Growth and Physiological Responses of Soybean Under Various Thermoperiods

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Warrington ◽  
M Peet ◽  
DT Patterson ◽  
J Bunce ◽  
RM Haslemore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Glycollate Oxidase

Diurnal changes in net photosynthesis, dark respiration, specific leaf weight, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, starch and soluble sugar concentrations, and the activities of malate dehydro- genase and glycollate oxidase were measured in soybeans grown in 23/23,26/20 and 29/17°C thermo- periods, to determine their relationship to thermoperiodic effects on plant growth. Soybean height and main stem leaf number were significantly higher under the constant daylnight (23/23°C) temperature regime. Leaf, stem and root dry weights, and specific leaf weight were all highest where the day/night temperature differential was greatest (29/17°C). Differences in net photosynthesis, dark respiration, starch and soluble sugar concentration, and malate dehydrogenase activity were small between the thermoperiod treatments. However, glycollate oxidase activity was higher under the constant-temperature conditions. Starch concentration, specific leaf weight, and glycollate oxidase activity all increased throughout the photoperiod and subsequently decreased through the dark period. Net photosynthesis declined throughout the photoperiod and both dark respiration and malate dehydrogenase activity peaked at the beginning of the dark period. Each of these diurnal responses was similar under each thermoperiod. Leaf water potential and stomatal conductance did not differ between thermoperiods.

Stomatal conductance changes in leaves of McIntosh apple trees before and after fruit removal

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. A. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Parameter Values

Daytime stomatal conductance of McIntosh apple leaves was variable and relatively high (1.4 to 3.8 mm s−1) up until fruit removal. Leaf chlorophyll content, total leaf water potential, and specific leaf weight were less variable. Stem water content declined linearly by 10% from mid-August to late October. After fruit removal stomatal conductance, leaf chlorphyll content, and total leaf water potential decreased to low levels. Specific leaf weight did not decline until very late in leaf senescence.A simple model of stomatal response to environmental factors was tested and, following calculation of appropriate parameter values, gave acceptable agreement between measured and calculated stomatal conductances.

Effects of nutrient amendment and environment on growth and gas exchange for introduced Penniseturn setaceum in Hawaii

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Williams ◽  
R. Alan Black
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Altitudinal Gradient ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Nutrient Amendment

We examined the effects of a balanced soil nutrient amendment on photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction for the alien grass Penniseturn setaceum across an altitudinal gradient on the island of Hawaii. Nutrient amendment of plants enhanced aboveground growth, height, and numbers of reproductive tillers and inflorescences similarly across the altitudinal gradient. Nutrient amendment increased aboveground biomass 22 to 25% but had little effect on predawn water potential, leaf nitrogen concentration, or photosynthesis. Leaf nitrogen concentrations declined with altitude (22 ± 0.5 mg/g N at the coastal site; 16 ± 0.1 mg/g N at the subalpine site) and partially compensated for decreases in specific leaf area with altitude. Plants at the subalpine site had high dark respiration rates, low CO2 saturated photosynthetic rates, and low photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiencies compared with plants at lower altitudes. Chilling temperatures or high respiratory rates may limit net carbon uptake and growth for plants at higher altitude relative to plants at lower altitude. Seasonal patterns of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water potential suggest that drought colimited carbon uptake and growth at the low altitude site. Success of Penniseturn in Hawaii may stem, in part, from its ability to respond morphologically to compensate for heterogeneous nutrient and water availability across different habitats. Keywords: altitude, Hawaii, nutrient amendment, photosynthesis, Penniseturn setaceum, resource limitation.

Gas Exchange and Growth in Wheat and Barley Grown in Salt

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Initial Slope ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Use Efficiency

By measuring a range of gas exchange and growth variables, attempts were made to select key indicators of response to salinity in a wheat (Q61) and a barley (Beecher). A second wheat (WW15, Anza) was included in the growth measurements. Plants were grown to anthesis in gravel culture flushed with 0, 75 or 150 mol m-3 NaCl, and under the high radiation and evaporative conditions of summer. Salinity increased leaf chloride contents and reduced peak photosynthesis, the initial slope of the light response curves, and dark respiration of young leaves at ligule emergence, but dark respiration of slightly older leaves was increased by salinity as were the CO2 compensation points. Short-duration changes in salinity could modify photosynthesis rates by no more than 15% though dark respiration rates moved quickly towards those of plants held continuously at the new salinity level. While Q61 wheat appeared superior to Beecher barley at moderate salinity using these gas exchange indicators, it died at 150 mol m-3 NaCl; Beecher and WW15 survived. Carbon and water budgets are used to propose that the demise of Q61 could have been partially due to its marginally poorer water-use efficiency and its higher specific leaf weight, i.e. its higher requirement for carbon and water to produce each unit area of leaf. It is suggested that measurements of relative leaf expansion rate, specific leaf weight, and water use efficiency would be basic requirements in a salinity screening program. Measurements of ion contents and gas exchange variables are of little benefit when used alone.

scholarly journals Growth Versus Net Photosynthesis in Clones of Ficus benjamina

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 956-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl-Otto Ottosen
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Ficus Benjamina ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
The Difference

Clones of Ficus benjamina L. differed by up to 18% in leaf net photosynthetic rates (PN) measured at various leaf positions. Differences in stomatal conductance (Gs), internal CO2 concentration (CI), and transpiration (T) were observed in one study. The uppermost leaves showed lower PN and higher T rates than lower leaves. Total leaf area, total fresh or dry leaf weight, and total biomass above soil differed among clones. The difference in above-ground dry weight between the fastest- and slowest-growing clones increased during growth, reaching 37% at the end of the experiments. Photosynthetic measurements could not be correlated with growth, although, in one study, the fastest-growing clones also had the highest PN rates.

Ozone effects on grafted mature and juvenile red spruce: photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll concentration

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Rebbeck ◽  
Keith F. Jensen ◽  
Michael S. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
Open Top Chambers ◽  
Species Response

Red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) was grown as grafted mature and juvenile scions in open-top chambers and exposed to charcoal-filtered air, nonfiltered air, and nonfiltered air with ozone additions of either 75 or 150 ppb above ambient to determine if tissue age affects the species response to oxidant pollution as measured by photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll concentration. After 18 weeks of exposure to ozone of concentrations as high as 170 ppb (nonfiltered air + 150 ppb ozone) in an 8-h period, net photosynthesis of grafted red spruce was reduced by ozone. Significant reductions were not observed until September 1988. Mature and juvenile scions grown in nonfiltered air + 150 ppb ozone showed 29 and 40% reductions, respectively, in mean seasonal net photosynthesis (mg CO2•g dry wt.−1•h−1) compared with those plants grown in nonfiltered air. Scion age had a significant effect on net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Net photosynthesis (mg CO2•g dry wt.−1•h−1) and stomatal conductance were 38 and 47% higher, respectively, in juvenile than in mature scions. Chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll concentration of juvenile scion needles were significantly reduced 19 and 24%, respectively, when grown in nonfiltered air + 150 ppb ozone compared with that grown in charcoal-filtered air (p < 0.01). Mature scions had significantly more chlorophyll a than juvenile scions in October 1988. Current-year needles collected from mature scions had significantly greater mass, length, one-sided projected surface area, width, and thickness than juvenile scions. Mature scions had significantly lower needle numbers per centimetre branch than did juvenile scions. No differences in specific leaf weight were observed. Mature scions had less ozone uptake than did juvenile scions.

scholarly journals Effect of Half and Whole Root Drying on Photosynthesis, Nitrate Concentration, and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Roots and Leaves of Micropropagated Apple Plants

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ying Zhao ◽  
Li Jun Wang ◽  
Pei Ge Fan ◽  
Zhan Wu Dai ◽  
Shao Hua Li
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Nitrate Reductase Activity ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Root Stress

Half or whole root systems of micropropagated `Gala' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) plants were subjected to drought stress by regulating the osmotic potential of the nutrient solution using polyethylene glycol (20% w/v) to investigate the effect of root drying on NO3- content and metabolism in roots and leaves and on leaf photosynthesis. No significant difference in predawn leaf water potential was found between half root stress (HRS) and control (CK), while predawn leaf water potential from both was significantly higher than for the whole root stress (WRS) treatment. However, diurnal leaf water potential of HRS was lower than CK and higher than WRS during most of the daytime. Neither HRS nor WRS influenced foliar NO3- concentration, but both significantly reduced NO3- concentration in drought-stressed roots as early as 4 hours after stress treatment started. This reduced NO3- concentration was maintained in HRS and WRS roots to the end of the experiment. However, there were no significant differences in NO3- concerntation between CK roots and unstressed roots of HRS. Similar to the effect on root NO3- concentration, both HRS and WRS reduced nitrate reductase activity in drought-stressed roots. Moreover, leaf net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of HRS plants were reduced significantly throughout the experiment when compared with CK plants, but the values were higher than those of WRS plants in the first 7 days of stress treatment though not at later times. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were correlated to root NO3- concentration. This correlation may simply reflect the fact that water stress affected both NO3- concentration in roots and leaf gas exchange in the same direction.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilization Influences the Physiology of Apple Leaves Subjected to European Red Mite Feeding

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Specific Leaf Weight ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Visual Damage ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Mite Feeding ◽  
Leaf N

The interaction of N fertilization and European red mite (ERM) [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] feeding on the physiology of greenhouse-grown `Imperial Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves was evaluated. Visual damage was noticeable with 75 mite days (MD) and was consistently greatest on the low-N leaves. Net photosynthesis (Pn) was decreased by mite feeding in all N treatments. However, with equal MD, the high-N treatment retained higher Pn than the low- or medium-N treatments. Transpiration, dark respiration, leaf N, and total chlorophyll increased with N and were reduced by mite feeding. Mite feeding increased dark transpiration at all N levels. Relative water content was unaffected by N and was reduced by mite feeding. Specific leaf weight increased with N and MD.

Effects of water stress preconditioning on gas exchange and water relations of Populusdeltoides clones

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1291-1297 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Michael Gebre ◽  
Michael R. Kuhns
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Osmotic Adjustment ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Predawn Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Control Net

The effect of water stress preconditioning on gas exchange was investigated in greenhouse-grown eastern Cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr.). Two clones from southern Ohio (Ohio Red) and eastern Nebraska (Platte) were selected based on their differences in dehydration tolerance. Plants were either watered every day (control) or preconditioned by watering every 3 (TRT 1) or 4 days (TRT 2). After three dry–wet cycles (TRT 2), predawn leaf water potential (Ψw) of Ohio Red was −0.32 MPa; net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were reduced to 13 and 9% of control, respectively. Eighteen hours after rewatering, photosynthesis recovered (103% of control), while stomatal conductance was 60% of control. Net photosynthesis of Platte was reduced to 43% and stomatal conductance to 32% of control (Ψw−0.21 MPa), and neither recovered fully when rewatered. After six dry–wet cycles (TRT 2), net photosynthesis of Ohio Red was reduced by 50%, though Ψw was −0.48 MPa. Clones showed an osmotic adjustment of −0.2 MPa after three (Platte) and six cycles (Ohio Red). When all preconditioned plants were stressed for 10 days, Ψw was −1.05 MPa and plants had negative net photosynthesis and no osmotic adjustment. Net photosynthetic rate of Ohio Red recovered (100% of control) on the second day of rewatering (stomatal conductance 68%), while Platte had not recovered (71%) by the fourth day (stomatal conductance 95%). These differences suggest that recovery of photosynthesis was limited mainly by stomatal factors in Ohio Red and nonstomatal factors in Platte. The preconditioning treatment also seems to have benefitted Ohio Red.

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