A study of some brigalow soils based on trace-element profiles

Soil Research ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC Oertel ◽  
JB Giles
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Taxonomic Group ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Buried Soil ◽  
Trace Element Profiles ◽  
Nickel Lead

Evidence indicative of layering in the original parent material of a soil can be obtained from trace-element profiles. Some of the layers detected by this means in the parent materials of the brigalow soils examined were not apparent in the field. Trace element profiles also provided confirmatory evidence for the occurrence of a buried soil. The present alkaline-acid boundary of brigalow soils with acid substrata frequently did not coincide with a layer interface, and two distinct levels of concentration of pH-sensitive trace elements were found in the alkaline layer of some of these soils. These observations are compatible with movement of the alkaline-acid boundary during pedogenesis. Of the elements boron, cobalt, copper, gallium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, vanadium, and zirconium, all but cobalt, manganese, and nickel, which were pH-sensitive, had profiles that were typical of grey and brown soils of heavy texture. In addition, the average silt-plus-clay profile of the brigalow soils examined was almost identical with that of typical soils of this taxonomic group. These results support the conclusion from field observations that, apart from reaction, brigalow soils are mostly typical grey or brown soils of heavy texture.

How the Soil Supplies Nutrients

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. White
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Biological N2 Fixation

Most plants need 16 elements to grow normally and reproduce. Some of these el­ements are required in relatively large concentrations, ideally >1,000 mg/kg (0.1%) in the dry matter (DM); these are called macronutrients. The others, called micronutrients, generally are required in concentrations <100 mg/kg DM (0.01%). Of the essential elements, C and O are supplied as CO2 from the atmosphere, whereas H and O are supplied in H2O from the atmosphere and water sources. Chlorine is also abundant in the air and oceans as the Cl_ ion. Winds whip sea spray containing Cl, Na, Mg, Ca, and S into aerosols to be deposited by rain on the land or as “dry deposition” on vegetation. Nitrogen as N2 gas in the atmo­sphere enters soil–plant systems primarily by “biological fixation” (section 4.2.2.1), although small amounts are also deposited as NH4+ and NO3­_ ions from the air. Cobalt (Co) is essential for biological N2 fixation in legumes and blue-green al­gae. For the remaining essential elements, the major source is minerals that weather in the soil and parent material. Another term frequently used is trace element, which can include both essen­tial and nonessential elements. A trace element normally occurs at a concentra­tion <1,000 mg/kg in the soil. There are three categories of trace elements: 1. The essential micronutrients Cu, Zn, Mn, B, and Mo, which are beneficial at normal concentrations in the plant (ranging from 0.1 mg/kg for Mo to 100 mg/kg for Mn) but which become toxic at higher concentrations. Iron is the only micronutrient that is not strictly a trace element. 2. Elements such as chromium (Cr), selenium (Se), iodine (I), and Co that are not essential for plants, but are essential for animals. 3. Elements such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), which are not required by plants or animals and are toxic to either group at concentrations in the organism greater than a few mg/kg. Trace elements in the soil are normally derived from the parent material. Ex­amples of concentrations of trace elements in soils derived from different parent materials are given in table 4.2.

scholarly journals Using trace elements to identify the geographic origin of migratory bats

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10082
Author(s):  
Jamin G. Wieringa ◽  
Juliet Nagel ◽  
David M. Nelson ◽  
Bryan C. Carstens ◽  
H. Lisle Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Lasiurus Borealis ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Trace Element Profiles ◽  
Geographic Sources

The expansion of the wind energy industry has had benefits in terms of increased renewable energy production but has also led to increased mortality of migratory bats due to interactions with wind turbines. A key question that could guide bat-related management activities is identifying the geographic origin of bats killed at wind-energy facilities. Generating this information requires developing new methods for identifying the geographic sources of individual bats. Here we explore the viability of assigning geographic origin using trace element analyses of fur to infer the summer molting location of eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis). Our approach is based on the idea that the concentration of trace elements in bat fur is related through the food chain to the amount of trace elements present in the soil, which varies across large geographic scales. Specifically, we used inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry to determine the concentration of fourteen trace elements in fur of 126 known-origin eastern red bats to generate a basemap for assignment throughout the range of this species in eastern North America. We then compared this map to publicly available soil trace element concentrations for the U.S. and Canada, used a probabilistic framework to generate likelihood-of-origin maps for each bat, and assessed how well trace element profiles predicted the origins of these individuals. Overall, our results suggest that trace elements allow successful assignment of individual bats 80% of the time while reducing probable locations in half. Our study supports the use of trace elements to identify the geographic origin of eastern red and perhaps other migratory bats, particularly when combined with data from other biomarkers such as genetic and stable isotope data.

U-Pb in situ dating and trace elements profiles in chrysocolla and pseudomalachite : Application to supergene copper mineralization.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Leisen ◽  
Zia Steven Kahou ◽  
Stéphanie Brichau ◽  
Stéphanie Duchêne ◽  
François-Xavier d’Abzac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Nanosecond Laser ◽  
Common Lead ◽  
Copper Mineralization ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Trace Element Profiles

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Over the past two decades, laser ablation coupled with the mass spectrometer has become a major analytical tool for the measurement of isotopic ratios and the determination of trace elements. The improvement of the sensitivity has provided new perspectives and permits to study new types of targets. For example, many questions remain open about the formation of supergene mineralization such as: what is exact timing for their deposition? What are the required associated physico-chemical conditions? To answer these questions, we focused on two copper deposits located in Chile (Mina Sur) and Burkina Faso (Gaoua) to develop U-Pb analysis and trace element profiles in pseudomalachite and chrysocolla. The analyses were carried out at the GET Laboratory (Toulouse). Different couplings between a femtosecond laser (fs-LA) or a nanosecond laser (ns-LA) and a HR-ICPMS or a MC-ICPMS were used. Trace elements determination and in situ U-Pb analysis present different challenges. For U-Pb analyses, matrix effects must be taken into account and the contribution of common lead (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb) must be subtracted. As there is no chrysocolla or pseudomalachite reference materials, zircon and apatite were used as the primary external standards and fs-LA was used as a matrix independent sampling method. No significant U-Pb fractionation was observed, whatever the structure of the ablated matrix (silicate, phosphate). The bias linked to common lead was calculated from fs-LA-MC-ICPMS measurements. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;206&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb / &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb intensity ratio gives a first approximation on the possibility to determine the U-Pb age. Three cases have been distinguished: 1) If &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb is low (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;206&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb / &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb &amp;#8805; 500) the U-Pb age obtained by this first analyze can be used. 2) If &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb is significant and the intensity ratio of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;206&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb / &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb range between 500 and 5, a second step is necessary. In such a case, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb must be determined more precisely using a MC-ICPMS to retrieve the common lead corrected U-Pb age. 3) If &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb is high (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;206&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb / &lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span&gt;Pb &lt;5), then it is not possible to determine the U-Pb age of the sample. Trace element profiles were also performed on the same chrysocolla and pseudomalachite samples. These analyses have been carried out using a ns-LA coupled to HR-ICPMS and NIST SRM 610 was used as primary standard. The reproducibility and accuracy of the analyses were verified by the ablation of secondary standards (91500 zircon and Durango apatite) and comparison with EMPA analyses. In this study we demonstrate that supergene mineralization can be directly dated and the trace elements in pseudomalachite and chrysocolla can be determined. The combination of these methods provides a new tool to understand the physico-chemical and geological conditions that are required for the formation of supergene mineralization.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Coexisting Rubies and Blue Sapphires from Major World Deposits: A Brief Review of Their Mineralogical Properties

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron C. Palke
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Trace Element Chemistry ◽  
Element Chemistry ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Geological Origin ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Trace Element Profiles ◽  
Geological Constraints ◽  
Mining Regions

Gem corundum deposits are typically divided into blue sapphire and ruby deposits. However, this classification often overlooks the fact that the precious stones produced are the same mineral with only an overall slight difference in their trace element profiles. It can take only a couple thousand ppm chromium to create the rich, red color expected of a ruby. This contribution deals specifically with economically important gem corundum mining regions that produce both blue sapphires and rubies either in comparable quantities (Mogok, Myanmar, and the basalt-related gem fields on the border between Thailand and Cambodia at Chanthaburi, Thailand, and Pailin, Cambodia) or predominantly blue sapphires with rare rubies (secondary Montana sapphire deposits and Yogo Gulch in Montana as well as the gem fields of Sri Lanka). Comparison of the trace element profiles and inclusions in the blue sapphire/ruby assemblages in these deposits shows that there are both monogenetic and polygenetic assemblages in which the blue sapphires and rubies have the same geological origin (monogenetic) or distinct geological origins (polygenetic). In the monogenetic assemblages, the rubies and blue sapphires have essentially indistinguishable inclusions and trace element chemistry profiles (with the exception of Cr contents). On the other hand, polygenetic assemblages are composed of rubies and blue sapphires with distinct inclusions and trace element chemistry profiles. Notably, in the monogenetic assemblages, chromium seems to vary independently from other trace elements. In these assemblages, Cr can vary by nearly four orders of magnitude with essentially no consistent relationship to other trace elements. The observations described herein are an attempt to address the question of what the geochemical and geological constraints are that turn gem corundum into a spectacular ruby.

Trace elements in soils and crops

1979 ◽  
Vol 288 (1026) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Trace Element Status ◽  
Element Mobilization ◽  
Soil Surveys

To demonstrate the total amounts to be expected in soils, the ranges of contents of some 60 trace elements in ten representative Scottish arable surface soils are compared with ranges in soil-forming rocks and with crustal averages. It is, however, the amounts potentially available to plants rather than the total contents that are biologically significant. In temperate climates, trace element mobilization is greatest when weathering takes place under conditions of impeded pedological drainage, leading to the formation of gleyed soils. Mobilized trace elements occur in arable surface soils largely in adsorbed and chelated forms, which are available to plants to a greater or smaller extent depending on the prevailing soil parameters and on the element in question. Different species take up different amounts of trace elements: the proportions in the various plant parts vary with the element and the stage of growth. Information is required about the mobilization and uptake of many elements about which little is at present known but which may affect the functions of essential elements through inter-element interactions. Systematic soil surveys in which soils are mapped by associations related to parent material, with their series related to genetic soil types, provide a useful countrywide guide to trace element status.

Trace element profiles as unique identifiers of western sandpiper (Calidris mauri) populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Norris ◽  
D.B. Lank ◽  
J. Pither ◽  
D. Chipley ◽  
R.C. Ydenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Calidris Mauri ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Wintering Areas ◽  
Trace Element Profiles ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Global Population

Understanding the ecology and evolution of migratory animals requires information on how populations are geographically linked between periods of the annual cycle. To examine whether trace elements could be used to track migratory birds, we analyzed concentrations of 42 trace elements in feathers of western sandpipers ( Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857)) that were grown at five different wintering sites ranging from San Francisco Bay (USA) to the Bay of Panama. Linear discriminant analysis of 15 elements correctly classified all 26 individuals to their wintering sites, including two sites that were separated by less than 3 km. A randomization procedure confirmed the robustness of these findings. Our analysis suggests that trace elements can be used to assign individuals to specific sites of origin. Although we did not sample feathers from all wintering areas, the regions our sites represented comprised a significant percentage of the global population. However, since trace element profiles appear to be highly specific to geographic sites, we suggest that this technique is best suited for cases where samples can be obtained from the majority of populations throughout a species range. Thus, under certain circumstances, trace element profiles may provide the potential to identify populations with a high degree of spatial accuracy.

Methylmercury and Trace Element Distribution in the Organs of Stenella coeruleoalba Dolphins Stranded on the French Mediterranean Coast

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Wafo ◽  
Véronique Risoul ◽  
Thérèse Schembri ◽  
Véronique Lagadec ◽  
Frank Dhermain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Trace Element Distribution ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽  
Contamination Levels

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination by mercury (Hg), methylmercury (Me-Hg), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in dolphins stranded on the French Mediterranean coast. The distributions of these contaminants in the organs of dolphins have also been studied. Overall, contamination levels varied according to the following sequence: liver > kidney > lung > muscle, except for cadmium (kidney > liver > lung > muscle). Size and sex of animals were also considered. Young dolphins were less impacted with trace elements than adults, except for copper. Among the studied parameters, the most important appeared to be the size of mammals. In addition, in the case of mercury and selenium, the sex of mammals seemed to be also relevant. The correlations between the concentrations of trace elements suggest the existence of detoxification processes. Since 1990s, using dolphins for tracing marine pollution, a slight reduction in the burden of the considered trace elements could be noted.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of some trace elements in sediments and grey mangrove (Avicennia marina) along the Arabian Gulf coast, Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Hameed Alsamadany ◽  
Hassan S. Al-Zahrani ◽  
El-Metwally M. Selim ◽  
Mohsen M. El-Sherbiny
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Arabian Gulf ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Grey Mangrove

AbstractTo assess trace element concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni) in the mangrove swamps along the Saudi coast of the Arabian Gulf, thirteen samples of surface sediment and leaves of grey mangrove, Avicennia marina were collected and analyzed. The detected trace element contents (μg g-1) in surface sediments were in the following descending order according to their mean values; Cr (49.18) > Zn (48.48) > Cu (43.06) > Pb (26.61) > Ni (22.88) > Cd (3.21). The results showed that the average concentrations of Cd and Pb exceeded their world average concentration of shale. The geo-accumulation, potential ecological risk and toxicity response indices demonstrated that trace elements have posed a considerable ecological risk, especially Cd. The inter-relationships between physico-chemical characters and trace elements suggests that grained particles of mud represent a noteworthy character in the distribution of trace elements compared to organic materials. Moreover, the results revealed that Zn was clearly bioaccumulated in leaf tissues A. marina. Dredging, landfilling, sewage effluents and oil pollution can be the paramount sources of pollution in the area under investigation.

scholarly journals Vitamin Analysis, Trace Elements Content, and Their Extractabilities in Tetrapleura tetraptera

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Oteng ◽  
John K. Otchere ◽  
Stephen Adusei ◽  
Richard Q. Mensah ◽  
Emmanuel Tei-Mensah
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Trace Element Content ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽  
Vitamin Analysis

Tetrapleura tetraptera is widely cherished in African traditional homes because of its alleged therapeutic and nutritional properties. This present study aimed at determining the levels of vitamin A, C, E, and beta-carotene and trace element (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Se, and Zn) concentrations and their extractabilities in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit (mixture of pulp and seeds) of T. tetraptera. The total trace element concentration of Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn and their extractabilities (%) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS), whereas UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to determine selenium concentration. The trace element content (mg/kg) based on dry weight in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit was Fe (162.00 ± 7.14, 115.00 ± 12.00, and 154.00 ± 25.20, respectively), Zn (31.60 ± 4.77, 43.40 ± 5.29, and 41.50 ± 8.97, respectively), Cu (16.10 ± 4.98, 11.90 ± 8.40, and 17.20 ± 14.50, respectively), Mn (55.30 ± 2.41, 156.00 ± 10.20, and 122.00 ± 5.29, respectively), Co (38.10 ± 6.40, 21.10 ± 7.15, and 44.00 ± 14.90, respectively), and Se (1.49 ± 0.17, 2.43 ± 0.28, and 2.97 ± 0.27 μg/g, respectively). The mineral extractabilities (%) in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera were established to be in the order Co > Zn > Fe > Cu > Se > Mn. Also, the chromatographic method (HPLC) was used to evaluate vitamin E concentration, and vitamin C and concentration of beta-carotene were calculated from the obtained concentration of vitamin A using a conversion factor by the titrimetric method. From the results of vitamin analysis, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit for vitamin C and E. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was perceived among these plant parts for vitamin A and beta-carotene. This study has therefore revealed that the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera contain varying concentrations of vitamins and trace elements and has given many vital insights on which part of T. tetraptera to consume, as concentrations of these nutrients differ in the discrete parts of the fruit.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics of Trace Element Dependence in Biology

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (27) ◽  
pp. 23623-23629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Vadim N. Gladyshev
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Protein Families ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Zinc Protein

Biological trace elements are needed in small quantities but are used by all living organisms. A growing list of trace element-dependent proteins and trace element utilization pathways highlights the importance of these elements for life. In this minireview, we focus on recent advances in comparative genomics of trace elements and explore the evolutionary dynamics of the dependence of user proteins on these elements. Many zinc protein families evolved representatives that lack this metal, whereas selenocysteine in proteins is dynamically exchanged with cysteine. Several other elements, such as molybdenum and nickel, have a limited number of user protein families, but they are strictly dependent on these metals. Comparative genomics of trace elements provides a foundation for investigating the fundamental properties, functions, and evolutionary dynamics of trace element dependence in biology.

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