scholarly journals Barley Grain Development during Drought Stress: Current Status and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mortaza Khodaeiaminjan ◽  
Véronique Bergougnoux
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Large Yield ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belongs to small grain cereals that cover more than 78% of the daily calorie consumption of humans. With a prediction of 9.7 billion humans in 2050 (FAO stats) and climatic changes, the question of increasing small grain cereal’s production has become an agricultural challenge. Drought exerts a strong environmental pressure, causing large yield losses worldwide. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms responsible for grain development from the fertilization to the mature dry grain is essential to understand how drought can affect this developmental program. In this book chapter, we present the physiological, molecular and hormonal regulation of barley grain development. In a second part, we describe the consequences of drought at different stage of barley development, with a special focus on the reproductive phase. Finally, in the last part, we present the different methods used to decipher new genetic information related to drought-tolerance. All this knowledge contributes to understanding the tolerance mechanisms of barley and to developing breeding strategies aiming to bring about new varieties with sustained yield in harsh conditions.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Dynamics of Grain Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianxin Bian ◽  
Pingchuan Deng ◽  
Haoshuang Zhan ◽  
Xiaotong Wu ◽  
Mutthanthirige Nishantha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Rna Editing ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Transcriptional Dynamics

Grain development, as a vital process in the crop’s life cycle, is crucial for determining crop quality and yield. However, the molecular basis and regulatory network of barley grain development is not well understood at present. Here, we investigated the transcriptional dynamics of barley grain development through RNA sequencing at four developmental phases, including early prestorage phase (3 days post anthesis (DPA)), late prestorage or transition phase (8 DPA), early storage phase (13 DPA), and levels off stages (18 DPA). Transcriptome profiling found that pronounced shifts occurred in the abundance of transcripts involved in both primary and secondary metabolism during grain development. The transcripts’ activity was decreased during maturation while the largest divergence was observed between the transitions from prestorage phase to storage phase, which coincided with the physiological changes. Furthermore, the transcription factors, hormone signal transduction-related as well as sugar-metabolism-related genes, were found to play a crucial role in barley grain development. Finally, 4771 RNA editing events were identified in these four development stages, and most of the RNA editing genes were preferentially expressed at the prestore stage rather than in the store stage, which was significantly enriched in “essential” genes and plant hormone signal transduction pathway. These results suggested that RNA editing might act as a ‘regulator’ to control grain development. This study systematically dissected the gene expression atlas of barley grain development through transcriptome analysis, which not only provided the potential targets for further functional studies, but also provided insights into the dynamics of gene regulation underlying grain development in barley and beyond.

scholarly journals Natural Variation in Ovule Morphology Is Influenced by Multiple Tissues and Impacts Downstream Grain Development in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura G. Wilkinson ◽  
Xiujuan Yang ◽  
Rachel A. Burton ◽  
Tobias Würschum ◽  
Matthew R. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L

scholarly journals Somatic Embryogenesis in Centaurium erythraea Rafn—Current Status and Perspectives: A Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Ana D. Simonović ◽  
Milana M. Trifunović-Momčilov ◽  
Biljana K. Filipović ◽  
Marija P. Marković ◽  
Milica D. Bogdanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Arabinogalactan Proteins ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Root Explants ◽  
Centaurium Erythraea

Centaurium erythraea (centaury) is a traditionally used medicinal plant, with a spectrum of secondary metabolites with confirmed healing properties. Centaury is an emerging model in plant developmental biology due to its vigorous regenerative potential and great developmental plasticity when cultured in vitro. Hereby, we review nearly two decades of research on somatic embryogenesis (SE) in centaury. During SE, somatic cells are induced by suitable culture conditions to express their totipotency, acquire embryogenic characteristics, and eventually give rise to somatic embryos. When SE is initiated from centaury root explants, the process occurs spontaneously (on hormone-free medium), directly (without the callusing phase), and the somatic embryos are of unicellular origin. SE from leaf explants has to be induced by plant growth regulators and is indirect (preceded by callusing). Histological observations and culture conditions are compared in these two systems. The changes in antioxidative enzymes were followed during SE from the leaf explants. Special focus is given to the role of arabinogalactan proteins during SE, which were analyzed using a variety of approaches. The newest and preliminary results, including centaury transcriptome, novel potential SE markers, and novel types of arabinogalactan proteins, are discussed as perspectives of centaury research.

Differential Protein Accumulation during Barley Grain Development

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. RAHMAN ◽  
P. R. SHEWRY ◽  
B. J. MIFLIN
Keyword(s):  
Barley Grain ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Differential Protein

scholarly journals Micro-Water Harvesting and Soil Amendment Increase Grain Yields of Barley on a Heavy-Textured Alkaline Sodic Soil in a Rainfed Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Edward G. Barrett-Lennard ◽  
Rushna Munir ◽  
Dana Mulvany ◽  
Laine Williamson ◽  
Glen Riethmuller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Salt Leaching

This paper focuses on the adverse effects of soil sodicity and alkalinity on the growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in a rainfed environment in south-western Australia. These conditions cause the accumulation of salt (called ‘transient salinity’) in the root zone, which decreases the solute potential of the soil solution, particularly at the end of the growing season as the soil dries. We hypothesized that two approaches could help overcome this stress: (a) improved micro-water harvesting at the soil surface, which would help maintain soil hydration, decreasing the salinity of the soil solution, and (b) soil amelioration using small amounts of gypsum, elemental sulfur or gypsum plus elemental sulfur, which would ensure greater salt leaching. In our experiments, improved micro-water harvesting was achieved using a tillage technique consisting of exaggerated mounds between furrows and the covering of these mounds with plastic sheeting. The combination of the mounds and the application of a low rate of gypsum in the furrow (50 kg ha−1) increased yields of barley grain by 70% in 2019 and by 57% in 2020, relative to a control treatment with conventional tillage, no plastic sheeting and no amendment. These increases in yield were related to changes in ion concentrations in the soil and to changes in apparent electrical conductivity measured with the EM38.

scholarly journals Changes in the Nutrient Composition of Barley Grain (Hordeum vulgare L.) and of Morphological Fractions of Sprouts

Scientifica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Luis T. Ortiz ◽  
Susana Velasco ◽  
Jesús Treviño ◽  
Beatriz Jiménez ◽  
Almudena Rebolé
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Residual Structure ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
Barley Grains ◽  
Green Shoot

The objectives of the current study were (1) to evaluate the effect of sprouting on protein, amino acids, fats, fatty acids, starch, total soluble carbohydrates, and ß-D-glucan content of barley grains and (2) to know the content of these nutrients in the morphological fractions of sprouts: green shoot, residual structure of sprouted grain (RSSG), residual structure of sprouted grain plus unsprouted grain (RSSG plus UG), and root fractions and to determine the proportion of each of these fractions (on fresh and dry basis) in the sprout biomass. Barley grain was sprouted in a commercial germination chamber for a period of 6 days. Raw grain was used as a control. Results showed that crude protein, ether extract, total soluble carbohydrates, and cellulose content increased, whereas starch and ß-D-glucan content decreased in sprouted when compared with the control grain. Amino acid and fatty acid profiles were also affected. Thus, aspartic acid, threonine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, lysine, and tryptophan content increased and only that of glutamic acid decreased after sprouting. Regarding fatty acids, an increase in the relative concentration of C18 : 0 and C18:3n-3 and a decrease in that of C18:1n-9 were detected. Partitioning of sprouted barley into three morphological component fractions showed that the residual structures of sprouted grains plus unsprouted grain fraction made up 82.9% and 93.6% of sprout biomass, on fresh and DM basis, respectively, and the remainder was provided by the root fraction, 10.3% and 3.2%, respectively, and by the green shoot fraction, 6.8% and 3.1%, respectively. The three morphological fractions differed in the content of the most analyzed nutrients.

Investigating Diachronic Variation and Change in New Varieties of English

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Rita Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Language Standardization ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Language Universals ◽  
Verb Particle Constructions ◽  
Over Time

This contribution focuses on processes of language feature convergence which gradually lead to linguistic stabilization over time, whereby specific attention will be given to the process of Englishization in the South-Asian area. The chapter outlines some basic concepts pertaining language universals, contact, and change, as well as descriptive approaches to world varieties of English by referring to the feature classification proposed by Meshtrie and Bhatt. Then, as an explanatory case, it presents the results of a study of verb-particle constructions in a well-established variety of English (i.e., Indian English) obtained by sampling data from sources varying in time, genre, and register with a special focus on the methodological procedures and the analysis tools adopted to extract specific information from the data. Finally, the implications of those findings for future research on the process of language standardization in new varieties of English will be further explored.

Identification and Classification of Prokaryotes using whole-genome sequences.

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Luis M. Rodriguez-R ◽  
Ramon Rosselló-Móra ◽  
Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Major Genome ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Abstract This book chapter attempts to summarize the major findings from genome-based taxonomic studies in the past two decades, and briefly describe the major genome-based approaches currently available for species identification and classification with special focus on the 'uncultivated majority' and associated limitations, as well as outlines future directions towards a truly genome-based taxonomy for prokaryotes that will equally encompass cultured and uncultivated taxa. Importantly, the need for a system to catalogue uncultivated taxa is very urgent, because the genomes and ecological/functional data that are becoming available are already overwhelming, and alphanumeric identifiers and synonyms are creating confusion of Babylonian dimensions.

Patterns of Barley Grain Development in Spain and Scotland and Their Implications for Malting Quality

1997 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Swanston ◽  
R. P. Ellis ◽  
A. Perez-Vendrell ◽  
J. Voltas ◽  
J.-L. Molina-Cano
Keyword(s):  
Barley Grain ◽  
Malting Quality ◽  
Grain Development

The effects of three pulse crops on a second subsequent crop

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Ross ◽  
J. R. King ◽  
C. M. Williams ◽  
S. M. Strydhorst ◽  
M. A. Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Subsequent Crop

Ross, S. M., King, J. R., Williams, C. M., Strydhorst, S. M., Olson, M. A., Hoy, C. F. and Lopetinsky, K. J. 2015. The effects of three pulse crops on a second subsequent crop. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 779–786. Pulse crops can provide benefits to cropping systems, but few studies follow the effects beyond one subsequent crop. This study investigated the effects of three pulses on 2 yr of subsequent crops at Barrhead and St. Albert in central Alberta. In year 1 (YR1), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.) were grown without added N. The design included plus N controls, eight different crops in YR2, and barley in YR3. YR1 effects on YR3 barley varied between sites and years, and drought conditions in 2009 affected results. Effects of YR1 faba bean were greater than pea or lupin. Increases in YR3 barley grain yields averaged 11% (0.33 Mg ha–1) and increases in seed N yields averaged 11% (7.2 kg N ha–1) after YR1 faba bean, compared with after YR1 canola or barley without added N (BCO). Increases in YR3 barley grain yields and seed N yields averaged 3 to 5% after YR1 pea or lupin, compared with BCO.YR1 crops had few effects on YR3 barley P uptake. Results indicated that pulse crops can improve the yield and quality of a second subsequent crop.

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