Hormonal regulation of cereal endosperm development with a focus on rice (Oryza sativa)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mafroz A. Basunia ◽  
Heather M. Nonhebel
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Rice Endosperm ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Hormone Homeostasis ◽  
Model Grass

The endosperm of cereal grain forms the staple diet for most of the world’s population, and feeds much of their stock. Grain size and quality are determined largely by events taking place during coenocytic nuclear division, endosperm cellularisation and cell differentiation, and the production of storage molecules. Thus, understanding the complex signalling processes occurring at each of these steps is essential for maintaining and improving our food supply. Here, we critically review evidence for the effects of phytohormones on grain size, as well as hormone homeostasis, signalling and crosstalk. We focus on rice endosperm due to the importance of rice as a food crop and a model grass, as well as its relative neglect in recent reviews; however, data from other cereals are also discussed due to strong evidence for conserved signalling networks operating during grain development. Discussion is restricted to auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid and gibberellin. Our review highlights the need for accurate hormone determinations combined with information on gene expression. We present evidence for separate, localised signalling roles for auxin at different stages of grain development and highlight key research questions for other hormones where much less data are available.

scholarly journals APETALA2 functions as a temporal factor together with BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 and MADS29 to control flower and grain development in barley

Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. dev.194894
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Shoesmith ◽  
Charles Ugochukwu Solomon ◽  
Xiujuan Yang ◽  
Laura G. Wilkinson ◽  
Scott Sheldrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Maternal Tissue ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Temperate Cereal

Cereal grain develops from fertilised florets. Alterations in floret and grain development greatly influence grain yield and quality. Despite this, little is known about the underlying genetic control of these processes, especially in key temperate cereals such as barley and wheat. Using a combination of near-isogenic mutant comparisons, gene editing and genetic analyses, we reveal that HvAPETALA2 (HvAP2) controls floret organ identity, floret boundaries, and maternal tissue differentiation and elimination during grain development. These new roles of HvAP2 correlate with changes in grain size and HvAP2-dependent expression of specific HvMADS-box genes, including the B-sister gene, HvMADS29. Consistent with this, gene editing demonstrates that HvMADS29 shares roles with HvAP2 in maternal tissue differentiation. We also discovered that a gain-of-function HvAP2 allele masks changes in floret organ identity and grain size due to loss of barley LAXATUM.A/ BLADE-ON-PETIOLE2 (HvBOP2) gene function. Taken together, we reveal novel, pleiotropic roles and regulatory interactions for an APETALA2-like gene controlling floret and grain development in a temperate cereal.

The effect of geographical margins on cereal grain size variation: Case study for highlands of Kyrgyzstan

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 400-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giedre Motuzaite Matuzeviciute ◽  
Aida Abdykanova ◽  
Shogo Kume ◽  
Yoshihiro Nishiaki ◽  
Kubatbek Tabaldiev
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Cereal Grain

scholarly journals sandbox – Creating and Analysing Synthetic Sediment Sections with R

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dietze ◽  
Sebastian Kreutzer ◽  
Margret C. Fuchs ◽  
Sascha Meszner
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
R Package ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Proxy Data ◽  
Virtual Samples ◽  
Modern Analogue ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Reduced Complexity ◽  
Consistent Approach

Abstract. The majority of palaeoenvironmental information is inferred from proxy data contained in accretionary sediments, called geo-archives. The validity of proxy data and analysis workflows are usually assumed implicitly, with systematic tests and uncertainty estimates restricted to modern analogue studies or reduced-complexity case studies. However, a more generic and consistent approach to exploring the validity and variability of proxy functions would be to translate a given geo-archive into a model scenario: a "virtual twin". Here, we introduce a conceptual framework and numerical toolset that allows the definition and analysis of synthetic sediment sections. The R package sandbox describes arbitrary stratigraphically consistent deposits by depth-dependent rules and grain-specific parameters, allowing full scalability and flexibility. Virtual samples can be taken, resulting in discrete grain-mixtures with well-defined parameters. These samples can then be virtually prepared and analysed, for example to test hypotheses. We illustrate the concept of sandbox, explain how a sediment section can be mapped into the model and, by focusing on an exemplary field of application, we explore universal geochronological research questions related to the effects of sample geometry and grain-size specific age inheritance. We summarise further application scenarios of the model framework, relevant for but not restricted to the broader geochronological community.

scholarly journals Laser Microdissection Transcriptome Data Derived Gene Regulatory Networks of Developing Rice Endosperm Revealed Tissue- and Stage-specific Regulators Modulating Starch Metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Ishimaru ◽  
Sabiha Parween ◽  
Yuhi Saito ◽  
Takehiro Masumura ◽  
Motohiko Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Laser Microdissection ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Starch Metabolism ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Rice Endosperm

Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L.) filial seed tissues are heterozygous in its function, which accumulate distinct storage compounds spatially in starchy endosperm and aleurone. In this study, we identified the 18 tissue- and stage-specific gene co-regulons in the developing endosperm by isolating four fine tissues dorsal aleurone layer (AL), central starchy endosperm (CSE), dorsal starchy endosperm (DSE), and lateral starchy endosperm (LSE) at two developmental stages (7 days after flowering, DAF and 12DAF) using laser microdissection (LM) coupled with gene expression analysis of a 44K microarray. The derived co-expression regulatory networks depict that distinct set of starch biosynthesis genes expressed preferentially at first in CSE at 7 DAF and extend its spatial expression to LSE and DSE by 12 DAF. Interestingly, along with the peak of starch metabolism we noticed accumulation of transcripts related to phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism in CSE during 12 DAF. The spatial distribution of starch accumulation in distinct zones of starchy endosperm contains specific transcriptional factors and hormonal-regulated genes. Genes related to programmed cell death (PCD) were specifically expressed in CSE at 12DAF, when starch accumulation was already completed in that tissue. The aleurone layer present in the outermost endosperm accumulates transcripts of lipid, tricarboxylic acid metabolism, several transporters, while starch metabolism and PCD is not pronounced. These regulatory cascades are likely to play a critical role in determining the positional fate of cells and offer novel insights into the molecular physiological mechanisms of endosperm development from early to middle storage phase.

scholarly journals Trihelix Transcription Factor ZmThx20 Is Required for Kernel Development in Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12137
Author(s):  
Peng Li ◽  
Zhaoxia Li ◽  
Guangning Xie ◽  
Juren Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Storage Protein ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Kernel Development ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Storage Reserve ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Trihelix Transcription Factor

Maize kernels are the harvested portion of the plant and are related to the yield and quality of maize. The endosperm of maize is a large storage organ that constitutes 80–90% of the dry weight of mature kernels. Maize kernels have long been the study of cereal grain development to increase yield. In this study, a natural mutation that causes abnormal kernel development, and displays a shrunken kernel phenotype, was identified and named “shrunken 2008 (sh2008)”. The starch grains in sh2008 are loose and have a less proteinaceous matrix surrounding them. The total storage protein and the major storage protein zeins are ~70% of that in the wild-type control (WT); in particular, the 19 kDa and 22 kDa α-zeins. Map-based cloning revealed that sh2008 encodes a GT-2 trihelix transcription factor, ZmThx20. Using CRISPR/Cas9, two other alleles with mutated ZmThx20 were found to have the same abnormal kernel. Shrunken kernels can be rescued by overexpressing normal ZmThx20. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the kernels from sh2008 and WT showed that the GO terms of translation, ribosome, and nutrient reservoir activity were enriched in the down-regulated genes (sh2008/WT). In short, these changes can lead to defects in endosperm development and storage reserve filling in seeds.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of the maize inbred line Chang7-2 and a large-grain mutant tc19

BMC Genomics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanrong Zhang ◽  
Fuchao Jiao ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Yuhe Pei ◽  
Meiai Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Grain Width ◽  
Transcriptome Level

Abstract Backgrounds Grain size is a key factor in crop yield that gradually develops after pollination. However, few studies have reported gene expression patterns in maize grain development using large-grain mutants. To investigate the developmental mechanisms of grain size, we analyzed a large-grain mutant, named tc19, at the morphological and transcriptome level at five stages corresponding to days after pollination (DAP). Results After maturation, the grain length, width, and thickness in tc19 were greater than that in Chang7-2 (control) and increased by 3.57, 8.80, and 3.88%, respectively. Further analysis showed that grain width and 100-kernel weight in tc19 was lower than in Chang7-2 at 14 and 21 DAP, but greater than that in Chang7-2 at 28 DAP, indicating that 21 to 28 DAP was the critical stage for kernel width and weight development. For all five stages, the concentrations of auxin and brassinosteroids were significantly higher in tc19 than in Chang7-2. Gibberellin was higher at 7, 14, and 21 DAP, and cytokinin was higher at 21 and 35 DAP, in tc19 than in Chang7-2. Through transcriptome analysis at 14, 21, and 28 DAP, we identified 2987, 2647 and 3209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tc19 and Chang7-2. By using KEGG analysis, 556, 500 and 633 DEGs at 14, 21 and 28 DAP were pathway annotated, respectively, 77 of them are related to plant hormone signal transduction pathway. ARF3, AO2, DWF4 and XTH are higher expressed in tc19 than that in Chang7-2. Conclusions We found some DEGs in maize grain development by using Chang7-2 and a large-grain mutant tc19. These DEGs have potential application value in improving maize performance.

Functional genomics based understanding of rice endosperm development

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-Rong Zhou ◽  
Lin-Lin Yin ◽  
Hong-Wei Xue
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Rice Endosperm

scholarly journals Physiology of Cereal Grain III. Photosynthesis in the Wheat Ear During Grain Development

1962 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 611 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Buttrose
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Triticum Vulgare ◽  
Cereal Grain

Cereal ears are important as photosynthetic organs in contributing to grain yield and, since ear tissues are the last to yellow, their relative activity may increase during grain development. Glume surface exposed to light has been observed to increase as grains swell, and thus actual photosynthetic capacity of ears may also increase. The contribution of ear photosynthesis to grain growth has now been measured for wheat (Triticum vulgare cv. Gabo) over intervals between anthesis and maturity, by a technique involving stem shading and grain removal.

scholarly journals Barley Grain Development during Drought Stress: Current Status and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan ◽  
Véronique Bergougnoux
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belongs to small grain cereals that cover more than 78% of the daily calorie consumption of humans. With a prediction of 9.7 billion humans in 2050 (FAO stats) and climatic changes, the question of increasing small grain cereal’s production has become an agricultural challenge. Drought exerts a strong environmental pressure, causing large yield losses worldwide. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms responsible for grain development from the fertilization to the mature dry grain is essential to understand how drought can affect this developmental program. In this book chapter, we present the physiological, molecular and hormonal regulation of barley grain development. In a second part, we describe the consequences of drought at different stage of barley development, with a special focus on the reproductive phase. Finally, in the last part, we present the different methods used to decipher new genetic information related to drought-tolerance. All this knowledge contributes to understanding the tolerance mechanisms of barley and to developing breeding strategies aiming to bring about new varieties with sustained yield in harsh conditions.

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