Effects of Shading or Removing Spikelets in Wheat: Testing Assumptions.

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Amino Compounds ◽  
Insoluble Material ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Shading for 10 days reduces the supply of sucrose available for distribution to the grains, and the amounts of sucrose in the endosperm, but has no effect on the delivery of soluble amino compounds to the grain. Soon after returning shaded plants to full illumination, the supply of sucrose to the ear is restored to unshaded levels. In addition, shading affects the amounts of ethanol-insoluble material in the peduncle and the rachis, and the nitrogen content of this material in the peduncle. Trimming ears to four spikelets (10 days after anthesis) results in an increased supply of sucrose and soluble amino compounds available for distribution to the remaining grains. More nitrogen enters the grains of trimmed ears than intact ones, but inflow of sucrose is not increased by trimming the ear, and no more starch is deposited in grains developing in trimmed ears. While the responses to shading observed in this work indicate that the interpretation of the effects of shading on the growth of cereal grains may not be straightforward, the use of shading as a treatment for investigating physiological processes such as grain growth is not disqualified. However, as removing spikelets results in several unpredicted, and inexplicable, responses in the grain itself, the value of such a treatment as a means of investigating mechanisms regulating the accumulation of dry matter in the cereal grain is questionable.

Loss of starch and fibre of whole grain in nylon bags suspended in the rumen of steers

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Toland
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
Cereal Grain

Several investigations (Shaw & Norton, 1906; Darnell & Copeland, 1936; Kimberley, 1976) have reported no appreciable loss of nutrients of unbroken grain voided by cattle. Although the chemical composition of voided whole grain may be similar to the grain as fed, losses in grain dry matter ranging from 10 to 26% for cereal grains passing through the alimentary tract of steers have been measured (Toland, 1976, 1978a, 6). In one of these studies (Toland, 19786) the disappearance of grain dry matter of whole oats and wheat in nylon bags suspended in the rumen for 48 h was approximately 20 and 35 % respectively. Further analyses of this dry matter remaining in the nylon bags for 48 and 96 h of incubation would indicate which components of the grain were being broken down in rumen fermentation. This report provides information on the differential loss of the fibre and starch components of the grain dry matter from incubation in nylon bags for the two varieties each of oats and wheat and for an additional cereal grain, triticale.

Cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
Y. Dong ◽  
L. J. Yanke ◽  
H. D. Bae ◽  
K.-J. Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Starch ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Wheat Starch ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Starch Digestion ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Neocallimastix Patriciarum ◽  
Grain Starch

The ruminal fungi Orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, Neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and Piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. All strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. Orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22 was limited. Media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal growth was evident, suggesting that all strains assimilate ammonia. Fungi formed extensive rhizoidal systems on the endosperm of corn, but O. joyonii 19-2 was the only strain to form such systems on the endosperm of wheat and barley. All strains penetrated the protein matrix of corn but did not penetrate starch granules. Starch granules from all three cereals were pitted, evidence of extensive digestion by extracellular amylases produced by O. joyonii 19-2. Similar pitting was observed on the surface of corn starch granules digested by N. patriciarum 27 and P. communis 22, but not on wheat and barley starch granules. The ability of ruminal fungi to digest cereal grains depends on both the strain of fungus and the type of grain. The extent to which fungi digest cereal grain in the rumen remains to be determined.Key words: ruminal fungi, cereal grain, starch digestion, ruminant.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

UTILIZATION OF GRASS SILAGE BY CATTLE: EFFECT OF BARLEY AND FISHMEAL SUPPLEMENTS

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. VEIRA ◽  
M. IVAN ◽  
G. BUTLER ◽  
J. G. PROULX
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Large Reduction ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum

Following weaning at 6–7 mo of age, 36 beef steers were used to determine production responses when grass silage was supplemented with barley or fishmeal. The silage was made from direct-cut, formic- acid-treated grass harvested from a mixed sward and had a high nitrogen content but poor fermentation characteristics. The silage was fed ad libitum for 98 days either alone or supplemented with 500 g fishmeal or 500 g barley per day. Both fishmeal and barley increased total dry matter intake (P < 0.01) by an amount equivalent to the quantity of supplement offered but had no effect on silage intake (P > 0.05). Steers fed the fishmeal grew substantially faster than either the barley (0.53 kg/day) or unsupplemented (0.54 kg/day) groups (P < 0.01). Fishmeal supplementation resulted in a large reduction (35%) in the amount of feed required per kilogram of gain. Key words: Cattle, grass silage, fishmeal, growth

CHANGES IN ALPHA- AND BETA-AMYLASE ACTIVITIES DURING THE MATURATION OF DIFFERENT BARLEY CULTIVARS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. LaBERGE ◽  
A. W. MacGREGOR ◽  
W. O. S. MEREDITH
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Unfavorable Weather

The percentage of dry matter, kernel weight, α-amylase activity and β-amylase activity, were determined at several stages of kernel development, from anthesis to harvest, in seven cultivars of Canadian barley. These included 6-row barleys (Conquest, Bonanza, and Keystone), 2-row barleys (Betzes and Centennial), and two 6-rowed selections from crosses between 2-row and 6-row barleys. The patterns for development of β-amylase enzymes were similar in all cultivars, and these activities were low initially, followed by a period of increasing activities commencing about 10 days after anthesis and reaching maximum values 20 days later; they then remained constant until the kernels were harvested. α-Amylase activity increased in all cultivars immediately after anthesis and then decreased to low levels after 10 days of kernel development. The α-amylase activities of Conquest, Bonanza, and Betzes increased again to quite high levels after maturity and just prior to delayed harvesting, owing to unfavorable weather that caused sprouting in these cultivars.

Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of ponies

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fixed Times

Cereal grains are often subjected to physical processing before being fed to equids. However, little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects degradation dynamics in equids. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of poniesThree caecally fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC). Degradation profiles were fitted to the DM and STC disappearance data according to Ørskov and McDonald (1979).

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

scholarly journals Disease Resistance and Biomass Stability of Forage Pearl Millet Hybrids with Partial Rust Resistance

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Wilson ◽  
R. N. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Days After Anthesis ◽  
Plot Design

The expression of partial resistance to Puccinia substriata var. indica and its contribution to digestible biomass production in forage pearl millet hybrids were evaluated in field experiments at Tifton, GA. Inbreds Tift 383, Tift 65, and nine inbreds with partial resistance selected from the cross Tift 383 × ‘ICMP 501’ were crossed to Tift 23DA4. The parental inbreds and hybrids were evaluated in natural epidemics in 1996 and 1997. Because of maturity differences among the lines, slope of the regression of logit rust severity on time (apparent infection rate) and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculated for a defined interval of plant growth (10 days before to 20 days after anthesis) and adjusted for initial rust severity at 10 days prior to anthesis were the most useful indicators of resistance. Inbred resistance was not a reliable predictor of hybrid resistance when evaluated by either variable. Hybrids were evaluated for biomass production in 1996 and 1997 in a split-plot design, with hybrids as main plots and nontreated or chlorothalonil fungicide-treated as subplots. Differences existed among hybrids for AUDPC and for digestible dry matter yield (DDMY) and its components. Over all hybrids, the response between DDMY and final rust severity was described by logarithmic regression. Two clusters of hybrids were identified by cluster analysis of disease-related data from both experiments. The cluster of susceptible hybrids tended to have a lower DDMY and were less stable over year × treatment environments than the cluster of partially resistant hybrids. Lodging in nontreated plots in 1997 primarily occurred in susceptible hybrids. Although resistance was expressed in certain hybrids, greater levels of partial resistance are needed to provide adequate protection against DDMY losses.

scholarly journals Efecto de inóculo de Rhizobium en frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Germán Hernández ◽  
Mercedes Sánchez ◽  
Vidalina Toscano ◽  
Nancy Méndez ◽  
Miguel Mullings
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
High Nitrogen Content ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Rhizobium Strains ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Del Rio

Strains of Rhizobium CR 113; CR 477; CF-1 (equal to CIAT 151); 6bIII; 2bIII and HbI, along with noninoculated and non-nitrogenated treatments – 30 kg/ha N without inoculation and high N, 150 kg/ha N – in three environments in the Pinar del Rio, Matanzas and Holguin provinces were validated in three types of soil: ferrous quartzitic, ferrous red, and non- carbonated brown with a low total nitrogen content (less than 65kg/ha N). The BAT 58 bean variety was used. Production of aerial and nodular dry matter during the development phase (R6), production of aerial dry matter and total nitrogen consumption in the (R8) phase, and bean production in the (R9) phase, were quantified. Results showed a lower significant difference in the treatments without inoculation, as compared to the treatments with high nitrogen content and 30kg/ha N plus seed inoculation. No difference was found between the treatment with high N applications, and the ones inoculated with Rhizobium strains plus 30 kg/ha.

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