Polymorphism in cyanogenic glycoside content and cyanogenic β-glucosidase activity in natural populations of Eucalyptus cladocalyx

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslyn M. Gleadow ◽  
Ian E. Woodrow
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycoside ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
First Time

Cyanogenesis is the process by which plantsrelease hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from endogenous cyanide-containing compoundsand is thought to play a role in plant defence against generalist herbivores.Cyanogenesis is poorly understood in natural populations, and has been littlestudied in tree species. In this paper we present the first systematic surveyof cyanogenesis in the economically and ecologically important genusEucalyptus. We document variability in both theconcentration of the cyanogenic glycoside, prunasin, and the accompanyingdegradative b-glucosidase in a woody plant for the first time. Leaves of 96E. cladocalyx F. Muell. trees growing in naturalpopulations on Kangaroo Island, South Australia were analysed. All trees werecyanogenic, containing both cyanogenic glycosides and active b-glucosidase.Cyanogenic glycoside concentration varied by over two orders of magnitude. Theb-glucosidase activity varied widely as well, but plants high in cyanogenicglycosides did not necessarily have higher enzyme activity. A significantproportion of the variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration can beaccounted for by the variation in leaf nitrogen. Most of the variation,however, appears to be the result of genetic polymorphism, which is inheritedindependently of the level of activity of the degradativeb-glucosidase.

Influence of water stress on cyanogenic capacity in Eucalyptus cladocalyx

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Woodrow ◽  
Damian J. Slocum ◽  
Roslyn M. Gleadow
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Record ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycoside ◽  
Cyanogenic Capacity ◽  
Leaf N

Cyanogenesis in many plant species is an effective herbivore deterrent, which appears to be influenced by a range of environmental variables. There is evidence that one such variable, soil water availability, increases cyanogenic capacity (i.e. leaf cyanogenic glycoside concentration), but it is not clear whether this is a relatively direct or indirect effect. To shed light on this issue, we compared the cyanogenic capacity of individuals from two populations of Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. from areas of South Australia that differ markedly in rainfall. Stable carbon isotope analysis confirmed that trees at the drier site were more water-stressed. We found a large range in leaf cyanogenic capacities, from 0 to 1.01 mg cyanide g–1 dry weight. Importantly, this is the first record of acyanogenic E. cladocalyx. Mean cyanogenic capacity was 30% higher in trees from the drier site, and they suffered less damage from herbivores. However, these trees also contained higher concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N). Correlative analysis of data for individual plants from both sites showed that leaf N was able to account for a significant amount of the variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration (28%). Water availability on its own, however, was not able to account significantly for any such variation. We conclude that most of the variation in cyanogenic capacity is due to genetic differences between individuals, while the remaining variation is due to differences in leaf N.

Novel aspects of cyanogenesis in Eucalyptus camphora subsp. humeana

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth H. Neilson ◽  
Jason Q. D. Goodger ◽  
Ian E. Woodrow
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Trial Testing ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cyanogenic Capacity ◽  
Genus Eucalyptus

Cyanogenesis is the release of cyanide from certain organisms upon tissue disruption. Tissue disruption, such as that caused by folivory, brings cyanogenic glycosides into contact with catabolic enzymes and toxic HCN is subsequently released. The process provides a measure of defence against generalist herbivores. Within the genus Eucalyptus, several species have been identified as cyanogenic and all of these store cyanide exclusively in the form of the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin. Here we report for the first time cyanogenesis in Eucalyptus camphora subsp. humeana L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill. We found that foliage contains at least five different cyanogenic glycosides, three of which were purified and identified (prunasin, sambunigrin and amygdalin). Two natural populations of E. camphora trees were screened for cyanogenesis, and quantitative polymorphism was measured at both sites. Trees varied in their capacity for cyanogenesis from 0.014 to 0.543 mg CN g–1 DW in one population and from 0.011 to 0.371 mg CN g–1 DW in the other. A progeny trial, testing both cyanogenesis and carbon-based defence (namely total phenolics and condensed tannins), was performed with seed sourced from two cyanogenic, open-pollinated maternal trees. Interestingly, the seedlings exhibited markedly lower levels of cyanogenesis and condensed tannins than the adult population, with some individuals completely lacking one or both of the chemical defences. Total phenolic concentrations, however, were significantly higher in the seedlings than in the parental population from which the seed was sourced. Eucalyptus camphora is relatively unique among cyanogenic trees having multiple foliar cyanogenic glycosides and an apparently marked ontogenetic regulation of cyanogenic capacity.

Dwindling status of Epimedium Elatum (Morren & Decne) and its geographical distribution in Kashmir Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Kashmir Himalayas ◽  
Near Future ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tissue Culture Techniques

Epimedium elatum (Morren & Decne) of family Berberidaceace is a rare perennial medicinal plant, endemic to high altitude forests of Northwestern Himalayas in India. Ethnobotanically, it has been used as an ingredient for treatment of bone-joint disorders, impotence and kidney disorders in Kashmir Himalayas. Phytochemically, it is rich in Epimedin ABC and Icariin; all of these have been demonstrated to possess remarkable biological activities like PDE-5 inhibition (treatment of erectile dysfunction), anticancer, antiosteoporosis antioxidant and antiviral properties. The present investigation reports its traditional usage, comprehensive distribution and conservation status from twenty ecogeographical regions in Kashmir Himalayas, India. The species was reported from Gurez valley for the first time. Numerous threats like excessive grazing, deforestration, habitat fragmentation, tourism encroachment, landslides and excessive exploitation have decreased its natural populations in most of the surveyed habitats. Consequently, its existence may become threatened in near future if timely conservation steps are not taken immediately by concerned stakeholders involved in medicinal plant research. Moreover, use of plant tissue culture techniques is recommended for development of its in vitro propagation protocols. Therefore, introduction of this medicinal plant in botanical gardens, protected sites and development of monitoring programmes are needed for its immediate conservation in Northwestern Himalayas, India.

scholarly journals Observations on early fungal infections with relevance for replant disease in fine roots of the rose rootstock Rosa corymbifera 'Laxa'

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Grunewaldt-Stöcker ◽  
C. Popp ◽  
A. Baumann ◽  
S. Fricke ◽  
M. Menssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
Pot Trials ◽  
Worldwide Phenomenon ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Rose

AbstractReplant disease is a worldwide phenomenon affecting various woody plant genera and species, especially within the Rosaceae. Compared to decades of intensive studies regarding replant disease of apple (ARD), the replant disease of roses (RRD) has hardly been investigated. The etiology of RRD is also still unclear and a remedy desperately needed. In greenhouse pot trials with seedlings of the RRD-sensitive rootstock Rosa corymbifera ‘Laxa’ cultured in replant disease affected soils from two different locations, early RRD symptom development was studied in fine roots. In microscopic analyses we found similarities to ARD symptoms with regards to structural damages, impairment in the root hair status, and necroses and blackening in the cortex tissue. Examinations of both whole mounts and thin sections of fine root segments revealed frequent conspicuous fungal infections in association with the cellular disorders. Particularly striking were fungal intracellular structures with pathogenic characteristics that are described for the first time. Isolated fungi from these tissue areas were identified by means of ITS primers, and many of them were members of the Nectriaceae. In a next step, 35 of these isolates were subjected to a multi-locus sequence analysis and the results revealed that several genera and species were involved in the development of RRD within a single rose plant. Inoculations with selected single isolates (Rugonectria rugulosa and Ilyonectria robusta) in a Perlite assay confirmed their pathogenic relationship to early necrotic host plant reactions, and symptoms were similar to those exhibited in ARD.

scholarly journals Integrating metabolomics and targeted gene expression to uncover potential biomarkers of fungal/oomycetes-associated disease susceptibility in grapevine

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Maia ◽  
António E. N. Ferreira ◽  
Rui Nascimento ◽  
Filipa Monteiro ◽  
Francisco Traquete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Analysis Group ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Targeted Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Defence Responses ◽  
First Time

Abstract Vitis vinifera, one of the most cultivated fruit crops, is susceptible to several diseases particularly caused by fungus and oomycete pathogens. In contrast, other Vitis species (American, Asian) display different degrees of tolerance/resistance to these pathogens, being widely used in breeding programs to introgress resistance traits in elite V. vinifera cultivars. Secondary metabolites are important players in plant defence responses. Therefore, the characterization of the metabolic profiles associated with disease resistance and susceptibility traits in grapevine is a promising approach to identify trait-related biomarkers. In this work, the leaf metabolic composition of eleven Vitis genotypes was analysed using an untargeted metabolomics approach. A total of 190 putative metabolites were found to discriminate resistant/partial resistant from susceptible genotypes. The biological relevance of discriminative compounds was assessed by pathway analysis. Several compounds were selected as promising biomarkers and the expression of genes coding for enzymes associated with their metabolic pathways was analysed. Reference genes for these grapevine genotypes were established for normalisation of candidate gene expression. The leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2 gene (LAR2) presented a significant increase of expression in susceptible genotypes, in accordance with catechin accumulation in this analysis group. Up to our knowledge this is the first time that metabolic constitutive biomarkers are proposed, opening new insights into plant selection on breeding programs.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Recombinant Myrosinase Production in Pichia pastoris

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3677
Author(s):  
Zuzana Rosenbergová ◽  
Kristína Kántorová ◽  
Martin Šimkovič ◽  
Albert Breier ◽  
Martin Rebroš
Keyword(s):  
Pichia Pastoris ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Specific Productivity ◽  
Fermentation Conditions ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Dry Cell Weight ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Dry Cell

Myrosinase is a plant defence enzyme catalysing the hydrolysis of glucosinolates, a group of plant secondary metabolites, to a range of volatile compounds. One of the products, isothiocyanates, proved to have neuroprotective and chemo-preventive properties, making myrosinase a pharmaceutically interesting enzyme. In this work, extracellular expression of TGG1 myrosinase from Arabidopsis thaliana in the Pichia pastoris KM71H (MutS) strain was upscaled to a 3 L laboratory fermenter for the first time. Fermentation conditions (temperature and pH) were optimised, which resulted in a threefold increase in myrosinase productivity compared to unoptimised fermentation conditions. Dry cell weight increased 1.5-fold, reaching 100.5 g/L without additional glycerol feeding. Overall, a specific productivity of 4.1 U/Lmedium/h was achieved, which was 102.5-fold higher compared to flask cultivations.

scholarly journals Naturalized Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) complement the resident parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Denis ◽  
JORDI RIUDAVETS ◽  
OSCAR ALOMAR ◽  
NURIA AGUSTI ◽  
HELENA GONZALEZ-VALERO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Parasitoid Complex ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Predatory Mirid ◽  
First Time

Our study aimed to assess the contribution of natural parasitism due to Necremnus tutae Ribes & Bernardo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to the biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in commercial plots where an IPM program based on the use of predatory mirid bugs was implemented. During the samplings, the presence of another parasitoid was detected and, therefore, a second part of our study intended to identify this species and to evaluate the importance of its natural populations in the biological control of the pest. Leaflets with T. absoluta galleries were collected during 2017-2020 from commercial tomato plots in the horticultural production area of Catalonia (Northeast Spain), including greenhouses, open fields, and roof covered tunnels that lack side walls. In the laboratory, T. absoluta larvae were classified as ectoparasitized, alive, or dead. Reared parasitoids from ectoparasitized larvae were mostly morphologically identified as Necremnus sp. with parasitism rates that peaked in summer months with values between 9 and 15%. Some of these ectoparasitized larvae also yielded another parasitoid identified as Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by both morphological and molecular-DNA barcoding methods. In 2020, parasitism rates due to D. gelechiidivoris that increased with season up to 22%. Our work reports for the first time in Europe the presence of the neotropical species D. gelechiidivoris adding this biocontrol agent to the resident parasitoid complex of T. absoluta in Spain.

Regional divergence and inbreeding in Eucalyptus cladocalyx (Myrtaceae)

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. McDonald ◽  
M. Rawlings ◽  
P. A. Butcher ◽  
J. C. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Flinders Ranges ◽  
Outcrossing Rates ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
Ornamental Species ◽  
Regional Divergence

Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. is a widely cultivated tree in dryland southern Australia. It is grown for firewood, timber production and as a windbreak and ornamental species. Natural populations of E. cladocalyx are endemic to South Australia where they occur in three disjunct regions. This study assessed the mating system and patterns of genetic diversity in natural populations of E. cladocalyx by using allozymes. Populations had relatively low levels of genetic diversity (HE = 0.148) and high levels of genetic divergence (θ = 0.26) among populations, similar to other regionally distributed eucalypts. Populations clustered into three distinct groups, which corresponded to its disjunct natural distribution. Genetic differentiation among populations and between regions was highly significant. Relatively high levels of inbreeding (tm = 0.57) were detected in natural populations of E.�cladocalyx. Outcrossing rates were highly variable among families, ranging from 0 to 100%. One-third of families from four populations had outcrossing rates that were not significantly different from zero. The origins of three commercially significant, cultivated stands of E. cladocalyx were also assessed. Allozyme profiles of cultivated stands from Wail and Lismore in western Victoria suggested origins in the Wirrabara region of the southern Flinders Ranges, while a cultivated stand of E. cladocalyx var. nana Hort. ex Yates had an allozyme profile consistent with origins in the Eyre Peninsula region. The results are discussed in relation to the species' morphological variation, biogeography and the implications for its domestication and conservation.

scholarly journals Freshwater cyclopoids and harpacticoids (Crustacea: Copepoda) from the Gnangara Mound region of Western Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2029 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANNY TANG ◽  
BRENTON KNOTT
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
National Park ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Swan Coastal Plain ◽  
Freshwater Copepods ◽  
First Time

The Gnangara Mound is a 2,200 km 2 unconfined aquifer located in the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. This aquifer is one of the most important ground water resources for the Perth Region and supports a number of groundwaterdependent ecosystems, such as the springs of Ellen Brook and root mat communities of the Yanchep Caves. Although freshwater copepods have been documented previously from those caves and springs, their specific identity were hitherto unknown. The current work formally identifies copepod samples collected from 23 sites (12 cave, three bore, five spring and three surface water localities) within the Gnangara Mound region. Fifteen species were documented in this study: the cyclopoids Australoeucyclops sp., Eucyclops edytae sp. nov., Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine, 1820), Mesocyclops brooksi Pesce, De Laurentiis & Humphreys, 1996, Metacyclops arnaudi (G. O. Sars, 1908), Mixocyclops mortoni sp. nov., Paracyclops chiltoni (Thomson, 1882), Paracyclops intermedius sp. nov. and Tropocyclops confinis (Kiefer, 1930), and the harpacticoids Attheyella (Chappuisiella) hirsuta Chappuis, 1951, Australocamptus hamondi Karanovic, 2004, Elaphoidella bidens (Schmeil, 1894), Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005), Nitocra lacustris pacifica Yeatman, 1983 and Paranitocrella bastiani gen. et sp. nov. Tropocyclops confinis is recorded from Australia for the first time and A. (Ch.) hirsuta and E. bidens are newly recorded for Western Australia. The only copepod taxa endemic to the Gnangara Mound region are E. edytae sp. nov. (occurs primarily in springs and rarely in the Yanchep National Park Caves) and P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. (confined to the Yanchep National Park Caves containing tuart root mats). Paracyclops chiltoni was the most common species, whilst T. confinis and N. l. pacifica were rarely encountered. Metacyclops arnaudi was the only taxon absent from ground waters. The copepod fauna recorded in the caves and springs of the Gnangara Mound region are comparable, with respect to species richness, endemicity and the varying degrees of dependency on ground water, to those reported from similar habitats in South Australia and Western Australia. Restoring the root mats and maintaining permanent water flow within the Yanchep Caves, as well as minimising urban development near the Ellen Brook Springs, are essential to protect the copepod species, particularly the endemic P. bastiani gen. et sp. nov. and E. edytae sp. nov., inhabiting these unique ground water environments.

REE-, Sr-, Ca-aluminum-phosphate-sulfate minerals of the alunite supergroup and their role as hosts for radionuclides

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1806-1819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas D. Owen ◽  
Nigel J. Cook ◽  
Mark Rollog ◽  
Kathy J. Ehrig ◽  
Danielle S. Schmandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Decay Chain ◽  
Aluminum Phosphate ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Compositional Zoning ◽  
Ore Processing ◽  
End Members ◽  
First Time ◽  
Copper Ores

Abstract Aluminum-phosphate-sulfate (APS) minerals of the alunite supergroup are minor components of uranium-bearing copper ores from the Olympic Dam deposit, South Australia. They typically represent a family of paragenetically late replacement phases after pre-existing REE-bearing phosphates (fluorapatite, monazite, and xenotime). Characterization with respect to textures and composition allows two groups to be distinguished: Ca-Sr-dominant APS minerals that fall within the woodhouseite and svanbergite compositional fields; and a second REE- and phosphate-dominant group closer to florencite in composition. All phases nevertheless display extensive solid solution among end-members in the broader APS clan and show extensive compositional zoning at the grain-scale. Samples representative of the deposit (flotation concentrate and tailings), as well as those that have been chemically altered during the processing cycle (acid leached concentrate), were studied for comparison. NanoSIMS isotope mapping provides evidence that the APS minerals preferentially scavenge and incorporate daughter radionuclides of the 238U decay chain, notably 226Ra and 210Pb, both over geological time within the deposit and during ore processing. These data highlight the role played by minor phases as hosts for geologically mobile deleterious components in ores as well as during mineral processing. Moreover, Sr-Ca-dominant APS minerals exhibit preferential sorption of Pb from fluid sources, in the form of both common Pb and 210Pb, for the first time revealing potential pathways for 210Pb elimination and reduction from ore processing streams.

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