Inhibition of Rust-induced Hypersensitive Response in Flax Cells by the Microtubule Inhibitor Oryzalin

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issei Kobayashi ◽  
Yuhko Kobayashi ◽  
Adrienne R. Hardham
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Incompatible Interaction ◽  
Microtubule Inhibitor ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L

Interactions between the flax rust fungus Melampsora lini and flax Linum usitatissimum L. are governed by a gene-for-gene relationship which determines pathogen virulence or avirulence and host resistance or susceptibility. The present study demonstrates differential sensitivity of M. lini and flax to the microtubule depolymerising drug, oryzalin, such that microtubule depolymerisation in flax cells but not in fungal cells could be obtained. Normally, in an incompatible interaction, a rapid hypersensitive response about 24 h after inoculation inhibits fungal development and invasion. However, in an incompatible interaction in the presence of oryzalin, the occurrence of hypersensitive cell death was delayed and its frequency reduced. This allowed a normally avirulent race of M. lini to form haustoria in living host mesophyll cells at a rate and efficiency similar to that achieved by a virulent race in a compatible interaction during the first 36 h after inoculation. After that time, the incidence of hypersensitive cell death increased and further development of the pathogen was arrested. The results indicate that microtubules play a role in effecting rapid and efficient hypersensitive response in the race–cultivar specific interaction between flax and the flax rust fungus.

scholarly journals Microtubule Polymerization Functions in Hypersensitive Response and Accumulation of H2O2in Wheat Induced by the Stripe Rust

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Juan Wang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Xinjie Liu ◽  
Yuanliu Xu ◽  
Qing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Microtubule Inhibitor ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Plant Cytoskeleton

The plant cytoskeleton, including microtubules and microfilaments, is one of the important factors in determining the polarity of cell division and growth, as well as the interaction of plants with invading pathogens. In defense responses of wheat against the stripe rust (Puccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici) infection, hypersensitive response is the most crucial event to prevent the spread of pathogens. In order to reveal the effect of microtubules on the hypersensitive cell death and H2O2accumulation in the interaction of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Suwon 11 with an incompatible race, CYR23, wheat leaves were treated with microtubule inhibitor, oryzalin, before inoculation. The results showed that the frequency of infection sites with hypersensitive response occurrence was significantly reduced, and hypersensitive cell death in wheat leaves was suppressed compared to the control. In addition, the frequency and the incidence of infected cells with H2O2accumulation were also reduced after the treatment with oryzalin. Those results indicated that microtubules are related to hypersensitive response and H2O2accumulation in wheat induced by the stripe rust, and depolymerization of microtubules reduces the resistance of plants to pathogen infection in incompatible interaction, suggesting that microtubules play a potential role in the expression of resistance of wheat against the stripe rust fungus.

scholarly journals Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death by a Fungal Protein in Cultures of Tobacco Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yano ◽  
Kaoru Suzuki ◽  
Hirofumi Uchimiya ◽  
Hideaki Shinshi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Tobacco Cells ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Cell Death Program ◽  
Cellular Signal

Treatment of suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) cells (line XD6S) with fungal proteinaceous elicitors, namely, xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) from Trichoderma viride (TvX) and xylanase from T. reesei (TrX), induced shrinkage of the cytoplasm, condensation of the nucleus, and, finally, cell death, which were accompanied by typical defense responses that included an oxidative burst and expression of defense genes. A Ca2+ channel blocker, Gd3+, inhibited the typical response of XD6S cells to TvX, which resembled the hypersensitive reaction (HR). These results suggested that the influx of Ca2+ ions plays an important role as a secondary signal. The HR was not observed in TvX-treated tobacco cells (line BY-2) derived from cv. Bright Yellow 2. This result suggests that key features of cultivar-specific interaction can be observed in cultures of tobacco cells. Xylanase from Bacillus circulans (BcX) and B. subtilis (BsX), which has enzymatic properties similar to those of TvX but an amino acid sequence different from that of TvX, did not induce the HR-like response in XD6S cells. These results suggest that the elicitor action of TvX is not due to its ability to hydrolyze cell walls but requires the TvX-specific recognition factors in plant cells. Thus, TvX-induced cell death was not due to some general toxic effect, but seems to be mediated by the activation of a specific cellular signal-transduction cascade that converges with a pathway that activates the intracellular cell death program.

Expression of the Hypersensitive Response-assisting Protein in Arabidopsis Results in Harpin-dependent Hypersensitive Cell Death in Response to Erwinia carotovora

2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay-Kumar Pandey ◽  
Mang-Jye Ger ◽  
Hsiang-En Huang ◽  
Mei-Kuen Yip ◽  
Jiqing Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death

scholarly journals Transgenic Suppression of Cell Death Limits Penetration Success of the Soybean Rust Fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi into Epidermal Cells of Barley

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Hoefle ◽  
Marco Loehrer ◽  
Ulrich Schaffrath ◽  
Markus Frank ◽  
Holger Schultheiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Mesophyll Cell ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death

The basidiomycete Phakopsora pachyrhizi (P. pachyrhizi) causes Asian soybean rust, one of the most devastating plant diseases on soybean. When inoculated on the nonhost barley P. pachyrhizi caused only very small necrotic spots, typical for an incompatible interaction, which involves a hypersensitive cell death reaction. A microscopic inspection of the interaction of barley with P. pachyrhizi revealed that the fungus germinated on barley and formed functional appressoria on epidermal cells. The fungus attempted to directly penetrate through periclinal cell walls but often failed, arrested in plant cell wall appositions that stained positively for callose. Penetration resistance depends on intact ROR1(REQUIRED FOR mlo-SPECIFIED RESISTANCE 1) and ROR2 genes of barley. If the fungus succeeded in penetration, epidermal cell death took place. Dead epidermal cells did not generally restrict fungal development but allowed for mesophyll invasion, which was followed by mesophyll cell death and fungal arrest. Transient or stable over expression of the barley cell death suppressor BAX inhibitor-1 reduced both epidermal cell death and fungal penetration success. Data suggest that P. pachyrhizi provokes a programmed cell death facilitating fungal entry into epidermal cells of barley.

scholarly journals Reduced Expression of the Tomato Ethylene Receptor Gene LeETR4 Enhances the Hypersensitive Response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Ciardi ◽  
Denise M. Tieman ◽  
Jeffrey B. Jones ◽  
Harry J. Klee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Ethylene Receptor ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Pathogenesis Related Gene ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Pathogen Response

The hypersensitive response (HR) involves rapid death of cells at the site of pathogen infection and is thought to limit pathogen growth through the plant. Ethylene regulates senescence and developmental programmed cell death, but its role in hypersensitive cell death is less clear. Expression of two ethylene receptor genes, NR and LeETR4, is induced in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Mill) leaves during an HR to Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, with the greatest increase observed in LeETR4. LeETR4 antisense plants previously were shown to exhibit increased sensitivity to ethylene. These plants also exhibit greatly reduced induction of LeETR4 expression during infection and an accelerated HR at inoculum concentrations ranging from 105 to 107 CFU/ml. Increases in ethylene synthesis and pathogenesis-related gene expression are greater and more rapid in infected LeETR4 antisense plants, indicating an enhanced defense response. Populations of avirulent X. campestris pv. vesicatoria decrease more quickly and to a lower level in the transgenic plants, indicating a greater resistance to this pathogen. Because the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene alleviates the enhanced HR phenotype in LeETR4 antisense plants, these changes in pathogen response are a result of increased ethylene sensitivity.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide Does Not Trigger Early Programmed Cell Death Events but May Contribute to Cell-to-Cell Signaling Governing Progression of the Arabidopsis Hypersensitive Response

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 962-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chu Zhang ◽  
Kirk J. Czymmek ◽  
Allan D. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
No Production ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor ◽  
Kinetics Of

Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to play a role in the hypersensitive response (HR). Single- and double-label fluorescence microscopy experiments were conducted using Arabidopsis leaves infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 carrying either avrB or avrRpt2. Kinetics of NO production were followed by measurement of green 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM) triazole fluorescence in leaves coinfiltrated with DAF-FM diacetate. Kinetics of hypersensitive cell death were followed by measurement of cytoplasmic red fluorescence following internalization of coinfiltrated propidium iodide through compromised plasma membranes. Neither NO accumulation nor cell death was seen until approximately 3 h postinoculation of Columbia leaves with DC3000·avrB or approximately 5.5 h post-inoculation with DC3000·avrRpt2. Subsequent NO accumulation kinetics closely paralleled HR progression in both Columbia and ndr1-1 mutant plants. These data established that NO accumulation does not happen sufficiently early for NO to be a signaling component controlling HR triggering. NO accumulation did contribute to the HR, as proven by an approximately 1-h delay in cell death kinetics caused by an NO scavenger or an NO synthase inhibitor. NO was first seen as punctate foci at the cell surface. Subsequent NO accumulation patterns were consistent with NO being an intercellular signal that functions in cell-to-cell spread of the HR.

scholarly journals Different Resistance Mechanisms of Medicago truncatula Ecotypes Against the Rust Fungus Uromyces striatus

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Kemen ◽  
Matthias Hahn ◽  
Kurt Mendgen ◽  
Christine Struck
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Model Plant ◽  
Germ Tubes

A pathosystem consisting of the model plant Medicago truncatula and the rust fungus Uromyces striatus was characterized. From a collection of 113 mostly European accessions of M. truncatula, the vast majority were found to be susceptible to U. striatus, whereas 5 accessions showed strong resistance reactions. Stomatal surface characteristics, even if partly occluded, did not interfere with the ability of U. striatus germ tubes to infect. After penetration, the resistant ecotypes reacted with various degrees of cell death during different stages of haustorial establishment. Whereas four ecotypes showed a typical hypersensitive reaction by developing necrotic lesions, one ecotype (F11.008) exhibited a prehaustorial type of defense without hypersensitive response. This ecotype may be used as a source of nonhost-type of resistance against U. striatus.

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