Effect of soil type on nitrogen balance at maturity in wheat characterized using 15N-labelled NH4 NO3-fertilizer and sink - source modifications at flowering

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Lynda Hannachi ◽  
Agnès Bousser ◽  
Eliane Deléens
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Loamy Soil ◽  
Split Dose ◽  
The Third ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Recovery

Wheat plants were grown in a greenhouse in containers filled with chalky or loamy soil. Single-labelled ammonium nitrate fertilizer NH415NO3 or 15NH4 NO3 (5 atom% 15N) was applied in a split-dose after the third leaf-stage. Initial soil nitrate levels were lower in chalky soil. At maturity, the amount of N recovered in shoots was lower in chalky plants (CP) than in loamy plants (LP) but N fertilizer recovery was higher in CP than in LP. There was a greater 15NO3 recovery, in CP: 15NO3 / 15NH4 being 1 in LP and 1.3 in CP seeds. This was explained by efficient N mobilization enriched in 15NO3 in CP. Leaf excision or shoot shading at flowering changed the seed 15NO3 / 15NH4 ratio; it increased in CP and decreased in LP for plants with excised leaves whereas it was not modified in CP but decreased in LP for shaded plants. This indicated that grain filling was predominantly via mobilization in CP, whereas a late assimilation was involved in LP. The flag leaf in CP was the site for early and transient storage of NO3- and later a main source of assimilated N for seeds. Benefits previously observed in vegetative wheat plants grown on chalky soils compared to loamy soils with respect to enhanced NO3 utilisation, are also manifest at grain-filling and maturity.

Isotopic studies of the nitrogen balance in a cracking clay. II. Recovery of nitrate 15N added to columns of packed soil and microplots growing wheat in the field

Soil Research ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
ET Craswell ◽  
AE Martin
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Isotopic Studies ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments, 15N-labelled nitrate fertilizer was used to study the nitrogen balance of a heavy clay soil. Two of the experiments employed 60-cm deep, 16-cm diameter columns of packed soil. In the first, no added 15N was lost until heavy rain saturated the soil in the undrained columns. Subsequently, fallow and planted columns lost 25% of the 15N added. While denitrification appeared primarily responsible for these losses, some of the 15N may have been lost by weathering of the plants during senescence. This experiment was repeated with precautions to prevent excessive rain saturating the soil. After 16 weeks, only 6 � 4.5% of the added 15N was not accounted for by soil and plant analysis. In the third experiment, I5N was added to 16-cm diameter confined microplots in situ. The microplots were fallow and were confined by 60-cm deep plastic pipe. After 16 weeks, during which 190 mm of rain fell, 97.7 � 2.4% of the added 15N was recovered.

scholarly journals Growth and physiological performance responses to drought stress under non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Qin ◽  
X. Wang ◽  
F. Hu ◽  
H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Change Tendency ◽  
Soil Moisture Status

A field experiment was performed to investigate the growth performance and the growth stage-dependent changes in activities of antioxidative enzymes and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of rice subjected to treatment with (NF-M) or without straw mulching (NF-WM) under non-flooded conditions compared with continuously flooded treatment (CF). Compared with the NF-WM treatment, mulch application significantly increased the flag leaf area per plant before heading, tillers number and plant height at the early period of tillering stage. There was no significant difference between the yield of the NF-WM and CF treatment. However, the yield of NF-WM treatment was significantly lower than CF and NF-M treatments. Significantly higher activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) but lower concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in straw mulching treatment than in treatment without mulching at elongation, heading and grain filling stages. The change tendency of antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA level was in line both with soil moisture status and rice yields of different treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Stress on Inter-relationship of Physiological and Biochemical Traits with Grain Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Amrita Kumari ◽  
R. D. Ranjan ◽  
Chandan Roy ◽  
Awadesh Kumar Pal ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Heat stress, particularly the stress appears at the time of flowering to grain filling stages causing severe yield loss in wheat. Heat tolerance is complex phenomena that include adjustment in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of the crop. Present investigation was carried out to understand the effect of terminal heat stress on different traits of wheat. The experiment was conducted in three dates of sowing as timely sown, late sown and very late sown to expose the crop to heat stress at later stages of the crop growth. Significant genetic variations for all the traits evaluated under three conditions indicated the presence of variability for the traits. Trait association analysis revealed that flag leaf chlorophyll content and MSI at seedling stage; MDA at reproductive stage had direct relationship with grain yield. While under very late sown condition MDA and RWC at seedling stages were found to be highly correlated with grain yield. It indicates that MDA, RWC at seedling stage and days to booting, days to milking plays important role in very late sown condition that can be used as selection criteria in breeding programme.

scholarly journals Effects of insulin in vitro on protein turnover in rat epitrochlearis muscle

1983 ◽  
Vol 210 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
W S Stirewalt ◽  
R B Low
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Physiological Concentration ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
The Third

Rates of protein synthesis and degradation were measured in the isolated rat epitrochlearis muscle by radiotracer techniques, by using the specific radioactivity of tRNA-bound amino acid as precursor for protein synthesis. The tissue maintained linear rates of protein synthesis for 3 h of incubation in the presence of amino acids and glucose and in the absence of insulin. Under these conditions, however, the muscles were in negative nitrogen balance, with rates of protein degradation exceeding rates of protein synthesis. Under steady-state conditions of labelling, the specific radioactivities of tRNA-bound leucine, phenylalanine and valine were significantly less than their respective values in the incubation medium, at concentrations in the medium varying from 1 to 10 times those in normal rat serum. Insulin caused a dose- and time-dependent increase in tRNA-based protein synthesis rates, more than doubling rates at 5 and 50 ng of insulin/ml. At the lower, physiological, concentration of insulin, the stimulation of protein synthesis was not observed until the third hour of incubation with the hormone, whereas the rate of protein synthesis at the higher concentration was elevated during the second hour. There were no delays in the stimulation by insulin of glucose conversion into glycogen. The delayed stimulatory effects of insulin on the rate of protein synthesis brought the tissue to a nitrogen balance near zero. The presence of the hormone also prevented the increase in the rate of protein degradation seen in the third hour of incubation in the absence of the hormone. These studies demonstrate the viability of the incubated rat epitrochlearis muscle with respect to protein metabolism and sensitivity to the protein anabolic effects of physiological concentrations of insulin, and indicate that the preparation is a suitable experimental model for the study of the control of protein metabolism in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.

Characterisation of a rice vacuolar invertase isoform, OsINV2, for growth and yield-related traits

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamitha R. Morey ◽  
Tatsuro Hirose ◽  
Yoichi Hashida ◽  
Akio Miyao ◽  
Hirohiko Hirochika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vacuolar Invertase ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Overexpression Phenotype

OsINV2, a rice vacuolar invertase isoform, was assessed for its functional roles in plant growth and development with key focus on its agronomic traits such as grain weight, grain filling percentage, grain number and dry weights at various stages until harvest. Lack of differences between the wild-type and the mutants with respect to any of the aforementioned traits tested revealed a possibility of functional compensation of OsINV2 in the mutants conceivably by its isoform. This was confirmed by OsINV2 promoter::GUS studies, where its spatial and temporal expression in the panicle elongation stages showed that although OsINV2 expression was observed from the stage with young panicles ~1 cm in length to the flag leaf stage, significant differences with respect to panicle and spikelet phenotypes between the wild-type and the mutant were not present. However, complement lines displaying an overexpression phenotype of OsINV2 possessed a higher stem non-structural carbohydrate content under both monoculm and normal tillering conditions. A trade-off between the spikelet number and grain weight in the complement lines grown under monoculm conditions was also observed, pointing towards the necessity of OsINV2 regulation for grain yield-related traits.

scholarly journals Soil drying and rewatering applied at three grain developmental stages affect differentially growth and grain protein deposition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Beltrano ◽  
Marta Guillermina Ronco ◽  
María Cecilia Arango
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Ripe Stage

Water deficits cause large yield losses in wheat. Although anthesis is generally considered the most vulnerable period, water deficit during grain filling can also cause yield losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water stress and rewatering, at three different grain developmental stages, on physiological and grain filling parameters and on yield components. Wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and rewatering at the watery ripe, milk and soft dough stages. In the flag leaf, water stress decreased the relative water content, the chlorophyll and protein content and increased the leakage of solutes, at all three studied grain filling stages. Water stress at the watery ripe and milk stages reduced the final grain dry mass by 47 % and 20 %, respectively. This reduction was due to a decrease in the grain filling period and to a significant reduction in the maximum rate of grain-fill. Water stress imposed at the watery ripe stage reduced not only the linear growth phase but also its slope; grain number per spike and the 1000-kernel weight were also significantly reduced. SDS-PAGE patterns of grain proteins at the watery ripe stage did not differ between the controls, stressed or rewatered treatments. Protein patterns at the milk stage changed substantially with water stress, mainly for the high molecular weight glutenin subunits and gliadins. Three new bands were observed with apparent molecular weights of 108.5 kDa, 84.8 kDa and 63 kDa. Rewatering reverted water stress effects when it was imposed at the milk stage. Water deficit at the soft dough stage did not have any effect on protein grain patterns.

Rate and duration of grain filling in relation to flag leaf senescence and grain yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to different concentrations of ozone

2008 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Gelang ◽  
Håkan Pleijel ◽  
Ebe Sild ◽  
Helena Danielsson ◽  
Suhaila Younis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling
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