scholarly journals Effects of Ear Removal on Photosynthesis of the Flag Leaf during Grain Filling in Wheat.

1992 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kano KOIDE ◽  
Kuni ISHIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling

scholarly journals Growth and physiological performance responses to drought stress under non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Qin ◽  
X. Wang ◽  
F. Hu ◽  
H. Li
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Flooded Rice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Change Tendency ◽  
Soil Moisture Status

A field experiment was performed to investigate the growth performance and the growth stage-dependent changes in activities of antioxidative enzymes and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in leaves of rice subjected to treatment with (NF-M) or without straw mulching (NF-WM) under non-flooded conditions compared with continuously flooded treatment (CF). Compared with the NF-WM treatment, mulch application significantly increased the flag leaf area per plant before heading, tillers number and plant height at the early period of tillering stage. There was no significant difference between the yield of the NF-WM and CF treatment. However, the yield of NF-WM treatment was significantly lower than CF and NF-M treatments. Significantly higher activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) but lower concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed in straw mulching treatment than in treatment without mulching at elongation, heading and grain filling stages. The change tendency of antioxidant enzyme activity and MDA level was in line both with soil moisture status and rice yields of different treatments.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Stress on Inter-relationship of Physiological and Biochemical Traits with Grain Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Amrita Kumari ◽  
R. D. Ranjan ◽  
Chandan Roy ◽  
Awadesh Kumar Pal ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Biochemical Traits ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Heat stress, particularly the stress appears at the time of flowering to grain filling stages causing severe yield loss in wheat. Heat tolerance is complex phenomena that include adjustment in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of the crop. Present investigation was carried out to understand the effect of terminal heat stress on different traits of wheat. The experiment was conducted in three dates of sowing as timely sown, late sown and very late sown to expose the crop to heat stress at later stages of the crop growth. Significant genetic variations for all the traits evaluated under three conditions indicated the presence of variability for the traits. Trait association analysis revealed that flag leaf chlorophyll content and MSI at seedling stage; MDA at reproductive stage had direct relationship with grain yield. While under very late sown condition MDA and RWC at seedling stages were found to be highly correlated with grain yield. It indicates that MDA, RWC at seedling stage and days to booting, days to milking plays important role in very late sown condition that can be used as selection criteria in breeding programme.

Characterisation of a rice vacuolar invertase isoform, OsINV2, for growth and yield-related traits

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamitha R. Morey ◽  
Tatsuro Hirose ◽  
Yoichi Hashida ◽  
Akio Miyao ◽  
Hirohiko Hirochika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Vacuolar Invertase ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Overexpression Phenotype

OsINV2, a rice vacuolar invertase isoform, was assessed for its functional roles in plant growth and development with key focus on its agronomic traits such as grain weight, grain filling percentage, grain number and dry weights at various stages until harvest. Lack of differences between the wild-type and the mutants with respect to any of the aforementioned traits tested revealed a possibility of functional compensation of OsINV2 in the mutants conceivably by its isoform. This was confirmed by OsINV2 promoter::GUS studies, where its spatial and temporal expression in the panicle elongation stages showed that although OsINV2 expression was observed from the stage with young panicles ~1 cm in length to the flag leaf stage, significant differences with respect to panicle and spikelet phenotypes between the wild-type and the mutant were not present. However, complement lines displaying an overexpression phenotype of OsINV2 possessed a higher stem non-structural carbohydrate content under both monoculm and normal tillering conditions. A trade-off between the spikelet number and grain weight in the complement lines grown under monoculm conditions was also observed, pointing towards the necessity of OsINV2 regulation for grain yield-related traits.

scholarly journals Soil drying and rewatering applied at three grain developmental stages affect differentially growth and grain protein deposition in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Beltrano ◽  
Marta Guillermina Ronco ◽  
María Cecilia Arango
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Ripe Stage

Water deficits cause large yield losses in wheat. Although anthesis is generally considered the most vulnerable period, water deficit during grain filling can also cause yield losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of water stress and rewatering, at three different grain developmental stages, on physiological and grain filling parameters and on yield components. Wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and rewatering at the watery ripe, milk and soft dough stages. In the flag leaf, water stress decreased the relative water content, the chlorophyll and protein content and increased the leakage of solutes, at all three studied grain filling stages. Water stress at the watery ripe and milk stages reduced the final grain dry mass by 47 % and 20 %, respectively. This reduction was due to a decrease in the grain filling period and to a significant reduction in the maximum rate of grain-fill. Water stress imposed at the watery ripe stage reduced not only the linear growth phase but also its slope; grain number per spike and the 1000-kernel weight were also significantly reduced. SDS-PAGE patterns of grain proteins at the watery ripe stage did not differ between the controls, stressed or rewatered treatments. Protein patterns at the milk stage changed substantially with water stress, mainly for the high molecular weight glutenin subunits and gliadins. Three new bands were observed with apparent molecular weights of 108.5 kDa, 84.8 kDa and 63 kDa. Rewatering reverted water stress effects when it was imposed at the milk stage. Water deficit at the soft dough stage did not have any effect on protein grain patterns.

Rate and duration of grain filling in relation to flag leaf senescence and grain yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to different concentrations of ozone

2008 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Gelang ◽  
Håkan Pleijel ◽  
Ebe Sild ◽  
Helena Danielsson ◽  
Suhaila Younis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling

scholarly journals Truncation of grain filling in wheat (Triticum aestivum) triggered by brief heat stress during early grain filling: association with senescence responses and reductions in stem reserves

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Shirdelmoghanloo ◽  
Daniel Cozzolino ◽  
Iman Lohraseb ◽  
Nicholas C. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Stem Reserves

Short heat waves during grain filling can reduce grain size and consequently yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Grain weight responses to heat represent the net outcome of reduced photosynthesis, increased mobilisation of stem reserves (water-soluble carbohydrates, WSC) and accelerated senescence in the grain. To compare their relative roles in grain weight responses under heat, these characteristics were monitored in nine wheat genotypes subjected to a brief heat stress at early grain filling (37°C maximum for 3 days at 10 days after anthesis). Compared with the five tolerant varieties, the four susceptible varieties showed greater heat-triggered reductions in final grain weight, grain filling duration, flag leaf chla and chlb content, stem WSC and PSII functionality (Fv/Fm). Despite the potential for reductions in sugar supply to the developing grains, there was little effect of heat on grain filling rate, suggesting that grain size effects of heat may have instead been driven by premature senescence in the grain. Extreme senescence responses potentially masked stem WSC contributions to grain weight stability. Based on these findings, limiting heat-triggered senescence in the grain may provide an appropriate focus for improving heat tolerance in wheat.

A tiller inhibitor gene in wheat and its effect on plant growth

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Richards
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Kernel Number ◽  
Reduced Height ◽  
Made In

A recessive gene that inhibits tillering was identified in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Israel. The locus for tiller inhibition, designated Tin, is linked to the locus for hairy glume (10 � 3 map units apart) and black awns, and hence is presumed to be on the distal end of chromosome IAS. Such a gene has been proposed as desirable for wheat in both low and high input environments. Serial sowings were made every 21 days between autumn and spring in buckets outdoors with lines differing in tillering. At a harvest at the 4.5 leaf stage, tillering was less in the low tillering lines than in the conventional lines in all sowings, but leaf area and weight per plant were unexpectedly higher. Stunting, which is a characteristic of low tillering lines when temperatures are low and daylength long, became apparent in one of the low tillering lines in sowings made in late winter and spring at a time when daylength was 11.5 h and increasing. In four populations segregating for the tillering trait, low tiller number was associated with a higher harvest index, reduced height, an increased duration of the flag leaf life and of grain filling, a lower leaf to stem weight ratio at maturity, higher specific leaf weight, higher stem density and a higher kernel number per unit stem weight. Traits likely to severely limit crop yield other than stunting were not found.

scholarly journals Frequency distribution and mean comparisons of red light absorbance-transmittance of the e1 leaf sectors of five pipeline maize hybrids during early grain filling in subtropical winter

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Single Reading ◽  
Precision Evaluation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Light Absorbance

Background: Crop scientist’s curiosities were to examine variation in photosynthetic sectors of grain filler leaf or flag leaf of any major crop species. Crop scientists including plant breeders too will be privileged from the findings. So it includes such precision evaluation of single cross pipeline hybrids of yellow maize before their release as cultivars. Materials and methods: For it, five pipeline hybrids were examined from two trials of RCBD trial that they were in a big research plot with uniform soil fertility level and with the same control environment. Each of the trials was conducted planting the seeds of the fifteen newly bred separate hybrids on October 3, 2012 exposing their flowering and early grain filling to the natural winter in the subtropical region in Nepal. Five plants of the pipeline hybrids of the fifteen plots of three replications were randomly selected and tagged from each of the fifteen plots of the five hybrids before tassel emergence. After about one month of anthesis, one hundred observations of red light absorbance-transmittance (RAT) measures were taken from chlorophyll meter ‘SPAD 502’ (Soil Plant Analysis Development) from the just-above-ear (e1) leaf of each of the selected plants of the hybrids in three days from 99 to 101 days after sowing (DAS). Results and discussion: From analysis of frequency distribution of the RAT SPAD measures of the e1 leaf sectors, it is not necessary that hybrids that demonstrates curve with high kurtosis always yield higher. Among the five hybrids, second highest grain yielding hybrid 112 had least leaf sectors of very low RAT SPAD measures. Besides, the hybrid 112 has been found least skewed and least peaked among the five hybrids. Furthermore, the hybrid 112 displayed least coefficient of variation and standard deviation among the 1500 RAT SPAD readings of its e1 leaf sectors. From the mean analysis through DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test), the twenty four averages have been found almost non-significant different among themselves inside each of the five hybrids. Single reading and four reading averages were non-significant different to one hundred reading average of each of the fifteen selected plants. Besides, the study also implies that a single reading from a leaf in the surrounding region of the topmost ear in five randomly selected plants can suffice to reflect the average SPAD measure of the particular leaf if the readings are from the e1 leaf. But, it can also be concluded that the similar non-significant nature of average central leaves around the top ear node. The mean comparison also gives useful information about the methodology of taking SPAD observations and how many readings are enough for the study of red light absorbance-transmittance, chl and N concentration in maize leaves. It also includes explanation why the e1 leaf is taken in the study.

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