Influence of water stress on cyanogenic capacity in Eucalyptus cladocalyx

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian E. Woodrow ◽  
Damian J. Slocum ◽  
Roslyn M. Gleadow
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
First Record ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycoside ◽  
Cyanogenic Capacity ◽  
Leaf N

Cyanogenesis in many plant species is an effective herbivore deterrent, which appears to be influenced by a range of environmental variables. There is evidence that one such variable, soil water availability, increases cyanogenic capacity (i.e. leaf cyanogenic glycoside concentration), but it is not clear whether this is a relatively direct or indirect effect. To shed light on this issue, we compared the cyanogenic capacity of individuals from two populations of Eucalyptus cladocalyx F.Muell. from areas of South Australia that differ markedly in rainfall. Stable carbon isotope analysis confirmed that trees at the drier site were more water-stressed. We found a large range in leaf cyanogenic capacities, from 0 to 1.01 mg cyanide g–1 dry weight. Importantly, this is the first record of acyanogenic E. cladocalyx. Mean cyanogenic capacity was 30% higher in trees from the drier site, and they suffered less damage from herbivores. However, these trees also contained higher concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N). Correlative analysis of data for individual plants from both sites showed that leaf N was able to account for a significant amount of the variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration (28%). Water availability on its own, however, was not able to account significantly for any such variation. We conclude that most of the variation in cyanogenic capacity is due to genetic differences between individuals, while the remaining variation is due to differences in leaf N.

scholarly journals (329) Postharvest Urea Foliar Sprays Affect Almond and Prune Leaf Nitrogen and Sulfur Dynamics

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065E-1066
Author(s):  
Franz J. A. Niederholzer ◽  
R. Scott Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Tree Crop ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
Foliar Urea ◽  
Leaf N

Urea foliar sprays may be a more efficient and environmentally sound alternative to soil applied fertilizer N in the postharvest period in tree crop production in California. While tree crop sulfur (S) status can interact with tree N status to affect growth, we know of no study assessing tree crop leaf N and S dynamics following fall (postharvest) foliar urea applications. We conducted a field study to measure temporal dynamics of leaf N and leaf S (% dry weight basis) following postharvest urea sprays on prune (Prunusdomestica) and almond (Prunus dulcis). June-budded nursery stock prune (`French' on Myro 29C) and almond (`Price' on Lovell) trees were sprayed to dripping with 6.5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) standard urea solutions, respectively. Prunes were sprayed on 1 Oct. 2003 and almonds on 18 Nov. 2003. Leaf samples were taken over a 3-week (almond) or 8-week (prune) period, beginning just before treatment. Foliar urea sprays significantly increased prune (23%) and almond (14%) leaf N compared to untreated control within 8 days of application. This affect was transient, as there were no differences in leaf N concentrations between treated and untreated trees at final leaf sampling. Urea sprays did not affect almond leaf S concentration relative to untreated trees. Prune leaf S was significantly reduced compared to untreated trees 8 days after treatment, but only on that sampling date. Remobilization of S from the leaves of control trees of either species was not apparent.

A putative hybrid of Eucalyptus largiflorens growing on salt- and drought-affected floodplains has reduced specific leaf area and leaf nitrogen

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgia R. Koerber ◽  
Jack V. Seekamp ◽  
Peter A. Anderson ◽  
Molly A. Whalen ◽  
Stephen D. Tyerman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Isotope Discrimination ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Murray River ◽  
Ambient Co2 ◽  
Green Box

A putative hybrid between Eucalyptus largiflorens F.Muell. and Eucalyptus gracilis F.Muell., called green box, has attracted attention for its ability to grow on the salt- and drought-affected Chowilla floodplain of the Murray River in South Australia. Relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) and the ratio of substomatal to ambient CO2 (ci/ca) indicated that green box was not as water use efficient as E. largiflorens. Specific leaf area of green box and E. gracilis was significantly lower compared with E. largiflorens (38.38 and 36.96 versus 43.71 cm2 g–1). Leaf nitrogen for green box and E. gracilis was significantly lower compared with E. largiflorens (12.66 and 11.35 versus 15.07 mg g–1 dry weight, P = 0.004 and 0.001, respectively) and leaf carbon of E. gracilis was significantly higher compared with green box and E. largiflorens (541.75 versus 514.90 and 519.82 mg g–1 dry weight, P = 0.002 and 0.011 respectively). There were significantly (P = 0.016) more occurrences of elevated ci/ca below a minimum gs in E. gracilis compared with E. largiflorens, with green box being intermediate (means = 21.6, 6.8 and 9.4). After 10 years, E. largiflorens trunk circumference had significantly increased (P = 0.017) and height had significantly decreased (P = 0.026) due to visible dieback. Green box and E. gracilis grew slower, conserving resources, illustrating a useful strategy to consider when choosing plants for revegetation efforts.

Polymorphism in cyanogenic glycoside content and cyanogenic β-glucosidase activity in natural populations of Eucalyptus cladocalyx

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslyn M. Gleadow ◽  
Ian E. Woodrow
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycoside ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
First Time

Cyanogenesis is the process by which plantsrelease hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from endogenous cyanide-containing compoundsand is thought to play a role in plant defence against generalist herbivores.Cyanogenesis is poorly understood in natural populations, and has been littlestudied in tree species. In this paper we present the first systematic surveyof cyanogenesis in the economically and ecologically important genusEucalyptus. We document variability in both theconcentration of the cyanogenic glycoside, prunasin, and the accompanyingdegradative b-glucosidase in a woody plant for the first time. Leaves of 96E. cladocalyx F. Muell. trees growing in naturalpopulations on Kangaroo Island, South Australia were analysed. All trees werecyanogenic, containing both cyanogenic glycosides and active b-glucosidase.Cyanogenic glycoside concentration varied by over two orders of magnitude. Theb-glucosidase activity varied widely as well, but plants high in cyanogenicglycosides did not necessarily have higher enzyme activity. A significantproportion of the variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration can beaccounted for by the variation in leaf nitrogen. Most of the variation,however, appears to be the result of genetic polymorphism, which is inheritedindependently of the level of activity of the degradativeb-glucosidase.

scholarly journals Changes in the Concentration of Leaf Nitrogen over the Season Affect the Diagnosis of Deficiency or Sufficiency in Strawberries in the Subtropics

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Total N ◽  
Early Planting ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Yield ◽  
Leaf N

Optimum leaf nitrogen (N) concentrations have been identified for strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) in temperate and Mediterranean areas, but whether these values are appropriate for the subtropics is unclear. Two experiments were conducted for 2 years to determine if the seasonal changes in the concentration of leaf N affect the diagnosis of deficiency or sufficiency of strawberry plants in Queensland, Australia. In 2014, ‘Festival’, ‘Fortuna’, and ‘Winter Dawn’ were planted in early April and grown with and without N for the entire season. Then, ‘Festival’ was planted the following year in mid- or late April and, again, was grown with and without N. Yield was slightly lower with N in 2014, but higher with it the following year, particularly in the early planting. The concentration of total N in young, fully expanded leaves decreased from 3.0% to 2.0% as leaf, crown, and root dry weight increased, while the concentration of nitrate-N (NO3-N) decreased from 1200–3200 to 50–500 mg/kg. These changes in leaf N were large enough to affect the diagnosis of N deficiency or sufficiency. The concentration of leaf N was less variable than the concentration of leaf NO3-N and, therefore, better for estimating the nutrient status of strawberry plants in the subtropics.

scholarly journals Autumn Foliage Applications of ZnSO4 Reduced Leaf Nitrogen Remobilization in Peach and Nectarine

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Castagnoli ◽  
T.M. DeJong ◽  
S.A. Weinbaum ◽  
R.S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Remobilization ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Area Basis ◽  
N Remobilization ◽  
Leaf N

Premature defoliation of peach and nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees resulting from foliar applications of ZnSO4 reduced N remobilization that typically occurs during leaf senescence. Leaf N remobilization in unsprayed control trees ranged from 45% to 50%, irrespective of tree N status. Leaf N remobilization in trees receiving foliar applications of ZnSO4 ranged from a positive influx of N into the leaf to ≈30% of the N remobilized, depending on ZnSO4 application timing and method of expressing leaf N levels. Early ZnSO4 applications resulted in less N remobilization. Measuring leaf N on an area basis was a more precise indicator of N remobilization than N per unit dry weight, because leaf weight per unit area changes during leaf senescence.

Evidence for a winter-snowpack derived water source for the Fremont maize farmers of Range Creek Canyon, Utah, USA

The Holocene ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-456
Author(s):  
Isaac Alfred Hart ◽  
Joan Brenner-Coltrain ◽  
Shannon Boomgarden ◽  
Andrea Brunelle ◽  
Larry Coats ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sediment Geochemistry ◽  
Tree Ring Chronology ◽  
Wet Meadow ◽  
Maize Agriculture ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis ◽  
Dry Farming

We present results of multiproxy analysis of a sediment core collected from Billy Slope Meadow, a spring-fed wet meadow in Range Creek Canyon, Utah. Range Creek Canyon was the home to Fremont maize farmers between roughly 1200 and 800 cal BP (AD 750–1150). Stable carbon isotope analysis of core sediments from Billy Slope Meadow indicate the Billy Slope Meadow site was used as a field for maize agriculture during that time. Some scholars have suggested the florescence of the Fremont culture may have been driven by increased summer precipitation, which improved the economic profitability of dry farming maize. But analysis of pollen, macroscopic charcoal and sediment geochemistry from Billy Slope Meadow, and a comparison with a local tree-ring chronology indicate the Fremont period in Range Creek Canyon was probably marked by reduced summer precipitation, and not an invigorated monsoon. The Fremont maize farmers of Range Creek Canyon therefore likely used winter snowpack-derived water from Range Creek for maize agriculture. This observation has significant implications, as using creek water rather than direct precipitation and runoff necessitates the construction of dams irrigation infrastructure, limited evidence for which has been reported by archaeologists working in the Fremont region.

Factors affecting 13C/12C ratios of inland halophytes. I. Controlled studies on growth and isotopic composition of Puccinellia nuttalliana

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2693-2699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Guy ◽  
David M. Reid ◽  
H. Roy Krouse
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Carbon Isotope Composition ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Puccinellia Nuttalliana

Studies on various factors affecting the growth and stable carbon isotope composition of the graminaceous C3 halophyte Puccinellia nuttalliana (Schultes) Hitch. were initiated as a step towards interpreting δ13C variations in nature. For isotope analysis, combustion at 900 °C resulted in higher CO2 yield than at 550 °C but did not affect δ13C values. Differences in δ13C between leaves of different insertion level were unimportant, but roots were about 1‰ more positive than shoots. Trends in δ13C with salinity were the same in all plant parts. Depressions of growth by NaCl or Na2SO4 were similar, but plants grown in Na2SO4 displayed a greater shift in δ13C relative to controls. Growth rates were affected more by salinity than were previously reported photosynthetic rates. At typical salinities, δ13C changed linearly with salinity. The supply of nitrate to stressed and unstressed plants had no important influence on δ13C. Growth in polyethylene glycol produced δ13C values consistent with a high level of stress. After a salinity step-up, changes in δ13C were complete within 10 days. During winter, data were found to be heavily influenced by unintentional, human-respired CO2 enrichment. This represents a potentially serious research problem in laboratories of temperate climes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document