soils under conditions similar to those in the field. Tree roots did not grow into the acidified band, presumably due to high salinity, but proliferated extensively at the interface of the acidified band and calcareous soil.

PROPERTIES IMPROVEMENT AND HYDROPHOBICITY PREVENTION OF PEAT SOIL IN OIL PALM PLANTATION THROUGH STEEL SLAG APPLICATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Winarna Winarna ◽  
Iput Pradiko ◽  
Muhdan Syarovy ◽  
Fandi Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Four Levels

Development of oil palm plantation on peatland was faced with hydrophobicity problem caused by over drained. Hydrophobicity could reduce water retention and nutrient availability in the peat soil. Beside of proper water management application, addition of soil ameliorant which contain iron could increase stability and improve peat soil fertility. The study was conducted to obtain the effect of steel slag on peat soil properties and hydrophobicity. In this study, peat soil was incorporated with steel slag and incubated in 60 days period. The research was employed completely randomized design (CRD) factorial 2 x 2 x 4. First factor is peat maturity consists of two levels: sapric (S) and hemic (H), while the second factor is soil moisture which also consist of two levels: field capacity (W1) and dry (under the critical water content) (W2). The third factor is steel slag dosage which consist of four levels: 0 g pot (TB0), 7.17 g pot (TB1), 14.81 g -1 -1 pot (TB2), and 22.44 g pot (TB3). The result showed that application of steel slag significantly increase of soil pH, ash content, and water retention at pF 4.2. Furthermore, application of steel slag significantly reduce time for water reabsorption (wettability) in sapric. On the other hand, there are negative corellation between water penetration and soil pH, ash content, and water retention at pF 4.2. Overall, application of steel slag could increase wettability and prevent peat soil hydrophobicity.

scholarly journals Responses of Tomato to Potassium Rates in a Calcareous Soil

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 764-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhu ◽  
Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽  
Yuncong Li ◽  
Kelly Morgan ◽  
Guodong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality

Florida produces the most vegetables in the United States during the winter season with favorable weather conditions. However, vegetables grown on calcareous soils in Florida have no potassium (K) fertilizer recommendation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of K rates on leaf tissue K concentration (LTKC), plant biomass, fruit yield, and postharvest quality of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on a calcareous soil. The experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2014 and 2015 in Homestead, FL. Potassium fertilizers were applied at rates of 0, 56, 93, 149, 186, and 223 kg·ha−1 of K and divided into preplant dry fertilizer and fertigation during the season. No deficiency of LTKC was found at 30 days after transplanting (DAT) in both years. Potassium rates lower than 149 kg·ha−1 resulted in deficient LTKC at 95 DAT in 2014. No significant responses to K rates were observed in plant (leaf, stem, and root combined) dry weight biomass at all the sampling dates in both years. However, at 95 DAT, fruit dry weight biomass increased with increasing K rates to 130 and 147 kg·ha−1, reaching a plateau thereafter indicated by the linear-plateau models in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Predicted from quadratic and linear-plateau models, K rates of 173 and 178 kg·ha−1 were considered as the optimum rates for total season marketable yields in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Postharvest qualities, including fruit firmness, pH, and total soluble solids (TSS) content, were not significantly affected by K rates in both years. Overall, K rate of 178 kg·ha−1 was sufficient to grow tomato during the winter season in calcareous soils with 78 to 82 mg·kg−1 of ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extracted K in Florida.

scholarly journals Effect of organic substances on iron-release kinetics in a calcareous soil after basil harvesting

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 941-952
Author(s):  
Sedigheh Safarzadeh ◽  
Sadegh Kasmaei ◽  
Abadi Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Desorption Kinetics ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid ◽  
Iron Release ◽  
Constant Rate

Desorption of iron from soil is important for evaluating the availability and toxicity of soil Fe in agriculture. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of organic substances (cow and sheep manures and vermicompost) on Fe release from a calcareous soil and determine the best models for the description of the Fe desorption kinetics. Organic substances were added to soils at the rate of 3 %. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seeds were sown in each pot and pots were kept at 24?25?C at about field capacity for 90 days. After 90 days, plants were harvested and soil samples were used for Fe desorption analysis. Seven kinetic models were evaluated to describe the rate of Fe desorption in soil extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). Results showed that Fe release from soil samples increased with time. Release of Fe was rapid at first and then became slower. Iron release in the organic substances treatments was higher than in the unamended soil and the two-constant rate, parabolic diffusion and simple Elovich models were the best equations for the description of Fe release from soils.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FARMYARD MANURE ON RETENTION AND AVAILABILITY OF NICKEL, ZINC AND LEAD IN METAL-CONTAMINATED CALCAREOUS LOAM SOILS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abbas AZIZ ◽  
Hamaad Raza AHMAD ◽  
Dennis L. CORWIN ◽  
Muhammad SABIR ◽  
Khalid Rehman HAKEEM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Continuous Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Nickel Zinc ◽  
Chloride Salts

Continuous irrigation of soils with untreated effluents can result in the accumulation and translocation of some metals in the soils and plants. Application of farmyard manure (FYM) to such soils may increase or decrease their availability and retention time. Calcareous soils contaminated with 100, 200, and 400mg kg–1 Ni, Zn, and Pb as chloride salts were used, and farmyard manure added (40g kg–1 for 90 days) with moisture contents at field capacity. Soil samples were drawn at 30 day intervals, and metals extracted with (AB-DTPA) C14H23NO3O10. With FYM application of 400 mg kg–1, Ni availability increased from 179 (day 30) to 240 mg kg–1(day 90); Zn from 163 (day 30) to 230 mg kg–1 (day 90), but, Pb decreased from 214 to 161 mg kg–1. FYM forms multi-dentate complex which greatly enhances the Ni and Zn solubility, and organic matter immobilizes Pb in the soil.

Reaction of surface-applied superphosphate with soil. I. The fertilizer solution and its initial reaction with soil

Soil Research ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Monocalcium Phosphate ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizer ◽  
Point Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solution ◽  
Fertilizer Solutions

The phosphorus and calcium contents of the fertilizer solution from surfaceapplied superphosphate in contact with moist soil were shown to be similar to those of the metastable triple-point solution (MTPS) produced when an excess of monocalcium phosphate is shaken with water. The average phosphorus, calcium, and sulphur concentrations of saturated aqueous extracts of superphosphate at 20�C were 4.0M, 1.5M , and 0.023M respectively. The pH of these extracts ranged from 1.60 to 1.92 (0.15-0.47 units higher than that of MTPS). The sulphur content of the fertilizer solution was generally one-fiftieth to one-hundredth of the phosphorus content. In the absence of leaching both diffusion and capillarity were involved in the movement of phosphate from superphosphate particles into moist soil. The fertilizer solutes entered the soil mainly by diffusion but on soils of low moisture content the increase in pore size of the fertilizer particles, which resulted from the dissolution of monocalcium phosphate, led to a reversal of the suction gradient between soil and particle which caused movement of some of the fertilizer solution into the soil by capillarity. Leaching of superphosphate applied to dry soils by rainwater is likely to yield fertilizer solutions which have higher pH, lower phosphorus and calcium contents, and higher sulphur contents than the saturated solutions arising from superphosphate particles in contact with moist soil. When synthetic fertilizer solution reacted with acid soils the rate of removal of phosphate and calcium from solution depended upon the phosphate sorption capacity of the soil. In calcareous soil the calcium carbonate played a major part in phosphate precipitation. Appreciable amounts of iron and particularly aluminium were dissolved from each of the soils studied by the synthetic fertilizer solution to give solutions which, on standing, readily formed precipitates of phosphate. Both sulphate and organic sulphur compounds were displaced from the acid soils by the fertilizer solution but, in the calcareous soil, sulphate was coprecipitated with the phosphate.

Phosphorus diffusion in silicon; influence of annealing conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Christensen ◽  
A. Yu. Kuznetsov ◽  
H. H. Radamson ◽  
B. G. Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Boron Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Mode ◽  
Phosphorus Diffusion ◽  
Annealing Conditions ◽  
Boron Doped ◽  
Arrhenius Dependence ◽  
P Diffusion

ABSTRACTPhosphorus diffusion has been studied in both pure epitaxially grown silicon and Cz silicon, with a substantial amount of impurities like oxygen and carbon. Anneals have been performed in different atmospheres, N2 and dry O2, as well as in vacuum, at temperatures between 810 – 1100°C. Diffusion coefficients extracted from these anneals show no difference for the P diffusion in the epitaxially grown or the Cz silicon. The diffusion coefficients follow an Arrhenius dependence with the activation energy Ea=2.74±0.07 eV and a prefactor D0 = (8±5)×10−4 cm2/s. These parameters differ considerably from the previously reported and widely accepted values (3.66 eV and 3.84 cm2/s, respectively). However, vacuum anneals of the same samplesresult in values close to this 3.6 eV diffusion mode. Furthermore, control anneals of boron doped samples, with similar design as the phosphorus samples, suggest the same trend for boron diffusion in silicon – lower versus higher values of activation energies for nitrogen and vacuum anneals, respectively. These results are discussed in terms of the concentration of Si self-interstitials mediating the diffusion of phosphorus and boron.

Rapid reduction of nitrate in soil re-moistened after air-drying

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Cawse ◽  
D. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Nitrite Concentration ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Wide Range

SUMMARYWhen an organic calcareous soil was air-dried for 2 days and re-wetted to a wide range of moisture contents, well below saturation, nitrite accumulated within 1–2 days. At the same time much nitrate was formed and more carbon dioxide was released than from soil kept moist. On further incubation of re-wetted soil for 3–5 days, the nitrite concentration decreased rapidly. Since 15N-labelled nitrate was reduced to nitrite after air-drying and re-wetting, and no nitrite was formed in autoclaved soil, nitrate was microbially reduced.Eighty-three per cent of added 15N tracer was recovered from the soil 2 days after re-wetting to 70 % moisture, indicating that 58 ppm N had been lost; 10 ppm N of this was released as nitrous oxide. Autoclaved soil to which nitrite was added did not evolve nitrous oxide, suggesting that nitrite was reduced biologically rather than decomposed chemically.Three other soils were treated similarly; two, which were non-calcareous, accumulated no nitrite. Fresh calcareous soils with high respiration rates and good capacities to denitrify when waterlogged are most likely to form nitrite after drying and moderate re-wetting.

Electrokinetics-generated pore fluid and ionic transport in an offshore calcareous soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1185-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mohamedelhassan ◽  
J Q Shang
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Ionic Transport ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
Soil Pores

In this study, the electrokinetics-generated pore fluid transport in an offshore calcareous soil is investigated in three steps. The pore fluid of the soil specimen tested has a salinity equivalent to that of seawater (artificial or A-seawater). The electroosmotic flow rates are measured for the A-seawater and two stabilizing permeating solutions, i.e., 15% CaCl2 and 10% Al2(SO4)3·18H2O solutions. The results show that electroosmosis generated significant flow in the soil and can effectively transport the two permeating solutions through soil pores filled with A-seawater. The maximum flow rate is observed in the test conducted with 15% CaCl2 solution, followed by those of A-seawater and 10% Al2(SO4)3·18H2O solutions, respectively. The results also show the significant role of electromigration in transporting the cations in the permeating solutions from the anode to the cathode. In particular, it is found that the electrokinetics-generated ionic transport for calcium (Ca2+) is 6.3 times faster than that for aluminum (Al3+). The surface charge properties of the calcareous soil are studied by measuring the zeta potentials of the soil solids suspended in electrolyte solutions of various types, concentrations, and pH values. The relationship between the experimental and theoretical coefficients of electroosmotic permeability, ke, is examined based on the results from the electrokinetic experiments and the Helmholtz–Smoluchowski model. It is concluded that the effectiveness of electroosmosis in transporting water can be predicted qualitatively or semiquantitatively from the zeta potential of the soil solids suspension. The influence of pore fluid pH on the zeta potential of the soil is also investigated. The study provides important information for the use of electrokinetics to facilitate in situ artificial cementation of calcareous soils for offshore foundation applications.Key words: calcareous soil, electrokinetics, electroosmosis, electromigration, zeta potential, soil–water–electrolyte system.

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