Water Relations and Ion Concentrations of Leaves on Salt-Stressed Citrus Plants

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Walker ◽  
E Torokfalvy ◽  
AM Grieve ◽  
LD Prior
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Grafted plants of Valencia orange scion [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on six different rootstocks were grown under glasshouse conditions and supplied with dilute nutrient solution containing either 0 or 75 mM NaCl. Salt treatment was increased to 150 mM NaCl after 49 days. Leaf water relations and leaf chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations were followed throughout the period of salt treatment until day 105, when salt treatment ceased, and thereafter until day 140. Seedlings of Rangpur lime (C. reticulata var. austera hybrid?), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata) and sweet orange (C.sinensis) were treated similarly and leaf water relations and chloride concentrations were followed until salt treatment ceased on day 77. All Valencia-rootstock combinations adjusted osmotically to the salt stress imposed and maintained turgor pressures at or above control values. Mature leaves on seedlings of sweet orange behaved similarly to Valencia orange leaves on sweet orange rootstocks by maintaining turgor pressures higher than control values. In contrast, mature leaves on seedlings of the genotypes Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin tended to lose turgor during the period of treatment with 150 mM NaCl. Leaf chloride analyses indicated that Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin rootstocks restricted the uptake and/or transport of chloride to shoots. However, comparatively high concentrations of sodium (>approx. 200 mM, tissue water basis) were accumulated in mature leaves on all rootstocks during salt treatment. Leaf potassium concentrations remained similar to control values. The reduction in osmotic potential in mature Valencia leaves on rough lemon (C. jambhiri), Trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata), Camzo citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata) and sweet orange rootstocks on day 77 could be accounted for largely by the increase in sodium and chloride, whereas chloride (as NaCl) accounted for only approximately 50% of the reduction in osmotic potential in Valencia leaves on Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin rootstocks. Stomatal resistances in mature Valencia leaves on all rootstocks were increased by salt treatment and showed only partial recovery after the cessation of salt treatment. The incomplete recovery may have been associated with the retention in leaves of high concentrations of sodium.

Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Ion Concentrations of Leaves of Salt Stressed 'Valencia' Orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Lloyd ◽  
PE Kriedemann ◽  
JP Syvertsen
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Soil Culture ◽  
Co2 Compensation Point ◽  
Valencia Orange

'Valencia' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] scions grafted on sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Parramatta sweet orange] rootstock were grown in soil culture under controlled environmental conditions. Salt stress was imposed by adding NaCl to the nutrient solution in increments of 5 mol m-3 per day to a final concentration of 50 mol m-3. Leaf gas exchange, water relations and sodium, chloride and potassium concentrations were monitored until 89 days after commencement of salt treatment. Initial CO2 assimilation rates were relatively low (2.8-4.4 �mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and were stimulated by 72-86% when ambient oxygen partial pressure was reduced from 210 mbar to 21 mbar. After 14 days salt treatment, there was an increase in assimilation rate of approximately 20% associated with a decrease in osmotic potential (π) of 0.6 MPa. Reduction in � occurred without foliar ion accumulation. Assimilation rates gradually declined thereafter, averaging less than 1 �mol CO2m-2 s-1 at day 89. Lower CO2 assimilation rates were not a consequence of increased photorespiration as no change in the extent of oxygen inhibition of CO2 assimilation or CO2 compensation point occurred with salinisation. Stomatal conductance appeared less sensitive to salt treatment than intrinsic photosynthesis, resulting in higher intercellular partial pressures of CO2 in salt stressed leaves (291 cf. 259 pbar for controls at day 89). Water use efficiency was accordingly lower in salt affected leaves. Salinised leaves had consistently more negative osmotic potentials than control leaves; turgor potential was thus maintained at or above control levels for a given bulk-leaf water potential. Since leaf turgor was maintained via osmotic adjustment and uptake of sodium and chloride, lower assimilation rates were attributed to a toxic ion effect.

Salinity and drought stress effects on foliar ion concentration, water relations, and photosynthetic characteristics of orchard citrus

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 619 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Syvertsen ◽  
J Lloyd ◽  
PE Kriedemann
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Mature Leaves

Effects of salinity and drought stress on foliar ion concentration, water relations and net gas exchange were evaluated in mature Valencia orange trees (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) on Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. (Tri) or sweet orange (C. sinensis, Swt) rootstocks at Dareton on the Murray River in New South Wales. Trees had been irrigated with river water which averaged 4 mol m-3 chloride (Cl-) or with river water plus NaCl to produce 10, 14 or 20 mol m-3 Cl- during the previous 3 years. Chloride concentrations in leaves of trees on Tri were significantly higher than those on Swt rootstock. Foliar sodium (Na+) and Cl- concentrations increased and potassium (K+) concentrations decreased as leaves aged, especially under irrigation with 20 mol m-3 Cl-. Leaf osmotic potential was reduced as leaves matured and also by high salinity so that reductions in leaf water potential were offset. Mature leaves had a lower stomatal conductances and higher water use efficiency than young leaves. After 2 months of withholding irrigation water, leaves of low salinity trees on Tri rootstock had higher rates of net gas exchange than those on Swt rootstock, indicating rootstock-affected drought tolerance. Previous treatment with 20 mol m-3 Cl- lowered leaf area index of all trees by more than 50%, and resulted in greater reserves of soil moisture under partially defoliated trees after the drought treatment. This was reflected in more rapid evening recovery of leaf water potential and less severe reductions in net gas exchange after drought treatment in high salinity trees on Swt rootstock. High salinity plus drought stress increased Na+ content of leaves on Swt, but not on Tri rootstocks. Drought stress had no additive effect, with high salinity on osmotic potential of mature leaves. Thus, the salinity-induced reduction in leaf area appeared to be independent of the Cl- exclusion capability of the rootstock and decreased the effects of subsequent drought stress on leaf water relations and net gas exchange.

Water relations characteristics of Alnusrubra and Populustrichocarpa: responses to field drought

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1159-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Pezeshki ◽  
T. M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Water Potentials

Water relations of red alder (AlnusrubraBong.) and black cottonwood (populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray) were studied in the field during the 1980, 1981, and 1982 growing seasons. Stomatal closure in response to drought was noted in both species; however, the following major differences were noted between the 1980 observations and those of 1981 and 1982; (i) stomatal conductance was greater in black cottonwood than in red alder, whereas the reverse was noted in 1980, and (ii) even though 1981 and 1982 were warmer and drier than 1980, corresponding changes in predawn and minimum leaf water potentials were not observed. These differences were attributed to greater root development, particularly in black cottonwood, in the second (1981) and third (1982) years following establishment (1980) of these species. Leaf age and drought exposure were observed to influence osmotic potentials in both species. Values of the osmotic potential at saturation varied from −0.80 to −1.03 MPa in newly mature leaves of red alder and from −1.00 to −1.26 MPa in similarly aged leaves of black cottonwood. Values in mature leaves ranged from −0.84 to −1.27 MPa in red alder and from −1.37 to −1.75 MPa in black cottonwood. There appeared to be a continued decrease in osmotic potential in both species throughout the growing season, a response associated with leaf development and drought exposure. Throughout the study, significantly lower values of osmotic potential at saturation and at the turgor loss point were found in black cottonwood than in red alder. Consequently, black cottonwood had a potential adaptive advantage in comparison with red alder. Leaf shedding in response to drought was noted mainly in red alder. Generally, both of these riparian species exhibited slight to moderate capabilities of surviving exposure to low leaf water potentials and moderate to excellent capabilities of stomatal closure under conditions potentially leading to low water potentials. The role played by root development in the differences observed among the years and between black cottonwood and red alder is discussed.

scholarly journals 'Valencia' sweet orange tree flowering evaluation under field conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Vasconcelos Ribeiro ◽  
Glauco de Souza Rolim ◽  
Fernando Alves de Azevedo ◽  
Eduardo Caruso Machado
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Citrus Orchard ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Canopy Position ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Since citrus flowering is a key process in citriculture and its evaluation is often difficult due to the canopy structure and field sampling, the aim of this research was to give some directions regarding the evaluation of flowering in field-grown sweet orange plants. This study was conducted in a citrus orchard of sweet orange plants cv. 'Valencia' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] grafted on 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka) or 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) rootstocks, with North-South orientation. Generative structures [buds, flowers and fruitlets (diameter < 3 cm)] were quantified weekly between August and November 2005, by using a 1 m² frame positioned at the middle third of plant canopy, sampling a volume of about 1 m³. Frames were divided in two parts so that two people could take measurements, and were positioned at Southeast, Southwest, Northeast and Northwest orientations, using seven plants. The following flowering parameters were: (i) number of plants necessary for a representative evaluation of flowering; (ii) plant canopy position to be sampled, and (iii) volume to be evaluated. When considering practical aspects of crop production, a rapid, simple and representative method for flowering evaluation is necessary, especially for growers that frequently have to make strategic decisions about the management of citrus groves. The flowering of field-grown 'Valencia' sweet orange plants can be rapidly assessed by considering at least five plants and sampling canopy volumes of 0.5 m³ in at least one canopy position on each side of the plant row.

Uptake and distribution of chloride, sodium and potassium ions in salt-treated citrus plants

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Grieve ◽  
RR Walker
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Chloride Accumulation ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Seedlings of a range of citrus rootstocks were grown under glasshouse conditions and supplied with dilute nutrient solution containing either 0 or 50 mM NaCl. The partitioning of accumulated chloride and sodium into and within the major organs was compared between plants of Rangpur lime (Citrus reticulata var. austera hybrid?), Trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) and sweet orange (C. sinensis). Rootstocks differed in their leaf and stem chloride and sodium concentrations, but there was little or no difference between the rootstocks in root chloride and sodium concentrations. The lowest leaf chloride and sodium concentrations were found in the top region of shoots of all rootstocks. The different patterns of accumulation of chloride and sodium found in the three rootstocks were consistent with the existence of apparently separate mechanisms which operate to limit the transport of these two ions from the roots into the young leaves of citrus plants. The chloride excluding ability of 10 rootstocks and two hybrids was also compared and assessed in relation to rootstock vigour. Sampling from the middle leaves on salt-treated plants enabled a distinction to be made between rootstocks in their chloride accumulation properties. Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata), Rangpur lime, Macrophylla (C. macrophylla) and Appleby smooth Seville (C. paradisi x C. sinensis) accumulated significantly less chloride than did Trifoliata and rough lemon (C. jambhiri). Differences in chloride accumulation properties between rootstocks were unrelated to rootstock vigour.

Photosynthetic Responses of the Citrus Varieties Rangpur Lime and Etrog Citron to Salt Treatment

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Walker ◽  
E Torokfalvy ◽  
WJS Downton
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Citrus Varieties ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Seedlings of Rangpur lime (Citrus reticulata var. austera hyb.?) and Etrog citron (C. medica L.), which differ markedly in ability for salt exclusion (i.e. the ability to restrict the uptake and/or transport of salt between roots and shoots), were grown under glasshouse conditions and supplied with dilute nutrient solution containing either 0 or 50 mM NaCl. Photosynthetic response to salt treatment and subsequent recovery were followed for 105 days for Etrog citron and for 119 days for Rangpur lime. Photosynthesis in mature leaves of both varieties was progressively reduced by salt treatment irrespective of ability for salt exclusion. The photosynthetic decline in each case was related to increases in stomatal and internal resistances. The reduction in photosynthetic capacity in Etrog citron leaves was associated with high leaf chloride concentrations while in Rangpur lime, a salt excluder, it could be related to a loss of leaf turgor. Leaf sodium concentrations were not markedly increased by salt treatment in either variety. Cessation of salt treatment led to a progressive recovery of photosynthesis for both varieties accompanied by a reduction in both stomatal and internal resistances. Recovery in Etrog citron leaves occurred despite little change in leaf chloride concentrations. These leaves tolerated up to 350 mM chloride (leaf water basis) under glasshouse conditions without sustaining a permanent reduction in photosynthetic capacity.

Rootstock and scion effects on the leaf nutrient composition of citrus trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
BK Taylor ◽  
RT Dimsey
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Leaf N ◽  
High Range

Four long-term citrus rootstock trials (navel orange, mandarin, Valencia orange, and lime soil trial) established at Irymple, in the Sunraysia district of Victoria, were tested for leaf nutrient composition in each of 2 years. Scion or rootstock significantly influenced leaf nutrient composition in orange and mandarin trees in all 4 trials. Poncirus trifoliata and citrange rootstocks and Ellendale tangor scion resulted in high to moderate leaf N, P, and K concentrations, while Symons sweet orange rootstock and Dancy mandarin gave low leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations. Potassium concentrations of navel and Valencia oranges on rough lemon rootstock were lower than on most of the other rootstocks tested. For all rootstocks, however, leaf N, P, and K concentrations were in the high range in the navel orange and Valencia orange trials, while leaf K concentrations were in the high range in the mandarin trial. Citrange rootstocks and Ellendale scion also had higher concentrations of leaf magnesium (Mg), while Symons sweet orange, Cox sweet orange, and Rangpur lime had lower leaf Mg concentrations than other rootstocks and scions. In the Valencia rootstock trial, rough lemon and Rangpur lime induced the highest leaf sulfur concentrations, while citrange rootstocks gave the lowest. Soil depth in the lime soil trial influenced foliar P and K levels in Valencia orange trees but these differences were small. In all trials, rootstock, but not scion, strongly influenced chloride (Cl) concentrations of citrus leaves. Poncirus trifoliata rootstock accumulated high concentrations of Cl, and the citrange rootstocks moderate, while Cleopatra mandarin rootstock showed consistently low leaf C1 concentrations in all trials. Rough lemon rootstock was not consistently good at excluding C1, and Rangpur lime showed good C1 exclusion only in the Valencia rootstock trial. There was no evidence of a negative relationship between uptake of N and C1 by citrus rootstocks. Poncirus trifoliata had a lower uptake of sodium (Na) in the Valencia rootstock trial, while Cleopatra and Emperor mandarin rootstocks showed slightly higher leaf Na levels than most other rootstocks tested. The 2 citranges, mandarin, rough lemon, and Rangpur lime rootstocks induced higher boron (B) concentrations in leaves of navel orange compared with other rootstocks but they were still in the adequate range for citrus (Reuter and Robinson 1986), while sweet orange rootstocks had lower levels. Emperor mandarin scion on all rootstocks tested had the lowest B levels. Concentrations of iron and copper were rarely influenced by scion or rootstock. Rootstock significantly influenced leaf manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) levels in a number of trials, but scion effects were minor. In comparison with all other rootstocks, rough lemon induced higher Mn levels in some cases; sweet orange rootstocks gave higher leaf Zn levels in other cases; while Rangpur lime induced higher Mn and Zn levels in trees grown in the lime soil trial. In the first 3 trials, concentrations of Zn and Mn were low in many of the rootstocks and scions, indicating a need for a second micronutrient spray per growing season.

Flowering and fruiting of Valencia sweet orange grafted in Cleopatra mandarin and Rangpur lime

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Fernando Alves de Azevedo ◽  
Glauco de Souza Rolim ◽  
Rafael Ribeiro Vasconcelos ◽  
Eduardo Caruso Machado ◽  
Ivan Bortolato Martelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

scholarly journals Interstock of ‘Valencia’ Orange Affects the Flooding Tolerance in ‘Verna’ Lemon Trees

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Gimeno ◽  
James P. Syvertsen ◽  
Inma Simon ◽  
Vicente Martinez ◽  
Jose M. Camara-Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters ◽  
Valencia Orange

Previous work on citrus trees has shown that an interstock, grafted between the rootstock and scion combination, not only can improve tree growth, longevity, fruit production, and quality, but also can increase salinity tolerance. This research was designed to evaluate flooding responses of 2-year-old ‘Verna’ lemon trees [Citrus limon (L.) Burm.; VL] either grafted on ‘Sour’ orange (C. aurantium L.; SO) rootstock without an interstock (VL/SO) or interstocked with ‘Valencia’ orange (C. sinensis Osbeck;VL/V/SO) or with ‘Castellano’ orange (C. sinensis Osbeck; VL/C/SO). Well-watered and fertilized trees were grown under greenhouse conditions and half were flooded for 9 days. At the end of the flooded period, leaf water relations, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, mineral nutrition, organic solutes, and carbohydrate concentrations were measured. Leaf water potential (Ψw), relative water content (RWC), net CO2 assimilation rate (ACO2), and stomatal conductance (gS) were decreased by flooding in all the trees but the greatest decreases occurred in VL/V/SO. The Ci/Ca (leaf internal CO2 to ambient CO2 ratio), Fv/Fo (potential activity of PSII) and Fv/Fm (maximum quantum efficiency) ratios were similar in flooded and non-flooded VL/SO and VL/C/SO trees but were decreased in VL/V/SO trees by flooding. Regardless of interstock, flooding increased root calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) concentration but decreased nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) concentration. Based on the leaf water relations, gas exchange, and chlorophyll parameters, ‘Verna’ lemon trees interstocked with ‘Valencia’ orange had the least flooding tolerance. Regardless of interstock, the detrimental effect of flooding in ‘Verna’ lemon trees was the leaf dehydration which decreased ACO2 as a result of non-stomatal factors. Lowered ACO2 did not decrease the leaf carbohydrate concentration. Flooding decreased root starch in all trees but more so in VL/V/SO trees. Sugars were decreased by flooding in roots of interstocked trees but were increased by flooding in VL/SO roots suggesting that the translocation of carbohydrates from shoots to roots under flooded condition was impaired in interstocked trees.

scholarly journals YIELD AND QUALITY OF ‘PERA’ SWEET ORANGE GRAFTED ON DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONIO HÉLDER RODRIGUES SAMPAIO ◽  
MAURÍCIO ANTONIO COELHO FILHO ◽  
LAERCIO DUARTE SOUZA ◽  
RALPH BRUNO FRANÇA BRITO ◽  
ROBERVAL OLIVEIRA DA SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Volkamer Lemon ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate, under field conditions, different combinations between ‘Pera’ sweet orange and eight rootstocks: ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL), ‘Volkamer’ lemon (VL), ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (CM), ‘Sunki Maravilha’ mandarin (SMM), ‘Indio’ and ‘Riverside’ citrandarins, and VL x RL (‘Rangpur’ lime)-010 and TH-051 hybrids. The soil water matric potential (?m) was characterized for all scion-rootstock combinations at distance of 1.0m from the trunk at the plant row direction and depths of 0.25 m, 0.50 m 0.90 m in the dry and wet seasons. For two years, fruit production parameters and fruit quality were assessed. Differences of Ym among scion-rootstock combinations were observed during the dry season (p=0.05). The lowest Ym values for RL and the highest for TH-051 indicate the existence of different intrinsic mechanisms affecting the water extraction of each scion-rootstock combination. Rootstocks have influenced fruit yield and quality (p=0.05). The best combinations for fruit quality and production were sweet orange grafted on ‘Riverside’, ‘Indio’ and TH-051 rootstocks.

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