scholarly journals Microtubule Polymerization Functions in Hypersensitive Response and Accumulation of H2O2in Wheat Induced by the Stripe Rust

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Juan Wang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Xinjie Liu ◽  
Yuanliu Xu ◽  
Qing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Microtubule Inhibitor ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Plant Cytoskeleton

The plant cytoskeleton, including microtubules and microfilaments, is one of the important factors in determining the polarity of cell division and growth, as well as the interaction of plants with invading pathogens. In defense responses of wheat against the stripe rust (Puccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici) infection, hypersensitive response is the most crucial event to prevent the spread of pathogens. In order to reveal the effect of microtubules on the hypersensitive cell death and H2O2accumulation in the interaction of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Suwon 11 with an incompatible race, CYR23, wheat leaves were treated with microtubule inhibitor, oryzalin, before inoculation. The results showed that the frequency of infection sites with hypersensitive response occurrence was significantly reduced, and hypersensitive cell death in wheat leaves was suppressed compared to the control. In addition, the frequency and the incidence of infected cells with H2O2accumulation were also reduced after the treatment with oryzalin. Those results indicated that microtubules are related to hypersensitive response and H2O2accumulation in wheat induced by the stripe rust, and depolymerization of microtubules reduces the resistance of plants to pathogen infection in incompatible interaction, suggesting that microtubules play a potential role in the expression of resistance of wheat against the stripe rust fungus.

Inhibition of Rust-induced Hypersensitive Response in Flax Cells by the Microtubule Inhibitor Oryzalin

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issei Kobayashi ◽  
Yuhko Kobayashi ◽  
Adrienne R. Hardham
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Differential Sensitivity ◽  
Incompatible Interaction ◽  
Microtubule Inhibitor ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L

Interactions between the flax rust fungus Melampsora lini and flax Linum usitatissimum L. are governed by a gene-for-gene relationship which determines pathogen virulence or avirulence and host resistance or susceptibility. The present study demonstrates differential sensitivity of M. lini and flax to the microtubule depolymerising drug, oryzalin, such that microtubule depolymerisation in flax cells but not in fungal cells could be obtained. Normally, in an incompatible interaction, a rapid hypersensitive response about 24 h after inoculation inhibits fungal development and invasion. However, in an incompatible interaction in the presence of oryzalin, the occurrence of hypersensitive cell death was delayed and its frequency reduced. This allowed a normally avirulent race of M. lini to form haustoria in living host mesophyll cells at a rate and efficiency similar to that achieved by a virulent race in a compatible interaction during the first 36 h after inoculation. After that time, the incidence of hypersensitive cell death increased and further development of the pathogen was arrested. The results indicate that microtubules play a role in effecting rapid and efficient hypersensitive response in the race–cultivar specific interaction between flax and the flax rust fungus.

scholarly journals Wheat thioredoxin (TaTrxh1) associates with the RD19-like cysteine protease TaCP1 to defend against stripe rust fungus through the modulation of programmed cell death.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Shi ◽  
Xinbei Zhao ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Zihui Dong ◽  
Qichao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Cysteine Protease ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Stress Signaling ◽  
Yeast Two Hybrid ◽  
Cellular Redox ◽  
Ros Accumulation ◽  
Two Hybrid

Thioredoxins (Trxs) function within the antioxidant network through modulation of the redox reaction(s) involved in oxidative-stress signaling. Given their function in regulating cellular redox, Trx proteins also fulfill key roles in plant immune signaling. Here, TaTrxh1, encoding a subgroup h member of the thioredoxin family, was identified and cloned in wheat (Triticum aestivum), which was rapidly induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) invasion and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. Overexpression of TaTrxh1 in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) induced cell death. Silencing of TaTrxh1 in wheat enhanced susceptibility to Pst in different aspects, including ROS accumulation and pathogen-responsive, or related, gene expression. Herein, we observed that the cellular concentration of SA was significantly reduced in TaTrxh1-silenced plants, indicating that TaTrxh1 possibly regulates wheat resistance to stripe rust through a SA-associated defense signaling pathway. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify TaTrxh1-interacting partners, we further show that interaction with TaCP1 (a RD19-like cysteine protease), and subsequent silencing of TaCP1 reduced wheat resistance to Pst. In total, the data presented herein demonstrate that TaTrxh1 enhances wheat resistance against Pst via SA-dependent resistance signaling and that TaTrxh1 interaction with TaCP1 is required for wheat resistance to stripe rust.

scholarly journals TaMYB29: A Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor Involved in Wheat Defense Against Stripe Rust

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxu Zhu ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Qi He ◽  
Dongxiao Guo ◽  
Caiqi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Stripe Rust Resistance Gene ◽  
R2r3 Myb

Members of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor superfamily have been implicated in plant development, improved disease resistance, and defense responses to several types of stresses. To study the function of TaMYB29 transcription factor—a member of the R2R3-MYB superfamily—in response to an avirulent race of stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), we identified and cloned the TaMYB29 gene from wheat cultivar (cv.) AvS+Yr10 following infection with Pst. The TaMYB29 protein, comprising 261 amino acids, contains two highly conserved MYB domains. We first showed that TaMYB29 is a transcription factor, whose transcriptional levels are significantly induced by salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and Pst. The results showed that TaMYB29 is involved in the wheat response to stipe rust. The overexpression of the TaMYB29 gene resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pathogen-independent cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The silencing of TaMYB29 gene in wheat cv. AvS+Yr10, containing the stripe rust resistance gene Yr10, promoted hyphae growth, significantly downregulated the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and substantially reduced the wheat resistance to Pst compared with the non-silenced control. In addition, the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly decreased, and the activity of catalase, an enzyme required for H2O2 scavenging, was elevated. Altogether, TaMYB29 positively regulates the defense response against stripe rust in wheat AvS+Yr10 by enhancing H2O2 accumulation, PR gene expression, and SA signaling pathway-induced cell death. These results provide new insights into the contribution of TaMYB29 to the defense response against rust pathogens in wheat.

scholarly journals Nitrate Efflux Is an Essential Component of the Cryptogein Signaling Pathway Leading to Defense Responses and Hypersensitive Cell Death in Tobacco

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1937-1951 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Wendehenne ◽  
Olivier Lamotte ◽  
Jean-Marie Frachisse ◽  
Hélène Barbier-Brygoo ◽  
Alain Pugin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Essential Component

scholarly journals Induction of Hypersensitive Cell Death by a Fungal Protein in Cultures of Tobacco Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Yano ◽  
Kaoru Suzuki ◽  
Hirofumi Uchimiya ◽  
Hideaki Shinshi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Tobacco Cells ◽  
Bright Yellow ◽  
Cell Death Program ◽  
Cellular Signal

Treatment of suspension-cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) cells (line XD6S) with fungal proteinaceous elicitors, namely, xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) from Trichoderma viride (TvX) and xylanase from T. reesei (TrX), induced shrinkage of the cytoplasm, condensation of the nucleus, and, finally, cell death, which were accompanied by typical defense responses that included an oxidative burst and expression of defense genes. A Ca2+ channel blocker, Gd3+, inhibited the typical response of XD6S cells to TvX, which resembled the hypersensitive reaction (HR). These results suggested that the influx of Ca2+ ions plays an important role as a secondary signal. The HR was not observed in TvX-treated tobacco cells (line BY-2) derived from cv. Bright Yellow 2. This result suggests that key features of cultivar-specific interaction can be observed in cultures of tobacco cells. Xylanase from Bacillus circulans (BcX) and B. subtilis (BsX), which has enzymatic properties similar to those of TvX but an amino acid sequence different from that of TvX, did not induce the HR-like response in XD6S cells. These results suggest that the elicitor action of TvX is not due to its ability to hydrolyze cell walls but requires the TvX-specific recognition factors in plant cells. Thus, TvX-induced cell death was not due to some general toxic effect, but seems to be mediated by the activation of a specific cellular signal-transduction cascade that converges with a pathway that activates the intracellular cell death program.

scholarly journals TaMCA4, a Novel Wheat Metacaspase Gene Functions in Programmed Cell Death Induced by the Fungal Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Wang ◽  
Xiaojie Wang ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Chunlei Tang ◽  
Pengfei Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Bax Gene

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process to remove redundant or harmful cells, for the development of multicellular organisms, or for restricting the spread of pathogens (hypersensitive response). Metacaspases are cysteine-dependent proteases which play an essential role in PCD. Triticum aestivum metacaspase 4 (TaMCA4) is a type II metacaspase gene cloned from ‘Suwon11’ wheat, with typical structural features such as peptidase C14 caspase domain and a long linker sequence between the two subunits. Transient expression of TaMCA4 in tobacco leaves failed to induce PCD directly but enhanced cell death triggered by a mouse Bax gene or a candidate effector gene from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Enhancement of PCD was also observed in wheat leaves co-bombarded with TaMCA4. When challenged with the avirulent race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, the expression level of TaMCA4 in wheat leaves was sharply upregulated, whereas the transcript level was not significantly induced by the virulent race. Moreover, knocking down TaMCA4 expression by virus-induced gene silencing enhanced the susceptibility of Suwon11 to the avirulent race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and reduced the necrotic area at infection sites.

scholarly journals Virulence Characterization of Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Ethiopia and Evaluation of Ethiopian Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Races of the Pathogen from Ethiopia and the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anmin Wan ◽  
Kebede T. Muleta ◽  
Habtemariam Zegeye ◽  
Bekele Hundie ◽  
Michael O. Pumphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Additional Information

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat in Ethiopia. In total, 97 isolates were recovered from stripe rust samples collected in Ethiopia in 2013 and 2014. These isolates were tested on a set of 18 Yr single-gene differentials for characterization of races and 7 supplementary differentials for additional information of virulence. Of 18 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races identified, the 5 most predominant races were PSTv-105 (21.7%), PSTv-106 (17.5%), PSTv-107 (11.3%), PSTv-76 (10.3%), and PSTv-41 (6.2%). High frequencies (>40%) were detected for virulence to resistance genes Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, Yr27, Yr28, Yr31, Yr43, Yr44, YrExp2, and YrA. Low frequencies (<40%) were detected for virulence to Yr10, Yr24, Yr32, YrTr1, Hybrid 46, and Vilmorin 23. None of the isolates were virulent to Yr5, Yr15, YrSP, and YrTye. Among the six collection regions, Arsi Robe and Tiyo had the highest virulence diversities, followed by Bekoji, while Bale and Holeta had the lowest. Evaluation of 178 Ethiopian wheat cultivars and landraces with two of the Ethiopian races and three races from the United States indicated that the Ethiopian races were more virulent on the germplasm than the predominant races of the United States. Thirteen wheat cultivars or landraces that were resistant or moderately resistant to all five tested races should be useful for breeding wheat cultivars with resistance to stripe rust in both countries.

scholarly journals Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Quantitatively Determine Relative Content of Puccnia striiformis f. sp. tritici DNA in Wheat Leaves in Incubation Period

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaqiong Zhao ◽  
Yilin Gu ◽  
Feng Qin ◽  
Xiaolong Li ◽  
Zhanhong Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a devastating wheat disease worldwide. Potential application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in detection of pathogen amounts in latently Pst-infected wheat leaves was investigated for disease prediction and control. A total of 300 near-infrared spectra were acquired from the Pst-infected leaf samples in an incubation period, and relative contents of Pst DNA in the samples were obtained using duplex TaqMan real-time PCR arrays. Determination models of the relative contents of Pst DNA in the samples were built using quantitative partial least squares (QPLS), support vector regression (SVR), and a method integrated with QPLS and SVR. The results showed that the kQPLS-SVR model built with a ratio of training set to testing set equal to 3 : 1 based on the original spectra, when the number of the randomly selected wavelength points was 700, the number of principal components was 8, and the number of the built QPLS models was 5, was the best. The results indicated that quantitative detection of Pst DNA in leaves in the incubation period could be implemented using NIRS. A novel method for determination of latent infection levels of Pst and early detection of stripe rust was provided.

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