Changes in grain weight as a consequence of de-graining treatments at pre- and post-anthesis in synthetic hexaploid lines of wheat (Triticum durum x T. tauschii)

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
Matthew P. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Synthetic Hexaploid ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Synthetic Wheats

Grain weight is a trait which has hardly been exploited for raising genetic yield potential of wheat. A clearer understanding of physiological determinants of grain weight potential would be useful in establishing the potential value of this trait in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to improve understanding of how intra-spikelet competition for assimilates pre- and post-anthesis affect grain weight potential, and to evaluate possible mechanisms determining final grain weight in wheat. Two experiments were carried out under field con-ditions. Proximal or distal grains from the two central spikelets of spikes of three synthetic hexaploid lines were detached at heading or 7 d after anthesis. Synthetic wheats were used since they represent a potential source of genetic variability for grain weight potential. Carpel size at anthesis and grain weight during the grain filling period were measured. The de-graining treatment at heading significantly increased grain weight, especially in distal posi-tions. On the contrary, the de-graining treatment carried out after anthesis caused no increase in final grain weight. The largest response to pre-anthesis de-graining occurred in grain positions with the lowest grain mass. In addition, the effect of de-graining prior to anthesis was associated hyperbolically with weight of carpels at anthesis within each grain position. Therefore, carpel weight at anthesis could be partially associated with the regulation of grain weight potential.

scholarly journals Estimating Organ Contribution to Grain Filling and Potential for Source Upregulation in Wheat Cultivars with a Contrasting Source–Sink Balance

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Carolina Rivera-Amado ◽  
Gemma Molero ◽  
Eliseo Trujillo-Negrellos ◽  
Matthew Reynolds ◽  
John Foulkes
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Sink Limitation ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Source And Sink

Grain filling may be limited by the joint source and sink capacity in modern wheat cultivars, indicating a need to research the co-limitation of yield by both photosynthesis and the number and potential size of grains. The extent to which the post-anthesis source may be limiting final grain size can be estimated by partial degraining of spikes, while defoliation and shading treatments can be useful to estimate if any excess photosynthetic capacity exists. In the current study, degraining was applied to a set of 26 elite spring wheat cultivars from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)’s core germplasm (CIMCOG) panel, while lamina defoliation and shading through stem-and-leaf-sheath covering treatments were applied to a subset of the same cultivars. Responses to source treatments in grain weight, pre-anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight, dry-matter translocation efficiency, and flag-leaf and spike photosynthetic rate were measured and compared to an unmanipulated control treatment. Grain weight responses to degraining among cultivars ranged from no response to increases of 28%, suggesting a range of responses from sink limitation, to probable source and sink co-limitation of grain growth. Grain weight’s response to degraining increased linearly with the years of cultivar release from 1966 to 2009, indicating that the current highest yield potential CIMMYT spring wheats have a co-limitation of grain growth by source and sink. This may have been due to an increase in grain sink strength with years of cultivar release with no commensurate increase in post-anthesis source capacity. The relatively low decreases in grain weight with defoliation compared to decreases in light interception by defoliation indicated that sink limitation was still likely predominating in the cultivars with co-limitation. The stem-and-leaf-sheath covering treatment decreased grain weight by nearly 10%, indicating that stem-and-leafsheath photosynthesis plays a key role in grain growth during grain filling. In addition, pre-anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight was increased by ca. 50% in response to lamina defoliation. Our results showed that increasing the post-anthesis source capacity, through increases in stem-and-leaf-sheath photosynthetic rate during grain filling and pre-anthesis reserve contribution to grain weight, is an important objective in enhancing yield potential in wheat through maintaining a source–sink balance.

Control of Grain Yield by Sink Capacity and Assimilate Supply in Various Rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fukai ◽  
L. Li ◽  
P. T. Vizmonte ◽  
K. S. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Sink Capacity ◽  
Single Grain ◽  
Grain Filling Period

SummaryThe objective of this study was to identify whether grain yield in four contrasting rice cultivars is limited by supply of assimilate to fill the grains or by sink capacity to accept the assimilate. Grain yield was limited mostly by sink capacity, with little variation in single grain weight among cultivars, but an old cultivar showed some ability to adjust single grain weight. Sink capacity was very sensitive to variation in assimilate supply immediately after anthesis. Reduction in assimilate supply in the anthesis to early grain filling period reduced filled grain percentage and grain yield, particularly in high yielding cultivars with a large number of grains per panicle.

scholarly journals Earliness, spike productivity and protein content in European winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Dotlačil ◽  
J. Hermuth ◽  
Z. Stehno
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
European Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Landraces ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Obsolete Cultivars

European winter wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars (121 accessions in set I and 101 accessions in set II) with modern check cultivars were evaluated in three-year field trials. Increased spike productivity in modern cultivars could be attributed mainly to increased number of grains in spikelet and increased HI, whereas TGW has marginal effect. Old cultivars had on average by 2–3% higher crude protein content in grain than modern ones. Among selected 10 characters, relatively wide diversity (C.V. 11–20%) has been estimated in spike length and characters of spike productivity (except of grain weight with C.V. close to 9%). It was difficult to distinguish the cultivars according to the country of origin, however, earliness and lower spike productivity seems to be characteristic for South-East origin whereas cultivars from North-West Europe showed opposite characters. Correlation analyses showed close relations between earliness in heading and in maturity and negative relation between late heading and grain filling period, which was positively correlated with TGW and HI (r = 0.26 to 0.38). Number of grains in spikelets was highly correlated with spike productivity and HI (r = 0.62 to 0.69) whereas relations between these two characters and TGW were lower (r = 0.20 to 0.51). Spike productivity characters, except of TGW, are in negative correlation with crude protein content in grain (r = –0.34 to –0.50). Regression analyses confirmed that main determining character for the spike productivity is number of kernels in spikelet (about 40% of variation) while effects of TGW are about half-size. Crude protein content was positively affected by plant height (15–30% of variation) impact of grain weight per spike was lower (14–17% of variation) and negative. Potentially valuable donors of earliness and longer grain filling period were identified for further studies and/or utilization in breeding programs. As especially valuable character can be considered very high crude protein content (around 18% in cvs Berg-land, Ukrajinka, Sippbachzeller, Innichen Nr. 25001 and Barbu du Finistre). High crude protein content combined with relatively good spike productivity and/or long grain filling period or earliness was found in cvs Visperterminen 640 E, Hatvan, Szekacz 1242, Berchtesgardener Vogel, Ble du Lot and Barbu du Finistere.

Traits associated with high yield in barley in low-rainfall environments

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Acevedo ◽  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
R. B. Austin ◽  
P. Pérez-Marco
Keyword(s):  
Plant Traits ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Tall Stature ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Grain Filling Period

SUMMARYResults are reported from nine field trials carried out in 1985/86 and 1986/87 aimed at identifying plant traits which are associated with high yield in barley in low-rainfall Mediterranean areas. Thirtyseven two-rowed and 35 six-rowed genotypes, representing the known diversity in traits considered to be useful, were compared in trials at three sites differing in expected annual rainfall (212–328 mm) in northern Syria, and in droughted and irrigated trials at Cambridge, UK. Yield, its components and other morphological and developmental traits were measured and correlations calculated.Grain yields of the two- and six-rowed groups of genotypes were similar at all sites except in the irrigated trial in Cambridge, where the six-rowed genotypes gave the highest yield. Aside from the known difference in number of ears and number of grains/ear between two- and six-rowed genotypes, the simple correlations between grain yield and measured traits suggested that important traits for high yield in two- and six-rowed genotypes in dry environments were prostrate habit, vigorous seedling growth, good ground cover, early ear emergence, many ears/m2 and large grains. In the two-rowed genotypes, short stature and a short grain-filling period were also important, while in the six-rowed genotypes, tall stature, high straw yield, many grains/ear and long peduncles were important. Correlations of these characters with an index of drought susceptibility and with yield adjusted for yield potential and date of ear emergence supported the conclusions based on the simple correlations.The physiological basis of the correlated traits is discussed and the implications for breeding are considered.

TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD RESPONSES OF EARLY-MATURING SORGHUM HYBRIDS

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
YILMA KEBEDE ◽  
D. J. HUME
Keyword(s):  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Type Of Behavior ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor L ◽  
Weight Number

This study was designed to assess the response of three early-maturing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids, Pride P130, X4043, and X3160, to different day and night temperature regimes and photoperiods under controlled environment conditions. Day/night temperatures were 25/20, 30/20, 35/20, 30/15, 30/25 C with a 12-h photoperiod and 30/20 with a 16-h photoperiod. Data on days to bloom, plant height, number of leaves, number of panicles per plant, duration of grain filling, grain weight, shoot weight and harvest index were obtained. Largest grain weights were obtained at 25/20 C. Grain weight, number of panicles, and grain-filling period were reduced markedly by 5 C increments in day temperature. X4043 and X3160 bloomed soonest at 30/20 C. P130 bloomed and matured in fewer days than the other hybrids at all temperatures. The response of the hybrids to a 16-h photoperiod indicated that they all had a long-day type of behavior at the temperature regime tested.

scholarly journals Contribution of Current Photosynthesis and Reserves Remobilization in Grain Filling and Its Composition of Durum Wheat Under Different Water Regimes

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-945
Author(s):  
Assia Bouzid ◽  
Ali Arous ◽  
Oum Cheikh Felouah ◽  
Othmane Merah ◽  
Ahmed Adda
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Triticum Durum ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Filling Process ◽  
Supply Condition ◽  
Entire Plant

In Algeria, drought affects grain weight and modified its biochemical composition. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two water supplies (100% FC, 30% FC) on grain weight and composition of five genotypes of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). We also examined the effects of shading of peduncle, spike and the entire plant and excision of awns, flag leaves and foliar system on grain weight, starch and amylose/amylopectin ratio. From this study, we found that grain weight was significantly reduced by the application of water deficit. However, this action is greatly related to genotype type. It is admitted that this trait is strongly conditioned by the grain filling process. The morphological characteristics of plants were implicated to grain weight elaboration. Among organs studied, the photosynthetic rate of spick and reserves remobilization from stem announced determinant in grain filling. We found also that starch content which is associated to amylose/amylopectin ratio is strongly related to grain weigh. Finally, grains weight variations were associated to starch content and mainly related to the water supply condition.

Grain-filling of superior spikelets and inferior spikelets for japonica rice under low-amplitude warming regime in lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Zhi Dou ◽  
Haixiang Zhang ◽  
Wenzhu Chen ◽  
Ganghua Li ◽  
Zhenghui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Filling Rate ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Abstract Grain-filling, as the final growth stage of rice, is sensitive to environmental temperature change. Previous studies mainly concerned about the effects of high temperature stress during grain-filling on rice growth, and most experiments were carried out with pot for cultivating rice and greenhouse for warming. This research investigated the response of rice grain-filling of superior spikelets (SS) and inferior spikelets (IS) of two japonica cultivars to elevated temperature during grain-filling stage under open-field warming conditions in lower reaches of Yangtze River Basin using free-air temperature enhancement facility. Results indicated that rice yield was not significantly changed by warming less than 4°C. SS and IS showed different responses to elevated temperature during the grain-filling stage, whereas there were similar trends between two cultivars and years. For SS, although elevated temperature enhanced its filling rate during the early grain-filling period, and caused a shorter grain-filling period and a lighter grain weight; for IS, elevated temperature improved its grain weight by enhancing its filling rate during middle and late grain-filling period due to the increased number of days with suitable temperature. For both SS and IS, key starch biosynthesis enzymes and indole-3-acetic acid content exhibited generally a similar dynamics trend with grain-filling rates, and these sink strength parameters presented higher levels under elevated temperature relative to natural temperature for IS during middle and late grain-filling period. Consequently, warming less than 4°C presented different influences on SS and IS; the improvement of IS filling under warming regime was associated with the intensification of grain sink strength.

Final grain weight in wheat as affected by short periods of high temperature during pre- and post-anthesis under field conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxana Savin ◽  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
Gustavo A. Slafer ◽  
Leonor G. Abeledo
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Response To Temperature

Individual grain weight is an important source of variation for grain yield in wheat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short periods of high temperature immediately pre-anthesis, or during post-anthesis, on grain weight under field conditions. Thus, two wheat cultivars of different grain weight potential were sown on four different sowing dates to provide different temperature conditions during the pre- and post-anthesis periods. In addition, for two sowings, acrylic boxes were installed to increase spike temperature either immediately before anthesis, or during the lineal phase of the grain-filling period. Final grain weight was significantly affected by sowing date, genotype and grain position on the spike. Grain weight showed a clear relationship with the average temperature of the grain filling period, but this relationship was either linear or curvilinear, depending on the cultivar. Both high temperature treatments, i.e. at pre- or post-anthesis, significantly diminished final grain weight, and their effect was similar with the exception of heavier grains, which were unresponsive to the high temperature treatment at pre-anthesis. Finally, a better understanding of final grain weight was reached when temperatures from the pre-anthesis period were included in the analysis of grain weight response to temperature.

Yield potential in a dwarf spring wheat and response to crop thinning

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Fischer ◽  
D. R. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Northwest Mexico ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Spring Wheat Variety

SummaryExperiments with wheat describing the effects of crop thinning on grain yield and its components are presented. These were carried out over 5 years in northwest Mexico, using a high-yielding dwarf spring-wheat variety (Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Yecora 70’) grown under irrigation and high fertility. It was shown that thinning largely relieved competition for light, thus increasing photosynthate levels in the plants remaining after thinning. The objective was to evaluate this simple technique as a guide to understanding when grain yield and its components were determined and, in particular, the extent to which post-anthesis photosynthate supply limited yield.There were major responses in grain yield with thinning between about 50 and 100 days after seeding, and in number of spikes and of grains with thinning between 50 and 90 days (50% anthesis was reached at 87 days). Number of spikelets per spike showed small responses to early thinning (before 50 days). Number of grains/spikelet and kernel weight snowed positive responses to thinning between 65 and 90 days, and 90 and 115 days, respectively. These results agreed with adjacent shading and CO2 fertilization studies but, because of certain difficulties in interpretation of responses, pre-anthesis thinning was not considered a very useful technique.Anthesis thinning was carried out on 21 separate crops: the kernel weight increase relative to the unthinned control ranged from 6 to 41%, averaging 20%. Anthesis thinning led to increases in stem weight during the first half of the grain filling period, followed by increases in grain growth rate in the latter half. The increase in final kernel weight was greater with higher temperature and lower radiation during grain filling; these variables explained 64% of the variation in kernel weight response. It is suggested that the kernel weight response does indicate the degree of photosynthate limitation during grain filling, showing reasonable agreement with adjacent shading and CO2 fertilization studies. It was concluded that anthesis thinning, because of its relative simplicity, is a useful technique. Implications for yield improvement in Yecora of the results provided by this technique are discussed.

scholarly journals Grain filling patterns of barley as affected by high temperature stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-181
Author(s):  
Md Rasel Rana ◽  
Md Masudul Karim ◽  
Md Juiceball Hassan ◽  
Md Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Md Ashraful Haque
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Grain filling determines the grain weight, a major component of grain yield in cereals. Grain filling in barley depends on current assimilation and culm reserves (mainly water-soluble carbohydrates). Nowadays barley is facing heat stress problem which is mostly responsible to reduce the yield of barley. A field experiment was conducted at the Field Lab, Department of Crop Botany, BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity, Mymensingh during November 2015 to March 2016 to study the grain filling patterns and the contributions of culm reserves to grain yield under heat stress. The experiment consisted of two factors—barley cultivars and heat stress. The heat stress was imposed by late sowing. The tillers were sampled once a week during grain filling period to determine the changes in dry weights of different parts, viz., leaves, culm with sheath, spikes, and grains; and to examine the contribution of culm reserves to grain yield. The results in the experiment revealed that the grain yield was reduced by 22-28% due to the stress. The grain yield varied from 52 to 150 g m−2 with the mean of 102 g m−2 under control while it varied from 37 to 116 g m−2 with the mean of 75 g m−2 under heat stress. Among the cultivars studied BARI Barley5, BARI Barley2 and BARI Barley1, seemed as high yielders while BARI Barley3, BARI Barley4, BARI Barley6 as the low yielders under heat stress treatment. The reduction in grain yield was attributable mainly to lighter grain weight due to the stress. Heat stress drastically reduced the grain filling duration by 45–50%. However, the stress increased the grain filling rate by 6–53%. The amount of reserves remobilized to grain varied among the cultivars ranging from 4.8 to 12.77 mg spike−1 in control and from 1.73 to 6.25 mg spike−1 in stressed plants. The stressed barley plants exhibited lower accumulation of reserves in culm but they showed almost its complete remobilization to the grain. The contribution of culm reserves to grain yield varied from 1.13 to 19.52%, and 1.09 to 2.11% in control and in stressed plants, respectively. In conclusion, culm reserve is the important attributes in grain yield in Bangladeshi barley cultivars but the contribution remains almost unaffected due the post-anthesis heat stress.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 174-181, December 2017

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