Sensitivity of field-grown soybean to future atmospheric CO2: selection for improved productivity in the 21st century.

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis H. Ziska ◽  
James A. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Vegetative Biomass ◽  
Glycine Max L

Although genotypic differences among soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars in their response to future CO2 partial pressures have been observed in the glasshouse, it is unclear if similar responses would occur among cultivars when grown under field conditions at normal stand densities. To determine variation in the sensitivity of soybean growth and seed yield to CO2, we grew two contrasting cultivars of the same maturity group, Ripley (semi-dwarf, determinate) and Spencer (standard, indeterminate), to reproductive maturity at ambient and elevated (30 Pa above ambient) CO2 partial pressures for two field seasons. Spencer had been previously selected in glasshouse trials as responsive to increased CO2. Significant cultivar x CO2 interaction was observed for both vegetative biomass and seed yield, with Spencer demonstrating a consistently greater yield enhancement at elevated CO2 than Ripley (60 vs 35%, respectively). Differences in CO2 sensitivity between cultivars were not evident in measurements of single leaf photosynthesis taken during anthesis, nor early or late pod-fill. Analysis of reproductive characteristics indicated that the sensitivity of the seed yield response to CO2 in Spencer was associated with the ability to form additional seed on axillary branches in response to elevated CO2. Data from this experiment suggest that screening of soybean germplasm at the glasshouse level, when combined with field trials, may be an effective strategy to begin selecting soybean lines that will maximize yield in a future, higher CO2 environment.

Responses of soybean genotypes to intercropping with maize in the Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
C. U. Egbo ◽  
M. A. Adagba ◽  
D. K. Adedzwa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Location Interaction

Field trials were conducted in the wet seasons of 1997 and 1998 at Makurdi, Otukpo and Yandev in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to study the responses of ten soybean genotypes to intercropping. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design. The genotypes TGX 1807-19F, NCRI-Soy2, Cameroon Late and TGX 1485-1D had the highest grain yield. All the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values were higher than unity, indicating that there is great advantage in intercropping maize with soybean. The yield of soybean was positively correlated with the days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods/plant and leaf area, indicating that an improvement in any of these traits will be reflected in an increase in seed yield. There was a significant genotype × yield × location interaction for all traits. This suggests that none of these factors acted independently. Similarly, the genotype × location interaction was more important than the genotype × year interaction for seed yield, indicating that the yield response of the ten soybean genotypes varied across locations rather than across years. Therefore, using more testing sites for evaluation may be more important than the number of years.

Sesame Agronomy in South-east Tanzania. I. Plant Population and Sowing Method

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Taylor ◽  
J. Y. Chambi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Local Practice ◽  
Optimum Population ◽  
Viable Seeds

SUMMARYField trials are described in which the seed yield response of row-sown sesame to increasing plant population was examined, and in which row-sowing was compared with broadcasting at different seed rates. Maximum yields were obtained at an intended 200 to 250 × 103 plants ha−1 but yields were not greatly affected by a wider range of populations. Broadcasting, the normal local practice, gave yields slightly higher than those from rows 50 cm apart, the un-thinned rate of 800 × 103 viable seeds sown ha−1 yielded as well as treatments thinned to the optimum population, and double this seed rate, unthinned, gave the lowest yields, especially in rows.

Dynamic analysis of the impact of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on biomass and N uptake in two contrasting genotypes of rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Wu ◽  
Herbert J. Kronzucker ◽  
Weiming Shi
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

Elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) in the atmosphere often increase photosynthetic rates and crop yields. However, the degree of the CO2 enhancement varies substantially among cultivars and with growth stage. Here, we examined the responses of two rice cultivars, Wuyunjing23 (WYJ) and IIyou084 (IIY), to two [CO2] (~400 vs ~600) and two nitrogen (N) provision conditions at five growth stages. In general, both seed yield and aboveground biomass were more responsive to elevated [CO2] in IIY than WYJ. However, the responses significantly changed at different N levels and growth stages. At the low N input, yield response to elevated [CO2] was negligible in both cultivars while, at the normal input, yield in IIY was 18.8% higher under elevated [CO2] than ambient [CO2]. Also, responses to elevated [CO2] significantly differed among various growth stages. Elevated [CO2] tended to increase aboveground plant biomass in both cultivars at the panicle initiation (PI) and the heading stages, but this effect was significant only in IIY by the mid-ripening and the grain maturity stages. In contrast, CO2 enhancement of root biomass only occurred in IIY. Elevated [CO2] increased both total N uptake and seed N in IIY but only increased seed N in WYJ, indicating that it enhanced N translocation to seeds in both cultivars but promoted plant N acquisition only in IIY. Root C accumulation and N uptake also exhibited stronger responses in IIY than in WYJ, particularly at the heading stage, which may play a pivotal role in seed filling and seed yield. Our results showed that the more effective use of CO2 in IIY compared with WYJ results in a strong response in root growth, nitrogen uptake, and in yield. These findings suggest that selection of [CO2]-responsive rice cultivars may help optimise the rice yield under future [CO2] scenarios.

Resistance to Frogeye Leaf Spot in Selected Soybean Accessions in MG I through MG VI

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemu Mengistu ◽  
Jason Bond ◽  
Rouf Mian ◽  
Randall Nelson ◽  
Grover Shannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Cercospora Sojina ◽  
Frogeye Leaf Spot ◽  
Glycine Max L

Frogeye leaf spot (FLS) caused by Cercospora sojina Hara is a disease of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] that causes significant seed yield loss in warm, humid environments worldwide. The Rcs3 gene in soybean has been reported to condition resistance to all known races of C. sojina. The objectives of this study were to: (i) identify maturity group (MG) I to VI accessions resistant to C. sojina race 11 by field screening at two locations; and (ii) determine if the FLS resistance of the symptomless soybean accessions is likely to be conditioned by the Rcs3 allele. A total of 260 accessions including 12 differentials were evaluated for reaction to race 11 in field trials in Missouri and Illinois during 2009, and 20 accessions that did not develop symptoms were retested in 2010 to validate their resistance. The 20 accessions remained resistant and were tested for the potential presence of Rcs3 allele using molecular markers; and none was predicted to carry the Rcs3 allele. These accessions may contain novel loci for FLS resistance and may be used to broaden the base for developing soybean cultivars with frogeye leaf spot resistance. Accepted for publication 16 April 2012. Published 21 May 2012.

Intraspecific variation in seed yield of soybean (Glycine max) in response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis H. Ziska ◽  
James A. Bunce ◽  
Frances Caulfield
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Intraspecific Variation ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Single Leaf

The growth characteristics of six and the reproductive development of five soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars were examined at 39 Pa (ambient) and 70 Pa (elevated) CO2 partial pressures in temperature-controlled glasshouses. Significant intraspecific variation for both growth and seed yield in response to elevated CO2 was observed among the cultivars. At elevated CO2, total biomass increased an average of 42% at the end of the vegetative stage, while average seed yield increased by only 28%. No changes in % protein or % oil were observed for any cultivar at elevated CO2, relative to ambient CO2. The relative enhancement of either vegetative or reproductive growth at elevated CO2 was not correlated with changes in the absolute or relative increase in single leaf photosynthetic rate among cultivars at elevated CO2. For soybean, the greatest response of seed yield to elevated CO2 was associated with increased production of lateral branches, increased pod production or increased seed weight, suggesting different strategies of carbon partitioning in a high CO2 environment. Data from this experiment indicates that differences in carbon partitioning among soybean cultivars may influence reproductive capacity and fecundity as atmospheric CO2 increases, with subsequent consequences for future agricultural breeding strategies.

Effect of numbers of Bradyrhizobium japonicum applied in commercial inoculants on soybean seed yield in Ontario

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hume ◽  
D. H. Blair
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Japonicum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Cubic Equation ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Commercial Inoculants

In the absence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum populations in the soil, yields of field-grown soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) usually respond to inoculation with B. japonicum. The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between numbers of B. japonicum per seed in inoculants and soybean nodulation and yield. A total of six field experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 on new soybean soils. In dilution trials, Grip inoculant was applied to provide approximately 106, 105, 104, and 103B. japonicum per seed at two locations in 1989. Nodule number and mass, as well as seed yield, increased curvilinearly upward with increasing log10 most probable numbers (MPNs) of B. japonicum. The yield response curve was best fit by a cubic equation, which accounted for 97% of the variation in yield. Seed yields increased 19% (1.83 to 2.13 Mg/ha) from 105 to 106B. japonicum per seed. In field experiments involving 8 commercial inoculants in 1989 and 10 in 1990, and conducted at two locations in each year, responses to increasing log MPNs in the inoculants also were concave upwards and cubic. In the two years, 78 and 46% of the yield variation was accounted for by log MPN per seed. Increasing MPN per seed from 105 to 106 improved yields in first-time fields by an average of 24%, indicating the present minimum standard of 105B. japonicum per seed should be increased. Key words: most probable numbers, response to inoculation, nodulation, Glycine max (L.) Merrill.

scholarly journals Yield response and economic implications of soybean (Glycine max (L.). Merrill) – lowland-upland rice sequential cropping in the rainforest/savanna transitory ecosystem

2017 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Paul Abayomi Sobowale SOREMI ◽  
Olalekan Sulaimon SAKARIYAWO ◽  
Kehinde Adebayo OKELEYE ◽  
Victor Idowu O. OLOWE ◽  
Jamiu Oladipupo AZEEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
Conventional Ct ◽  
Sequential Cropping

<p>A sequential cropping system of soybean-lowland (NERICA L-42)-upland (NERICA 2) rice was established at Abeokuta and Ibadan (Nigeria) to evaluate the performance of the cropping system. Field trials were in split-split plot arrangement fitted into randomised complete block design and replicated three times. The first sequence had in the main plot tillage [minimum (MT) and conventional (CT)]. Soybean varieties TGx 1448-2E (V1) and TGx 1740-2F (V2) in sub-plot and spacing in sub-sub plot were 60 cm × 5 cm (R1), 60 cm × 10 (R2) and 60 cm × 15 cm (R3). Individual rice plots were established by dry dibble (DD) seeding and transplanting and sub-sub plot spacing were 15 cm × 15 cm (S1), 20 cm × 20 and 25 cm (S2) × 25 cm (S3). The sequence soybean (V1 CT R3); lowland and upland rice (S3 CT DD) was the most economically efficient (N 1,754 ha<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) in Abeokuta, while soybean (V1 MT R1) and lowland and upland rice (S1 DD MT) was the most economically efficient (N 1,858 ha<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) in Ibadan.</p>

SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE OF THE HUP−Bradyrhizobium japonicum STRAIN 532C in ONTARIO SOYBEAN FIELD TRIALS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. HUME ◽  
B. J. SHELP
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Available N ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Uninoculated Control ◽  
Consistent Performance

Field trials were conducted at different sites close to Guelph, Ontario, from 1981 to 1985, to evaluate the effects of Hup+ and Hup− strains on the performance of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) and to identify strains that could support high soybean yields under Ontario conditions. Each year six individual strains, Nitragin Soil Implant granular inoculant and an uninoculated control were compared for their effect on soybean yield. Soil at each experimental site was relatively free of indigenous B. japonicum as exhibited by an average of less than one nodule per plant from the uninoculated control plots. Inoculation with Hup+ or Hup− strains of B. japonicum caused similar average soybean seed yield. Of the inoculants tested (strains as well as commercial inoculant), the Hup− strain, 532C, also known as strain 61A152, supported the highest yields in 4 of the 5 yr. Omitting 1982 data, when soil available N was high and the uninoculated control had yields equivalent to inoculated plots, 532C treatments averaged 3.08 t ha−1 compared to 2.70 for 61A89, 2.84 for 61A133, 2.83 for the commercial inoculant and 1.96 for the uninoculated control. The consistent performance of 532C across years and locations suggested major advantages for this strain. Strain 532C is now being used as a single strain in five of the seven inoculants sold in Ontario.Key words: Soybean, inoculation, Hup+, seed yield

scholarly journals Rice cultivar responses to elevated CO2 at two free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) sites in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Hasegawa ◽  
Hidemitsu Sakai ◽  
Takeshi Tokida ◽  
Hirofumi Nakamura ◽  
Chunwu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Co2 Response ◽  
Free Air Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Free Air

There is some evidence that rice cultivars respond differently to elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), but [CO2] × cultivar interaction has never been tested under open-field conditions across different sites. Here, we report on trials conducted at free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) facilities at two sites in Japan, Shizukuishi (2007 and 2008) and Tsukuba (2010). The average growing-season air temperature was more than 5°C warmer at Tsukuba than at Shizukuishi. For four cultivars tested at both sites, the [CO2] × cultivar interaction was significant for brown rice yield, but there was no significant interaction with site-year. Higher-yielding cultivars with a large sink size showed a greater [CO2] response. The Tsukuba FACE experiment, which included eight cultivars, revealed a wider range of yield enhancement (3–36%) than the multi-site experiment. All of the tested yield components contributed to this enhancement, but there was a highly significant [CO2] × cultivar interaction for percentage of ripened spikelets. These results suggest that a large sink is a prerequisite for higher productivity under elevated [CO2], but that improving carbon allocation by increasing grain setting may also be a practical way of increasing the yield response to elevated [CO2].

Response of pea to rate and placement of triple superphosphate fertilizer in Alberta

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
E. D. Solberg ◽  
J. DeMulder ◽  
N. Flore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Significant Yield

The expansion of the pea acreage on the Canadian prairies has increased the need for more information on P fertilizer response by pea to both rate and method of placement. To determine responsiveness, 52 field trials using triple superphosphate (TSP) were conducted from 1995 to 1998 over a wide range of soil types across Alberta. Five rates of 0, 6.5, 13.1, 19.6 and 26.2 kg P ha–1 were placed with the seed or in bands applied prior to seeding. The application of TSP significantly (P < 0.1) increased pea seed yield at 19 of 52 sites. The average increase in seed yield due to TSP application was 7%, with values ranging from –12 to +33% across all trials. The average yield benefit was similar in the Thin Black, Black and Gray soil zones, but was negligible in the Dark Brown soil zone and in irrigated trials. Of the 31 trials with soil test P (modified Kelowna method) levels of less than 30 kg P ha–1 to 15 cm, 52% had a significant yield increase due to application of TSP, while only one of 17 trials with soil test P levels of more than 30 kg P ha–1 had a significant yield increase. Application of 13.1 kg P ha–1 was sufficient to attain close to maximum yields in trials with soil test P levels of less than 30 kg P ha–1. The yield response of pea was insensitive to TSP placement. The mineral impact of seed placement on yield in this study was likely due to the less damaging effects of seedling growth of TSP than of the more commonly used source of P, monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Seed protein and P concentrations were not strongly affected by TSP application. Key words: Pisum sativum, phosphorus fertilizer, fertilizer placement

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