Novel aspects of cyanogenesis in Eucalyptus camphora subsp. humeana

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth H. Neilson ◽  
Jason Q. D. Goodger ◽  
Ian E. Woodrow
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannins ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Trial Testing ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cyanogenic Capacity ◽  
Genus Eucalyptus

Cyanogenesis is the release of cyanide from certain organisms upon tissue disruption. Tissue disruption, such as that caused by folivory, brings cyanogenic glycosides into contact with catabolic enzymes and toxic HCN is subsequently released. The process provides a measure of defence against generalist herbivores. Within the genus Eucalyptus, several species have been identified as cyanogenic and all of these store cyanide exclusively in the form of the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin. Here we report for the first time cyanogenesis in Eucalyptus camphora subsp. humeana L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill. We found that foliage contains at least five different cyanogenic glycosides, three of which were purified and identified (prunasin, sambunigrin and amygdalin). Two natural populations of E. camphora trees were screened for cyanogenesis, and quantitative polymorphism was measured at both sites. Trees varied in their capacity for cyanogenesis from 0.014 to 0.543 mg CN g–1 DW in one population and from 0.011 to 0.371 mg CN g–1 DW in the other. A progeny trial, testing both cyanogenesis and carbon-based defence (namely total phenolics and condensed tannins), was performed with seed sourced from two cyanogenic, open-pollinated maternal trees. Interestingly, the seedlings exhibited markedly lower levels of cyanogenesis and condensed tannins than the adult population, with some individuals completely lacking one or both of the chemical defences. Total phenolic concentrations, however, were significantly higher in the seedlings than in the parental population from which the seed was sourced. Eucalyptus camphora is relatively unique among cyanogenic trees having multiple foliar cyanogenic glycosides and an apparently marked ontogenetic regulation of cyanogenic capacity.

Polymorphism in cyanogenic glycoside content and cyanogenic β-glucosidase activity in natural populations of Eucalyptus cladocalyx

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roslyn M. Gleadow ◽  
Ian E. Woodrow
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plant ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycosides ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycoside ◽  
Glucosidase Activity ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
First Time

Cyanogenesis is the process by which plantsrelease hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from endogenous cyanide-containing compoundsand is thought to play a role in plant defence against generalist herbivores.Cyanogenesis is poorly understood in natural populations, and has been littlestudied in tree species. In this paper we present the first systematic surveyof cyanogenesis in the economically and ecologically important genusEucalyptus. We document variability in both theconcentration of the cyanogenic glycoside, prunasin, and the accompanyingdegradative b-glucosidase in a woody plant for the first time. Leaves of 96E. cladocalyx F. Muell. trees growing in naturalpopulations on Kangaroo Island, South Australia were analysed. All trees werecyanogenic, containing both cyanogenic glycosides and active b-glucosidase.Cyanogenic glycoside concentration varied by over two orders of magnitude. Theb-glucosidase activity varied widely as well, but plants high in cyanogenicglycosides did not necessarily have higher enzyme activity. A significantproportion of the variation in cyanogenic glycoside concentration can beaccounted for by the variation in leaf nitrogen. Most of the variation,however, appears to be the result of genetic polymorphism, which is inheritedindependently of the level of activity of the degradativeb-glucosidase.

Dwindling status of Epimedium Elatum (Morren & Decne) and its geographical distribution in Kashmir Himalaya, India

2018 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Kashmir Himalayas ◽  
Near Future ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tissue Culture Techniques

Epimedium elatum (Morren & Decne) of family Berberidaceace is a rare perennial medicinal plant, endemic to high altitude forests of Northwestern Himalayas in India. Ethnobotanically, it has been used as an ingredient for treatment of bone-joint disorders, impotence and kidney disorders in Kashmir Himalayas. Phytochemically, it is rich in Epimedin ABC and Icariin; all of these have been demonstrated to possess remarkable biological activities like PDE-5 inhibition (treatment of erectile dysfunction), anticancer, antiosteoporosis antioxidant and antiviral properties. The present investigation reports its traditional usage, comprehensive distribution and conservation status from twenty ecogeographical regions in Kashmir Himalayas, India. The species was reported from Gurez valley for the first time. Numerous threats like excessive grazing, deforestration, habitat fragmentation, tourism encroachment, landslides and excessive exploitation have decreased its natural populations in most of the surveyed habitats. Consequently, its existence may become threatened in near future if timely conservation steps are not taken immediately by concerned stakeholders involved in medicinal plant research. Moreover, use of plant tissue culture techniques is recommended for development of its in vitro propagation protocols. Therefore, introduction of this medicinal plant in botanical gardens, protected sites and development of monitoring programmes are needed for its immediate conservation in Northwestern Himalayas, India.

scholarly journals Bioactive Compounds in Salicornia patula Duval-Jouve: A Mediterranean Edible Euhalophyte

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 410
Author(s):  
Irene Sánchez-Gavilán ◽  
Esteban Ramírez ◽  
Vicenta de la Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Tinto River ◽  
New Findings ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Salicornia Patula ◽  
First Time

Many halophytes have great nutritional and functional potential, providing chemical compounds with biological properties. Salicornia patula Duval-Jouve is a common euhalophyte from saline Mediterranean territories (Spain, Portugal, France, and Italy). In the present work we quantified for the first time the bioactive compounds in S. patula (total phenolic compounds and fatty acids), from Iberian Peninsula localities: littoral-coastal Tinto River basin areas (southwest Spain, the Huelva province), and mainland continental territories (northwest and central Spain, the Valladolid and Madrid provinces). Five phenolic acids including caffeic, coumaric, veratric, salicylic, and transcinnamic have been found with differences between mainland and coastal saltmarshes. S. patula contain four flavonoids: quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol/luteolin, apigenin 7-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside. These last two glycosylated compounds are described for the first time in this genus of Chenopodiaceae. The fatty acid profile described in S. patula stems contains palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids in high concentrations, while stearic and long-chain fatty acids were detected in low amounts. These new findings confirm that S. patula is a valuable source of bioactive compounds from Mediterranean area.

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY GLYCYRRHIZA PALLIDIFLORA HERB (GLYCYRRHIZA PALLIDIFLORA MAXIM.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Maltseva E.M. ◽  
Egorova I.N. ◽  
Pinchuk L.G.
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Plant Antioxidants ◽  
Phytochemical Studies ◽  
First Time

Pale-flowered licorice (Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora Maxim.) is the pea family (Fabaceae) perennial herb. It is a Russian Far East endemic. Pale-flowered licorice refers to the false (not sweet) licorice section (Pseudoglycyrrhiza Krug.), which do not accumulate glycyrrhizin derivatives. The G. pallidiflora successful introduction has been carried out over the past 5 years in the “Apothecary garden” territory, FRC UUH SB RAS, Kemerovo. Phytochemical studies screening biologically active compounds main classes of the plant aerial part confirmed the presence of a complex of phenolic compounds. The content of catechin derivatives and condensed-type tannins - proanthocyanidins (PAC) data in G. pallidiflora herb were obtained for the first time. In different years of cultivation, licorice herb accumulates phenolic compounds - up to 2.83 ± 0.22% in terms of gallic acid, flavonoids - up to 2.44 ± 0.03% in terms of rutin and PAC in terms of cyanidine chloride - up to 2.61 ± 0.11%. It was found that the maximum content of the phenolic compounds and PAC sum was observed in the herb for 4 years development. The greatest number of flavonoids accumulates in the herb harvested in the 3rd year of cultivation. A positive significant linear relation was found between antioxidant activity (AOA) and the total phenolic compounds and PAC content (r≥0.98). Considering that BAC with IC values ≤ 50 μg / ml in the DPPH assay refer to active antioxidant’s licorice herb can be classified as a plant with high antioxidant potential. It was found that the iron chelating activity of the G. pallidiflora herb is in direct dependence (r≥0.94) on the content of flavonoids. The obtained results demonstrate the importance of further study of this plant as a source of BAC, including plant antioxidants.

scholarly journals Free Radical-Scavenging Capacities, Phenolics and Capsaicinoids in Wild Piquin Chili (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum)

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Moreno-Ramírez ◽  
Guillermo Martínez-Ávila ◽  
Víctor González-Hernández ◽  
Cecilia Castro-López ◽  
Jorge Torres-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Radical Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Scavenging Capacity

The total phenolic compounds content, free radical-scavenging capacity and capsaicinoid content in populations of wild Piquin chili (C. annuum) were studied. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from nine ecotypes were evaluated. High contents of phenolic compounds and free radical-scavenging capacities were observed for both extracts; however, the values that were found for the hydroalcoholic phase were substantially higher. LC-MS analysis allowed for the detection of 32 compounds, where apigenin-8-C-glucoside followed by vanillic acid 1-O-β-o-glucopyranosylester (Isomer I or II) and 7-ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin were the most widely distributed; they were found in more than 89% of the ecotypes. The diversity of identified phenolic compounds was different among ecotypes, allowing them to be distinguished by chemical diversity, free radical-scavenging capacities and heat Scoville units. The total capsaicinoid content was higher in Population I (23.5 mg/g DW) than in Populations II and III, which had contents of 15.3 and 10.7 mg/g DW, respectively. This variability could lead to phytochemical exploitation and the conservation of the natural populations of wild chili.

scholarly journals Naturalized Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) complement the resident parasitoid complex of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in Spain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Denis ◽  
JORDI RIUDAVETS ◽  
OSCAR ALOMAR ◽  
NURIA AGUSTI ◽  
HELENA GONZALEZ-VALERO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Parasitoid Complex ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Side Walls ◽  
Predatory Mirid ◽  
First Time

Our study aimed to assess the contribution of natural parasitism due to Necremnus tutae Ribes & Bernardo (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to the biological control of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidopera:Gelechiidae) in commercial plots where an IPM program based on the use of predatory mirid bugs was implemented. During the samplings, the presence of another parasitoid was detected and, therefore, a second part of our study intended to identify this species and to evaluate the importance of its natural populations in the biological control of the pest. Leaflets with T. absoluta galleries were collected during 2017-2020 from commercial tomato plots in the horticultural production area of Catalonia (Northeast Spain), including greenhouses, open fields, and roof covered tunnels that lack side walls. In the laboratory, T. absoluta larvae were classified as ectoparasitized, alive, or dead. Reared parasitoids from ectoparasitized larvae were mostly morphologically identified as Necremnus sp. with parasitism rates that peaked in summer months with values between 9 and 15%. Some of these ectoparasitized larvae also yielded another parasitoid identified as Dolichogenidea gelechiidivoris Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) by both morphological and molecular-DNA barcoding methods. In 2020, parasitism rates due to D. gelechiidivoris that increased with season up to 22%. Our work reports for the first time in Europe the presence of the neotropical species D. gelechiidivoris adding this biocontrol agent to the resident parasitoid complex of T. absoluta in Spain.

scholarly journals The Influence of pH and Temperature on Water as a Pressurized Fluid in the Extraction of Bioactive Myconutrients from Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Abu-Reidah ◽  
Amber Critch ◽  
Charles Manful ◽  
Amanda Rajakaruna ◽  
Natalia Prieto Vidal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Inonotus Obliquus ◽  
Food Grade ◽  
Green Food ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
First Time

Mushrooms have long rich history in folk medicine, traditional and functional foods due to high content of dietary myco-nutrients. Currently, there is increased interest in finding appropriate food-grade green ex-traction systems capable of extracting these bioactive compounds from dietary mushrooms for applica-tions in various food, pharmacological or nutraceutical formulations. Herein, we evaluated a modified Swiss water process (SWP) method using alkaline and acidic pH at low and high temperature under pressurized conditions as a suitable green food grade solvent to obtained extracts enriched with my-co-nutrients (dietary phenolics, total antioxidants (TAA), vitamins, and minerals) from Chaga. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAMS-MS/MS) was used to assess the phenolic compounds and vitamin levels in the extracts, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral con-tents. Over twenty phenolic compounds were quantitatively evaluated in the extracts and the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed at pH11.5 at 100°C. The most abundant phenolic compounds present in Chaga extracts included phenolic acids such as protocatechuic acid 4-glucoside (0.7-1.08µg/mL), syringic acid (0.62-1.18µg/mL), and myricetin (0.68-1.3µg/mL). Vitamins are being reported for the first time in Chaga. pH 2.5 at 100°C treatment shows superior effects in extracting the B vitamins whereas pH 2.5 at 60 and 100°C treatments were outstanding for extraction of total fat-soluble vitamins. Vitamin E content was the highest for the fat-soluble vitamins in the Chaga extract under acidic pH (2.5) and high temp. (100°C) and ranges between 50 to 175 µg/100g Chaga. Antioxidant minerals ranged from 85.94 µg/g (pH7 at 100°C) to 113.86 µg/g DW (pH2.5 at 100°C). High temperature 100°C and a pH of 2.5 or 9.5. The treatment of pH11.5 at 100°C was the most useful for recovering phenolics and antioxidants from Chaga including several phenolic compounds reported for the first time in Chaga. SWP is being proposed herein for the first time as a novel, green food-grade solvent system for the extraction of myco-nutrients from Chaga and have potential applications as a suitable approach to extract nutrients from other matrices. Chaga extracts enriched with bioactive myconutrients and antioxidants may be suitable for further use or applications in the food and nutraceutical industries.

scholarly journals Long-Term Oral Administration ofCapsicum baccatumExtracts Does Not Alter Behavioral, Hematological, and Metabolic Parameters in CF1 Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Rigon Zimmer ◽  
Bianca Leonardi ◽  
Eduardo Rigon Zimmer ◽  
Eduardo Kalinine ◽  
Diogo Onofre de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phenolic Contents ◽  
First Time

Our group showed that crude ethanol (CE) and butanol (BUT) extracts ofCapsicum baccatumpresented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the flavonoid and total phenolic contents were positively correlated with both of these properties observed forC. baccatumextracts. The present study demonstrated that 60 days of oral administration of CE and BUT (200 mg/kg) in mice did not cause significant differences in the following parameters evaluated: hematological profile, body weight and relative weight of visceral organs, systemic lipid profile, glucose homeostasis (GTT), kidney and hepatic biochemical markers, and spontaneous locomotion and anxiety-like behavior. Altogether, these results indicate for the first time that the long-term oral administration ofC. baccatumextracts does not affect specific aspects of CF1 mice physiology, suggesting their safety, building up the venue to test their efficacy in animal models underlying persistent activation of oxidative and inflammatory pathways.

scholarly journals Cecropia pachystachya Leaves Present Potential to Be Used as New Ingredient for Antiaging Dermocosmetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Fernandes ◽  
Jessica Leiras Mota Conegundes ◽  
Nícolas de Castro Campos Pinto ◽  
Luiz Gustavo de Oliveira ◽  
Jair Adriano Kopke de Aguiar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Human Embryonic Kidney Cells ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
First Time

Several biological activities have been reported for leaf extracts of Cecropia pachystachya species, including antioxidant and wound healing activities. This study aims to report, for the first time, the antiaging potential of the hydroethanolic (HE) and the ethanolic (EE) extracts obtained from the leaves of C. pachystachya using different in vitro assays. Both HE and EE presented relevant antioxidant capacity in different models, including phosphomolybdenum, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), carotene/linoleic acid bleaching, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Their ability to prevent the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was also evaluated, and both extracts showed important activity, especially HE. The extracts also stimulated the fibroblasts proliferation in vitro, specialized cells that produce several mediators which maintain the skin integrity and youthfulness. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was not observed for this lineage or HEK-293, human embryonic kidney cells widely used to evaluate cytotoxicity of chemical compounds. HE also exhibited the ability to inhibit the collagenase (metalloproteinase MMP-2) and elastase activities. The total phenolic and flavonoids contents were also determined. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of the flavonoids orientin and iso-orientin, which were quantified to be used as chemical markers. The results suggested that the extracts of C. pachystachya leaves present the potential to be used in dermocosmetic formulations to prevent the skin aging process, which attracts the attention of pharmaceutical companies and researchers interested in the development of novel ingredients likely to be used as active principles in antiaging products.

scholarly journals Phenolic Compounds from An Algerian Endemic Species of Hypochaeris laevigata var. hipponensis and Investigation of Antioxidant Activities

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Souilah ◽  
Zain Ullah ◽  
Hamdi Bendif ◽  
Kamel Medjroubi ◽  
Tahar Hazmoune ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Quinic Acid ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Action ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Phenolic Constituents ◽  
First Time ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid

Hypochaeris laevigata var. hipponensis (Asteraceae) is an endemic plant from Algeria. In the current study, we analyzed for the first time its chemical composition, especially phenolic constituents of dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and n-butanol (BuOH) fractionsof the aerial parts of Hypochaeris laevigata var. hipponensis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The number of phenolic compounds detected in DCM, EA, and BuOH fractions were found to be 9, 20, and 15, respectively. More specifically, 12 phenolic acids were detected. Among them, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid were the most abundant ones. Meanwhile, only seven flavonoids were detected. Among them, rutin, apigetrin, and isoquercitrin were the major ones. We also determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and fraction EA showed the highest values, followed by BuOH, and DCM fractions. Furthermore, the antioxidant action was dictated by five methods and the tested plant fractions demonstrated a noteworthy antioxidant action.

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