Obesity is associated with altered metabolic and reproductive activity in the mare: effects of metformin on insulin sensitivity and reproductive cyclicity

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Vick ◽  
D. R. Sessions ◽  
B. A. Murphy ◽  
E. L. Kennedy ◽  
S. E. Reedy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Metformin Hydrochloride ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Response Trial

In mares, obesity is associated with continuous reproductive activity during the non-breeding season. To investigate the effect of obesity and associated alterations in metabolic parameters on the oestrous cycle, two related studies were conducted. In Experiment 1, obese (body condition score > 7) mares were fed ad libitum or were moderately feed restricted during the late summer and autumn months. Feed restriction did not alter the proportion of mares entering seasonal anoestrus. However, obese mares exhibited a significantly longer duration of the oestrous cycle, significant increases in circulating concentrations of leptin and insulin, and decreased insulin sensitivity and concentrations of thyroxine compared with feed-restricted mares throughout the experiment. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the effects of administration of the insulin-sensitising drug metformin hydrochloride on insulin sensitivity and the characteristics of the oestrous cycle in obese mares. In a dose–response trial, metformin increased insulin sensitivity after 30 days following administration of 3 g day–1, but not 6 or 9 g day–1, compared with controls receiving vehicle only. However, there were no differences in insulin sensitivity or oestrous cycle characteristics between control and metformin-treated groups when the 3 g day–1 dose was tested for a longer period of 2 months. These results demonstrate that obesity is associated with aberrations in the oestrous cycle and perturbations in several markers of metabolic status. The results also indicate that metformin is not an effective long-term monotherapy for increasing insulin sensitivity in horses at the doses tested. Additional studies are needed to examine possible effects of increasing insulin sensitivity on reproductive activity in obese mares.

scholarly journals Relationship between the indexes of insulin resistance and metabolic status in dairy cows during early lactation

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Cincović ◽  
Danijela Kirovski ◽  
Ivan Vujanac ◽  
Branislava Belić ◽  
Radojica Djoković
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Metabolic Status ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Linear Correlations

AbstractInsulin resistance is a phenomenon which accompanies the ongoing metabolic adaptation in cows during early lactation. The aim of our study was to determine the linear correlations of HOMA (Homeostatic Model Assessment), QUICKI (Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) and RQUICKI (Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index) indexes of insulin resistance with the metabolic status of cows (concentration of hormones, metabolites and body condition score). The experiment included 40 Holstein-Frisian cows in the first week after calving. Indexes of insulin resistance valued: 18.68±5.43 (HOMA), 0.39±0.06 (QUICKI) and 0.45±0.06 (RQUICKI). Linear correlations were examined by testing the coefficient of correlation (r), determination (r2,%) and regression parameter beta (b) in linear equation. A negative correlation was found between HOMA and IGF-I (insulin growth factor I) (r=−0.51, r2=25.0, b=−1.1257, p<0.01). HOMA showed a positive correlation with BHB (betahidroxybutyrate) (r=0.48, r2=23.2, b=0.0234, p<0.01). A positive correlation was found between QUICKI and IGF-I (r=0.30, r2=10.0 b=46.7900, p<0.05) and cholesterol (r=0.44, r2=18.3, b=1.9021, p<0.01). In contrast, QUICKI and BHB (r=0.51, r2=27.1, b=−1.7241, p<0.01), just like QUICKI and BCS (r=0.46, r2=20.9, b=−2.424, p<0.01), showed a negative correlation. RQUICKI showed positive correlations with IGF-I (r=0.48, r2=22.8, b=28.1230, p<0.01), T4 (r=0.47, r2=22.1, b=87.142, p<0.01) and triglycerides (r=0.36, r2=13, b=0.0407, p<0.05) but negative correlations with cortisol (r=−0.36, r2=13.0, b=−9.0332, p<0.05), STH (somatotropic hormone) (r=−0.42, r2=17.3, b=−5.4976, p<0.01), BHB (r=−0.62, r2=38.3, b=−1.1872, p<0.01), total bilirubin (r=−0.58, r2=33.7, b=−7.131, p<0.01) and BCS (body condition score) (r=−0.6, r2=36.4, b=−1.8347, p<0.01). In conclusion, indexes of insulin resistance may be used to evaluate the metabolic status of cows in early lactation. RQUICKI might be the most appropriate predictor of metabolic status due to its linear relationship with most of the parameters included in homeorhetic process.

Insulin sensitivity and fetal growth in ewes maintained in a moderate body condition compared with a lean body condition in late pregnancy

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 753 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R.W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Condition Score

The possibility that an increase in maternal fatness might further enhance pregnancy-induced insulin insensitivity was investigated in ewes pregnant with one fetus. After selection of fat and lean ewes, they were fed to maintain maternal energy balance throughout pregnancy. A difference in insulin sensitivity of ewes in either a medium condition [score 2·9, 0·32± 0·031 kg fat/kg fat-free empty body (FFBW), n = 7] or lean body condition (score 2·0, 0·16±0.028 kg fat/kg FFBW, n = 8) at Day 136 of pregnancy was inferred by comparing their insulin response to an injection of glucose (350 mg/kg liveweight). The ewes were slaughtered at Day 146 of pregnancy to allow fetal weight, fetal fatness, and maternal fatness to be related to the capacity of the ewe to release insulin. The fatter ewes released more insulin in response to the injection of glucose (2. 54 log area units under the insulin response curve v. 2·22 for the lean ewes, pooled s.e. = 0·092, P < 0·05), yet cleared the glucose from their blood streams at the same rate as the leaner ewes. Because the fat ewes required more insulin to remove a similar amount of exogenous glucose at a similar rate to the lean ewes, we suggest that the fat ewes were less sensitive to insulin. Further, the fetuses of the fatter ewes, while not different in total weight, had higher levels of body fat than those of the leaner ewes (29·4 v. 23·8 g/kg FFBW, pooled s.e. r = 1·32, P < 0·05). Fetal fatness was also positively correlated to the magnitude of insulin release by the ewe (r = 0·61, P < 0·05). Since glucose is the major precursor of fetal fat, these data support our contention that a reduction in maternal insulin sensitivity, brought on by an increase in maternal fatness, could partition more glucose to the fetus. If fat reserves aid lamb survival, lambs from fat ewes rather than lean ewes may have a better chance of survival, particularly in cold conditions.

29 SHORT-TERM v. LONG-TERM PROGESTERONE PROTOCOL USING CERVICAL OR INTRAUTERINE FIXED-TIME INSEMINATION IN SHEEP

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
A. Menchaca ◽  
M. Vilariño ◽  
E. Rubianes
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
N 93

The short-term protocol with progesterone, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), and eCG is used to control follicular dynamics and luteal activity synchronizing the ovulation for fixed-time AI in sheep. The objective of this experiment was to compare the pregnancy rate obtained with short-term protocol (6 d) and long-term protocol (14 d) using cervical or intrauterine fixed-time AI in sheep. Three hundred fifty-two Merino ewes with a body condition score of 2.9 ± 0.3 (mean ± SD; scale 0 to 5) were used during the breeding season (April, 33S, Uruguay). All the females received a CIDR-G (0.3 g of progesterone, InterAg, Hamilton, New Zealand) for 6 d (short-term protocol; n = 178) or 14 d (long-term protocol, n = 174). One imdose of eCG (300 IU, Novormon, Syntex, BA, Argentina) was given at the moment of device withdrawal for the both protocols, and one imdose of PGF2α (10 mg of dinoprost, Lutalyse, Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) was given at the end of the short-term protocol to ensure luteolysis. Cervical AI (short-term protocol, n = 85; long-term protocol, n = 104) or intrauterine AI (short-term protocol, n = 93; long-term protocol, n = 70) was performed 48 or 54 h after device withdrawal, using 200 × 106 or 100 × 106 spermatozoa per ewe, respectively. Fresh semen was extended in UHT skim milk (1000 × 106 spermatozoa mL-1) and used within 1 h of collection. Estrus was recorded twice a day for 4 days after device withdrawal using vasectomized males. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by transrectal ultrasonography 40 d after AI (5.0 MHz, Aloka, Tokyo, Japan). Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of the treatment (P < 0.05), the AI technique (P < 0.05), and their interaction (P = NS). Pregnancy rate was higher for the short-term than for the long-term protocol, and for intrauterine than for cervical AI (Table 1). The highest pregnancy rate was achieved with short-term protocol using intrauterine AI (54.8%, 51/93), and the lowest response was obtained with long-term protocol using cervical AI (33.7%, 35/104; P < 0.05). These data were not different from data of short-term protocol using cervical AI or long-term protocol using intrauterine AI (42.4%, 36/85; and 44.3% 31/70, respectively). Ewes in estrus/treated ewes was not different among short-term and long-term protocols (83.7%, 149/178; and 82.8%, 144/174, respectively; P = NS). In summary, regardless of insemination technique, short-term protocol of 6 d enhances pregnancy rate in fixed-time AI programs in sheep. Table 1.Main effects of short-term (6 d) v. long-term (14 d) protocol using cervical or intrauterine fixed-time AI on pregnancy rate in sheep Financially supported by Pfizer, SP, Brazil.

scholarly journals PSVII-30 Impacts of starch and fat concentrations on equine insulin sensitivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 312-312
Author(s):  
Tanner P Price ◽  
Claire B Gleason ◽  
Douglas M Liebe ◽  
Ty C Davis ◽  
Linda Beckett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Hyperglycemic Clamp ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Abstract This study assessed how substituting starch energy for fat energy affects equine insulin sensitivity. A randomized, complete block design with 5 groups of 4 horses was used to evaluate responses to isoenergetic diets containing 7.1, 9.2, 11.5, 12.8 or 14.3% starch (dry matter basis, targeting 1.0–2.2 g starch/kg body weight). Horses were fed twice daily for 21 days, housed in individual box stalls, used in regular riding lessons, and blocked by plane of nutrition (PON), targeting +1 or -1 body condition score in 30 d. On d1 and d21, a hyperglycemic clamp was performed; horses received a jugular glucose infusion to double basal blood glucose concentrations ([Glu]) in 2 h. Samples for blood glucose and insulin determination were collected every 5 m until [Glu] was held at double basal for 30 minutes. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICI) were analysed using a general linear model with fixed effects for starch percent, PON, their interaction, and a covariate for number of workouts (WN). There was no effect (P &gt; 0.10) of starch percent, PON, their interaction, or WN on initial or final ISI. Change in ISI scores was significantly affected by PON (P = 0.009) with a tendency for diet and PON interaction (P = 0.091). Initial QUICI was significantly affected by WN (P = 0.030), but no other relationships (P &gt; 0.10) were observed for initial or final QUICI. Change in QUICI was affected by WN (P = 0.042) with a tendency for a PON effect (P = 0.082). The QUICI and ISI scores were significantly related (P &lt; 0.001; R2=0.66), and their relationship did not interact with WN (0.751), experimental period (0.348), diet (P = 0.689) or PON (P = 0.200).

scholarly journals Using data from large scale farming operations to understand the importance of feeding the ewe to improve whole farm performance

2013 ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Farm Performance ◽  
Using Data

The collection and use of data from large scale farming operations provided significant insights into drivers of sheep performance. These drivers included minimum two-tooth liveweight at tupping, ewe condition and pasture cover at lambing and the importance of weaning weight on whole farm performance. Using this data to demonstrate the influence of management decisions resulted in an increase in average lamb liveweight gain between birth and weaning of approximately 20 g/day in Landcorp Farming Ltd East Coast flocks over the 4 years of monitoring. Lambing percentage was harder to change, though individual farms increased lambing percentage by up to 35% by concentrating on increasing feed allocation and maintaining ewe body condition score during winter. Low liveweight in some two-tooth ewes was inversely related to the percentage of dries in a flock and prompted more emphasis on growing replacement stock. The programme shifted focus from short-term tactical feeding and management decisions to long-term strategies such as stock and sales policies that placed the breeding flock as the major priority. Keywords: breeding ewes, data, lambing percentage, lambs, liveweight gain, whole flock analysis.

Effect of dietary repletion on reproductive activity in cows after a long anoestrous period

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Zerbini ◽  
A. G. Wold ◽  
T. Gemeda
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cyclic Activity ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Management Implication ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

AbstractThis study examined whether a prolonged anoestrus had any long-term effect on subsequent fertility of cows and estimated the relationship between repletion and resumption of reproductive activity. Twelve low body-condition, non-milking, non-cycling (depletion state) F1 crossbred dairy cows (Friesian × Boron and Simmental × Boran) were stratified to two diets (H: natural grass hay offered ad libitum and mineral lick +3 kg concentrate, and H + P: H + 7 h/day natural pasture grazing) according to parity, body weight, body condition score and calving intervals. Daily dry-matter intake was similar between cows on the two diets, but total intake of nitrogen was proportionately about 0·10 greater for cows with access to pasture. The calculated metabolizable energy intake was more than twice the estimated maintenance requirement for cows on both diets. Live weights increased from depletion to ovulation, to oestrus and to conception, but were not significantly different between cows on both diets. Body condition score increased from depletion time to first oestrus and to repletion and was greater for H + P than for H cows at first oestrus and at conception. After an average of 45 days of repletion, cows were already ovulating with no significant differences between cows on either diet. Days to onset of oestrus were 83 and 44 days for diet H and H + P, respectively. Time to conception was similar between coivs on both diets. Conception occurred when cows on H and H + P diets had recovered proportionately 0·51 and 0·58 of their live-weight and 0·84 and 1·27 of their body condition loss, respectively. Interval to repletion weight was 178 and 139 days for cows on the H and H + P diet, respectively. Cows subjected to an exceptionally long depletion period were able to resume ovarian cyclic activity and to conceive in less than 3 months when given twice maintenance requirements. These results have important management implication for on-farm situations in the tropics where fluctuations of food availability and quality occur.

scholarly journals Ovarian activity in Fleckvieh, Brown Swiss and two strains of Holstein-Friesian cows in pasture-based, seasonal calving dairy systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Piccand ◽  
Susanne Meier ◽  
Erwan Cutullic ◽  
Sara Weilenmann ◽  
Peter Thomet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Brown Swiss ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score

The objectives of the study were to compare the ovarian activity of Holstein-Friesian (CH HF), Fleckvieh (CH FV) and Brown Swiss (CH BS) dairy cows of Swiss origin with that of Holstein-Friesian (NZ HF) dairy cows of New Zealand origin, the latter being used as a reference for reproductive performance in pasture-based seasonal calving systems. Fifty, second-lactation NZ HF cows were each paired with a second-lactation Swiss cow (17, 15 and 18 CH HF, CH FV and CH BS respectively) in 13 pasture-based, seasonal-calving commercial dairy farms in Switzerland. Ovarian activity was monitored by progesterone profiling from calving to first breeding service. CH BS cows produced less energy-corrected milk (mean 22·8 kg/d) than the other breeds (26·0–26·5 kg/d) during the first 100 d of lactation. CH HF cows had the lowest body condition score (BCS) at calving and the greatest BCS loss from calving to 30 d post partum. Commencement of luteal activity (CLA) was later for NZ HF than for CH FV (51·5 v. 29·2 d; P <0·01), with CH HF and CH BS intermediate (43 d). On average, NZ HF and CH HF cows had one oestrous cycle before the onset of the seasonal breeding period; this was less (P<0·01) than either CH FV (1·7) or CH BS (1·6). There was a low prevalence of luteal persistency (3%) among the studied cows. First and second oestrous cycle inter-ovulatory intervals did not differ between breeds (20·5–22·6 d). The luteal phase length of CH BS during the second cycle was shorter (10·6 d) than that of the other breeds (13·8–16·0 d), but the inter-luteal interval was longer (9·8 d v. 7·0–8·0 d). The results suggest that the Swiss breeds investigated have a shorter interval from calving to CLA than NZ HF cows.

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