In situ disappearance of dry matter and fiber from fall-grown cereal-grain forages from the north-central United States1

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (12) ◽  
pp. 3992-4005 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Coblentz ◽  
R. P. Walgenbach
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Cereal Grain

scholarly journals Dry matter degradation kinetics of selected tropical forage in Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistani cows at heifer and lactating stages using NorFor in situ standards

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem Tahir
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Dry Matter Degradation

Current methods of ruminant ration formulation in Pakistan use foreign-based nutrient availability values. These values may not be optimal for all geographic areas, as variation in environment, agronomic factors, animal species, and diet characteristics may not be considered. The aim of present study was to establish a database of the chemical composition and dry matter degradation parameters of tropical forage commonly fed to ruminants in Pakistan and South Asian countries using Nili-Ravi buffalo and Cholistani cattle at heifer and lactating stages. Six cereal grain and four legume species were grown in 3 locations under standard agronomic conditions and sampled at booting and at 50% flowering stage for cereal and legumes, respectively. Dried and milled feeds were analyzed for chemical composition and in situ dry matter degradation parameters using 1 g samples in bags placed in the rumen of 2 Nili-Ravi buffalo heifers, 2 lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, 2 Cholistani heifers, and 2 lactating Cholistani cows. The forage family (cereal vs. legumes), species, and geographic location of growth significantly influenced (P < 0.001) chemical composition and in situ degradation fractions. Animal species and developmental stage showed no effect on degradation fractions (P > 0.05). Legume-by-heifer interactions significantly increased (P < 0.05), and legume-by-lactating cow interaction tended (P = 0.065), to increase the rate of degradation (Kd). The selected forages were degraded to a similar extent independent of animal species or developmental stage, and legumes are degraded at higher rates and to a greater extent than are cereals. A moderately significant relationship between Kd and effective dry matter degradability (DMD) suggests that Kd could be the single most important predictor of forage degradability in the rumen.

scholarly journals Rumen Degradability of Barley, Oats, Sorghum, Triticale, and Wheat In Situ and the Effect of Pelleting

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Liyi Pan ◽  
Kim H. Huang ◽  
Todd Middlebrook ◽  
Dagong Zhang ◽  
Wayne L. Bryden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Degradation Pattern ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
High Concentrations

Feeding cereal grain to cattle is common practice for optimal beef and milk production. High concentrations of starch and other soluble carbohydrates may cause acidosis. Information on the effect of processing on starch and protein degradability in the rumen are scarce. This study was to determine the ruminal degradation patterns of common grains and the effect of steam pelleting on starch and crude protein (CP) degradability in the rumen. The ruminal degradation pattern of dry matter (DM), starch, and CP of ground and pelleted sorghum, barley, wheat, and samples along with ground oats and triticale were determined using the in situ nylon bags method. Cereals were incubated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32, and 60 h, and the fast and slowly degradable fraction, the effective degradation rate, and effective degradability (ED) of DM, starch, and CP were calculated. The starch ED of ground and pelleted sorghum, barley, and two wheat samples were 57.3, 93.6, 95.2, and 97.2%; and 61.5, 93.8, 93.8, and 95.6%, and their crude protein ED was 54.8, 82.3, 83.3, 82.6% and 51.9, 79.2, 81.8, and 78.1% respectively. The starch ED of ground oat and triticale were 98.3 and 94.7%, and that of CP were 93.7 and 75.2%, respectively. The degradability of sorghum was significantly lower than that of the other grains. Pelleting increased the fast-degradable DM and starch faction of sorghum and tended to improve its DM degradability (p = 0.081). Pelleting significantly reduced the fast-degradable fraction of DM and starch of wheat samples and numerically reduced its degradability.

THE GEOLOGY OF THE CONDOR OIL SHALE DEPOSIT—ONSHORE HILLSBOROUGH BASIN

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Green ◽  
R. J. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Carbonaceous Shale ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Main Zone ◽  
North Central ◽  
Project Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Brownish Black ◽  
East West

The Condor oil shale deposit lies in sediments of the Tertiary Hillsborough Basin, on the north-central Queensland coast. The basin is an elongate, southeast-trending graben, most of which lies under Repulse Bay and the Hillsborough Channel. Palaeozoic volcanics and sediments and Palaeozoic- Mesozoic intrusives form the basement. Current drilling has been conducted onshore and is concentrated on the south-western flank of the basin. Beneath a veneer of Quaternary alluvial sand and clay, averaging 20 m thick, the drilling has differentiated six informal stratigraphic units in the Tertiary sequence. The 'sandstone unit', which is at the base of the sequence and is at least 140 m thick, consists of fine to very coarse sandstone and may be coarsening towards the southeast. The overlying 'carbonaceous unit' (10-50 m) comprises sandstone, coal and carbonaceous shale, and loses its identity in the southeast.Abruptly overlying these two units is a sequence of entirely different character. The 'brownish black' and the 'brown oil shale units', totalling about 400 m, comprise massive lamosite. The 'transitional unit (80-180 ) consists of thin graded sandstone beds with laminated oil shale and siltstone. The 'upper unit', at least 500 m thick is similar, but contains a higher proportion of sandstone in thicker beds.Bedding dips regularly at 14°-16° to the northeast, disrupted in part by a parallel series of normal, west-dipping, strike faults, which die out towards the southeast. Towards the north of the project area these faults appear to be offset by a major east-west structure, probably a syndepositional fault. A wedge of sandstone appears within the 'brown oil shale unit' immediately north of the structure's inferred position. The 'sandstone' and 'carbonaceous units' were probably deposited in fluvial and swampy-deltaic environments respectively. The oil shale was deposited in a shallow, saline and euxinic lake or bay, while the sandstone intercalations of the upper two units, derived from the north and northeast, indicate later regression of the lake or bay.The lower part of the 'brown oil shale' and upper part of the 'brownish black' units aggregate about 200 m and constitute the main zone of interest. This zone has an average grade of 63.5 litres oil/tonne of shale oil at zero per cent moisture (LTOM). Using a cut-off grade of 40 LTOM the resources has been calculated at 6.25 billion barrels of in situ shale oil.

scholarly journals Effect of planting density and row spacing on the yielding of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 616-623
Author(s):  
Janusz Prusiński ◽  
Radosław Nowicki
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Area Index ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Growth Development

The paper presents the effect of planting density and row spacing on the growth, development and yield of soybean, cv. Merlin, under very diversified thermal and humidity conditions in the north-central part of Poland. The field experiment was performed in 2016–2019. Three planting densities were applied (70, 90 and 110 seeds per 1 m<sup>2</sup>) with two row spacing (16 and 32 cm), in 4 replications. Under good humidity and thermal conditions in 2016 and 2017, the yield of seeds and protein in soybean was 3.3 times higher than if exposed to extreme drought and accompanying high air temperatures in 2018 and 2019. The highly diversified thermal and humidity conditions also contributed to a significant decrease in the effect of the factors applied on the structural yield components, leaf area index and dry matter of nodules. As a result, no need of increasing soybean density was observed; along with row spacing, it should be chosen according to the region.  

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