Photosynthetic Responses of the Citrus Varieties Rangpur Lime and Etrog Citron to Salt Treatment

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 783 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Walker ◽  
E Torokfalvy ◽  
WJS Downton
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Citrus Varieties ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Seedlings of Rangpur lime (Citrus reticulata var. austera hyb.?) and Etrog citron (C. medica L.), which differ markedly in ability for salt exclusion (i.e. the ability to restrict the uptake and/or transport of salt between roots and shoots), were grown under glasshouse conditions and supplied with dilute nutrient solution containing either 0 or 50 mM NaCl. Photosynthetic response to salt treatment and subsequent recovery were followed for 105 days for Etrog citron and for 119 days for Rangpur lime. Photosynthesis in mature leaves of both varieties was progressively reduced by salt treatment irrespective of ability for salt exclusion. The photosynthetic decline in each case was related to increases in stomatal and internal resistances. The reduction in photosynthetic capacity in Etrog citron leaves was associated with high leaf chloride concentrations while in Rangpur lime, a salt excluder, it could be related to a loss of leaf turgor. Leaf sodium concentrations were not markedly increased by salt treatment in either variety. Cessation of salt treatment led to a progressive recovery of photosynthesis for both varieties accompanied by a reduction in both stomatal and internal resistances. Recovery in Etrog citron leaves occurred despite little change in leaf chloride concentrations. These leaves tolerated up to 350 mM chloride (leaf water basis) under glasshouse conditions without sustaining a permanent reduction in photosynthetic capacity.

Effect of salinity level on uptake and distribution of chloride, sodium and potassium ions in citrus plants

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Walker ◽  
TJ Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Seedlings of the Citrus rootstocks Rangpur lime (Citrus reticulata var. austera hybrid?), Kharna khatta (C. karna Raf.) and Etrog citron (C. medica L.), were grown in a porous medium under glasshouse conditions and irrigated with 0, 25, 50 or 100 mM NaCl for 6 weeks. Chloride concentrations in roots of all three rootstocks were increased by salt treatment. Increasing the level of salinity from 25 to 100 mM NaCl did not increase further the chloride concentrations in roots of any rootstock, implying an upper limit to the extent of chloride loading in roots. The upper limit appeared to be similar for all rootstocks. Differences between the rootstocks were found in chloride concentrations in leaves and to a lesser extent in stems, emphasizing pronounced rootstock differences in root to shoot transport of chloride, i.e. in their ability for chloride exclusion. This ability increased in the order: Etrog citron, Kharna khatta, and Rangpur lime. Root, stem and leaf sodium concentrations increased with salt treatment, but a concurrent reduction in potassium concentrations with salt treatment occurred only in roots and stems. Shoot growth of Etrog citron and Kharna khatta plants was reduced significantly by 50 mM NaCl, but growth of Rangpur lime plants showed a marked reduction only at 100 mM NaCl. Shoot-growth and salt-induced changes in the concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium in leaves and roots of each rootstock were unaffected by sodium to calcium ratios in the range 6.25 : 1 to 25 : 1 for plants treated with 50 mM NaCl, and in the range 12.5 : 1 to 50 : 1 for plants treated with 100 mM NaCl. Shoot growth and ion uptake patterns

Water Relations and Ion Concentrations of Leaves on Salt-Stressed Citrus Plants

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Walker ◽  
E Torokfalvy ◽  
AM Grieve ◽  
LD Prior
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Salt Treatment ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cleopatra Mandarin

Grafted plants of Valencia orange scion [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on six different rootstocks were grown under glasshouse conditions and supplied with dilute nutrient solution containing either 0 or 75 mM NaCl. Salt treatment was increased to 150 mM NaCl after 49 days. Leaf water relations and leaf chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations were followed throughout the period of salt treatment until day 105, when salt treatment ceased, and thereafter until day 140. Seedlings of Rangpur lime (C. reticulata var. austera hybrid?), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata) and sweet orange (C.sinensis) were treated similarly and leaf water relations and chloride concentrations were followed until salt treatment ceased on day 77. All Valencia-rootstock combinations adjusted osmotically to the salt stress imposed and maintained turgor pressures at or above control values. Mature leaves on seedlings of sweet orange behaved similarly to Valencia orange leaves on sweet orange rootstocks by maintaining turgor pressures higher than control values. In contrast, mature leaves on seedlings of the genotypes Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin tended to lose turgor during the period of treatment with 150 mM NaCl. Leaf chloride analyses indicated that Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin rootstocks restricted the uptake and/or transport of chloride to shoots. However, comparatively high concentrations of sodium (>approx. 200 mM, tissue water basis) were accumulated in mature leaves on all rootstocks during salt treatment. Leaf potassium concentrations remained similar to control values. The reduction in osmotic potential in mature Valencia leaves on rough lemon (C. jambhiri), Trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata), Camzo citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata) and sweet orange rootstocks on day 77 could be accounted for largely by the increase in sodium and chloride, whereas chloride (as NaCl) accounted for only approximately 50% of the reduction in osmotic potential in Valencia leaves on Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin rootstocks. Stomatal resistances in mature Valencia leaves on all rootstocks were increased by salt treatment and showed only partial recovery after the cessation of salt treatment. The incomplete recovery may have been associated with the retention in leaves of high concentrations of sodium.

scholarly journals Response of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) to high density planting systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Ladaniya ◽  
R. A. Marathe ◽  
A. A. Murkute ◽  
A. D. Huchche ◽  
A. K. Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
Crop Harvest ◽  
Major Nutrients

AbstractHigh density planting system i.e. accommodating a higher number of plants than routine in a given area is an innovative agro-technology to increase yield and thereby early net returns. Due to conventional wide spacing plantation in Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), the land remains unutilized as the plant canopy gradually increases over the years. In the present study, Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) budded on Rangpur lime rootstock was evaluated under six different planting spacings. It was observed that the organic carbon (1.10–1.82%) and major nutrients viz. N (309–430 kg ha−1), P (20–54 kg ha−1) and K (291–810 kg ha−1) increased vis-à-vis plant density and was highest under 2 × 2 m spacing. Plants were tallest at 2 × 2 m spacing with the higher PAR interception (88.2) and the lowest leaf area index (1.09). Fruit yield on area basis, under 2 × 2 m spacing was 26, 7.1, 4.6 times more as compared to conventional plantation during the first, second and third year, respectively. At fifth year of crop harvest, the highest B:C ratio (6.36) was recorded in 6 × 3 m followed by 4 × 2 m and 2 × 2 m.

scholarly journals Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of leaf biomass reveals contrasting photosynthetic responses to elevated CO<sub>2</sub> near geologic vents in Yellowstone National Park

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sharma ◽  
D. G. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
National Park ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Carbon And Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Co2 Levels ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

Abstract. In this study we explore the use of natural CO2 emissions in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) in Wyoming, USA to study responses of natural vegetation to elevated CO2 levels. Radiocarbon (14C) analysis of leaf biomass from a conifer (Pinus contortus; lodgepole pine) and an invasive, non-native herb (Linaria dalmatica; Dalmation toadflax) was used to trace the inputs of vent CO2 and quantify assimilation-weighted CO2 concentrations experienced by individual plants near vents and in comparable locations with no geologic CO2 exposure. The carbon and oxygen isotopic composition and nitrogen percent of leaf biomass from the same plants was used to investigate photosynthetic responses of these plants to naturally elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The coupled shifts in carbon and oxygen isotope values suggest that dalmation toadflax responded to elevated CO2 exposure by increasing stomatal conductance with no change in photosynthetic capacity and lodgepole pine apparently responded by decreasing stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity. Lodgepole pine saplings exposed to elevated levels of CO2 likewise had reduced leaf nitrogen concentrations compared to plants with no enhanced CO2 exposure, further suggesting widespread and dominant conifer down-regulated photosynthetic capacity under elevated CO2 levels near geologic vents.

scholarly journals Interspecific Variations in the Growth, Water Relations and Photosynthetic Responses of Switchgrass Genotypes to Salinity Targets Salt Exclusion for Maximising Bioenergy Production

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Ángel Cordero ◽  
Idoia Garmendia ◽  
Bruce A. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Bioenergy Crops ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Salt Exclusion ◽  
The Alamo ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
High Yields

The expansion in the cultivation of bioenergy crops to saline lands is of importance for ensuring food security as long as high productivity is maintained. The potential of switchgrass to grow under saline conditions was examined in three genotypes from a early seedling growth to full maturity at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mM of sodium chloride (NaCl). The carbon assimilation rates were generally lower and correlated to stomatal closure in plants exposed to salinity in all the tested genotypes. Based on the results of ion concentrations in different parts of the plant, switchgrass genotypes differed in their responses to NaCl. The Alamo genotype excluded salt from the roots, whereas Trailblazer and Kanlow accumulated it in the root, stem and leaf tissues. The increased leaf salt concentration was accompanied by a higher proline concentration in the 200 and 300 mM NaCl treatments toward the end of the experiment. Overall, Alamo showed the highest yields at all salinity levels, indicating that excluding salt from the roots may result in a better performance in terms of biomass production. The accumulation of salt observed in Kanlow and Trailblazer resulted in lower yields, even when other mechanisms, such as the production of salt glands, were observed, especially in Kanlow. These results suggest that the Alamo genotype has the ability to maintain high yields under saline conditions and that this characteristic could be further exploited for maximizing bioenergy production under saline conditions.

What drives photosynthesis during desiccation? Mosses and other outliers from the photosynthesis–elasticity trade-off

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (20) ◽  
pp. 6460-6470
Author(s):  
Alicia V Perera-Castro ◽  
Miquel Nadal ◽  
Jaume Flexas
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Current View ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Linear Dependency ◽  
Co2 Diffusion ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

Abstract In vascular plants, more rigid leaves have been linked to lower photosynthetic capacity, associated with low CO2 diffusion across the mesophyll, indirectly resulting in a trade-off between photosynthetic capacity (An) and bulk modulus of elasticity (ε). However, we evaluated mosses, liverworts, and Chara sp., plus some lycophytes and ferns, and found that they behaved as clear outliers of the An–ε relationship. Despite this finding, when vascular and non-vascular plants were plotted together, ε still linearly determined the cessation of net photosynthesis during desiccation both in species with stomata (either actively or hydro-passively regulated) and in species lacking stomata, and regardless of their leaf structure. The latter result challenges our current view of photosynthetic responses to desiccation and/or water stress. Structural features and hydric strategy are discussed as possible explanations for the deviation of these species from the An–ε trade-off, as well as for the general linear dependency between ε and the full cessation of An during desiccation.

Leaf structural responses to pre-industrial, current and elevated atmospheric [CO2] and temperature affect leaf function in Eucalyptus sideroxylon

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee A. Smith ◽  
James D. Lewis ◽  
Oula Ghannoum ◽  
David T. Tissue
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Climate Change Research ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Eucalyptus Sideroxylon

Leaf structure and chemistry both play critical roles in regulating photosynthesis. Yet, a key unresolved issue in climate change research is the role of changes in leaf structure in photosynthetic responses to temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), ranging from pre-industrial to future levels. We examined the interactive effects of [CO2] (290, 400 and 650 μL L–1) and temperature (ambient, ambient +4°C) on leaf structural and chemical traits that regulate photosynthesis in Eucalyptus sideroxylon A.Cunn. ex Woolls. Rising [CO2] from pre-industrial to elevated levels increased light-saturated net photosynthetic rates (Asat), but reduced photosynthetic capacity (Amax). Changes in leaf N per unit area (Narea) and the number of palisade layers accounted for 56 and 14% of the variation in Amax, respectively, associated with changes in leaf mass per area. Elevated temperature increased stomatal frequency, but did not affect Amax. Further, rising [CO2] and temperature generally did not interactively affect leaf structure or function. These results suggest that leaf Narea and the number of palisade layers are the key chemical and structural factors regulating photosynthetic capacity of E. sideroxylon under rising [CO2], whereas the lack of photosynthetic responses to elevated temperature may reflect the limited effect of temperature on leaf structure and chemistry.

Localized populational differences in the photosynthetic response to temperature and irradiance in Plantago lanceolata

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (22) ◽  
pp. 2559-2563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan H. Teramura ◽  
Boyd R. Strain
Keyword(s):  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Standard Condition ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Photosynthetic Response ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
And Diffusion

Leaves of Plantago lanceolata L. were collected from populations growing in shaded, sunflecked, and open habitats. Cloning techniques were used to propagate ramets of at least 10 individuals from each population. Photosynthetic and diffusion resistance responses were measured in ramets grown at a standard condition. Highly significant differences in the photosynthetic responses to temperature and irradiance were found among the three populations. These large differences were associated with similarly large differences in stomatal and nonstomatal diffusion resistances. The temperature response differences could be interpreted as adaptive to the site of origin of the various biotypes. Consequently, we present evidence of localized ecotypic differentiation which has occurred despite the potential for gene exchange among the populations.

scholarly journals Transient Heat Waves May Affect the Photosynthetic Capacity of Susceptible Wheat Genotypes Due to Insufficient Photosystem I Photoprotection

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Chovancek ◽  
Marek Zivcak ◽  
Lenka Botyanszka ◽  
Pavol Hauptvogel ◽  
Xinghong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Wave ◽  
Photosystem I ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Acceptor Side ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

We assessed the photosynthetic responses of eight wheat varieties in conditions of a simulated heat wave in a transparent plastic tunnel for one week. We found that high temperatures (up to 38 °C at midday and above 20 °C at night) had a negative effect on the photosynthetic functions of the plants and provided differentiation of genotypes through sensitivity to heat. Measurements of gas exchange showed that the simulated heat wave led to a 40% decrease in photosynthetic activity on average in comparison to the control, with an unequal recovery of individual genotypes after a release from stress. Our results indicate that the ability to recover after heat stress was associated with an efficient regulation of linear electron transport and the prevention of over-reduction in the acceptor side of photosystem I.

scholarly journals INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND CO2 ENRICHMENT ON SOYBEAN: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEED YIELD

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. SIONIT ◽  
B. R. STRAIN ◽  
E. P. FLINT
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Total Growth ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Seed yield and photosynthetic responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. ’Ransom’) were studied in growth chambers at day/night temperatures of 18/12, 22/16, and 26/20 °C and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 350, 675 and 1000 μL L−1. No seeds were produced at 18/12 °C within any of the CO2 concentrations. Numbers of pods and seeds increased with increasing temperature and CO2 levels. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased seed yield of soybean grown at moderately cool temperatures. This increase was associated with an increase in net photosynthetic rate. Leaf photosynthesis in response to CO2 enrichment increased more at 22/16 °C than at 26/20 °C. Increases in temperature and CO2 levels enhanced total growth of plants but hastened senescence of leaves. The extended photosynthetic capacity at cool temperatures did not result in allocating more dry matter to developing pods. CO2 enrichment at 26/20 °C resulted in greater seed yield increases than CO2 enrichment at lower temperatures.Key words: Soybean yield, low temperature, CO2 × temperature

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