Research note:Autoradiography utilising labelled ascorbic acid reveals biochemical and morphological details in diverse calcium oxalate crystal-forming species

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Kostman ◽  
Nathan M. Tarlyn ◽  
Vincent R. Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Sand ◽  
Acid Precursor

Many plant species accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in specialised cells called crystal idioblasts. In one species of crystal-forming plants (Pistia stratiotes L.; forming raphide crystals), it has been shown that ascorbic acid is the primary precursor of oxalic acid. The question remains if this is true of other calcium oxalate crystal-forming plants. One way of answering the above question is by examining ascorbic acid as the oxalic acid precursor in diverse species with a variety of crystal types. In this study we tested ascorbic acid as the primary precursor of oxalic acid in four different species, each forming one of the four, thus far, unexamined crystal types: water hyacinth, styloid (and raphide); tomato, crystal sand; winged-bean, prismatic; water lily, astrosclereids with surface prismatic crystals. Pulse–chase feeding of 1-[14C]-ascorbic acid followed by resin embedding, microautoradiography and light microscopy were employed to examine incorporation of label into calcium oxalate crystals. For the species and crystal types studied, ascorbic acid is the primary precursor of oxalic acid and further, oxalic acid is added to crystals in patterns that correlate with the age and type of crystal involved.

An SEM study of raphide crystal initials in the leaves of vitis (grape)

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
M. A. Webb ◽  
L. E. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sem Study ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Crystal Cells ◽  
Crystal Idioblast

Many papers have been published on the structure of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, however, few deal with the early development of crystals. Large numbers of idioblastic calcium oxalate crystal cells are found in the leaves of Vitis mustangensis, V. labrusca and V. vulpina. A crystal idioblast, or raphide cell, will produce 150-300 needle-like calcium oxalate crystals within a central vacuole. Each raphide crystal is autonomous, having been produced in a separate membrane-defined crystal chamber; the idioblast''s crystal complement is collectively embedded in a water soluble glycoprotein matrix which fills the vacuole. The crystals are twins, each having a pointed and a bidentate end (Fig 1); when mature they are about 0.5-1.2 μn in diameter and 30-70 μm in length. Crystal bundles, i.e., crystals and their matrix, can be isolated from leaves using 100% ETOH. If the bundles are treated with H2O the matrix surrounding the crystals rapidly disperses.

Oxalic acid and calcium oxalate produced by Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii in culture and in peach bark tissues

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1952-1956 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Traquair
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Crystal Morphology ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopes

Oxalic acid and crystals of calcium oxalate were produced during growth of Leucostoma cincta and L. persoonii on potato dextrose agar and in peach bark tissues. The identification of calcium oxalate was based on solubility characteristics, the results of KMnO4 titration, positive staining with silver nitrate – dithiooxamide, and crystal morphology as observed with light and scanning electron microscopes. Oxalic acid was detected by gas chromatography. This is the first report of oxalic acid production by both Leucostoma species causing peach canker. Calcium oxalate crystals observed on or near hyphae in culture were similar to crystals in artificially inoculated peach bark tissues. Addition of oxalic acid solutions alone to inner bark tissues caused maceration and necrosis. These results indicate a role for oxalic acid in the early stages of pathogenesis by Leucostoma spp. Tetragonal (bipyramidal) and prismatic calcium oxalate crystals formed on bark wounds treated with oxalic acid solutions were similar to those observed in infected tissues and in culture media amended with oxalic acid.

Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 881-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin V. Dutton ◽  
Christine S. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Copper Salts ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Secretion

Oxalate secretion by fungi provides many advantages for their growth and colonization of substrates. The role of oxalic acid in pathogenesis is through acidification of host tissues and sequestration of calcium from host cell walls. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals weakens the cell walls, thereby allowing polygalacturonase to effect degradation more rapidly in a synergistic response. There is good correlation between pathogenesis, virulence, and oxalic acid secretion. Solubility of soil nutrients is achieved by soil-living species, when cations freed by oxalate diffusing in clay layers increases the effective solubility of Al and Fe. Oxalate retained in hyphal mats of mycorrhizal species increases phosphate and sulphate availability. The formation of calcium oxalate crystals provides a reservoir of calcium in the ecosystem. The ability of oxalate to bind divalent cations permits detoxification of copper, particularly evident in wood preserved with copper salts. Oxalate plays a unique role in lignocellulose degradation by wood-rotting basidiomycetes, acting as a low molecular mass agent initiating decay. In addition, in white-rot fungi oxalate acts as a potential electron donor for lignin-peroxidase catalysed reduction and chelates manganese, allowing the dissolution of Mn3+from the manganese–enzyme complex and thus stimulating extracellular manganese peroxidase activity. The biosynthesis and degradation of oxalate are discussed.Key words: oxalic acid, calcium oxalate, pathogenicity, fungi.

Urate Does Not Influence the Formation of Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Whole Human Urine at pH 5·3

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Hallson ◽  
G. A. Rose ◽  
S. Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Quantitative Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stones ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

1. Samples of fresh human urine were treated with immobilized uricase to lower urate concentration. Urate was added to yield low, normal and high urate samples. 2. Each sample was rapidly evaporated at pH 5.3 to standard osmolality and the yield of calcium oxalate crystals measured either by semi-quantitative microscopy or fully quantitative radioisotope techniques. 3. Increase of urinary urate did not increase the calcium oxalate crystals formed and may even have had an opposite effect. 4. Allantoin was without significant effect upon calcium oxalate crystal formation. 5. These data provide no support for the suggestion that reducing urate concentrations in the urine may be of value in treatment of patients with calcium oxalate stones.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis of l-Ascorbic Acid and Conversion of Carbons 1 and 2 of l-Ascorbic Acid to Oxalic Acid Occurs within Individual Calcium Oxalate Crystal Idioblasts

2001 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Kostman ◽  
Nathan M. Tarlyn ◽  
Frank A. Loewus ◽  
Vincent R. Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal

Hydroxycitric Acid Inhibits Renal Calcium Oxalate Deposition by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Peng Yuan ◽  
Xifeng Sun ◽  
Zhiqiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Tubular Injury ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Crystal Deposition ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Hydroxycitric Acid ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the preventive effects of hydroxycitric acid（HCA） for stone formation in the glyoxylate-induced mouse model. Materials and methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into a control group, glyoxylate(GOX) 100 mg/kg group, a GOX+HCA 100 mg/kg group, and a GOX+HCA 200 mg/kg group. Blood samples and kidney samples were collected on the eighth day of the experiment. We used Pizzolato staining and a polarized light microscope to examine crystal formation and evaluated oxidative stress via the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF κ B), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) messenger RNA (mRNA). The expression of osteopontin (OPN) and a cluster of differentiation-44(CD44) were detected by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. In addition, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining and TUNEL assay were used to evaluate renal tubular injury and apoptosis. Results: HCA treatment could reduce markers of renal impairment (Blood Urea Nitrogen and serum creatinine). There was significantly less calcium oxalate crystal deposition in mice treated with HCA. Calcium oxalate crystals induced the production of reactive oxygen species and reduced the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes. HCA attenuated oxidative stress induced by calcium oxalate crystallization. HCA had inhibitory effects on calcium oxalate-induced inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1, IL- 1 β, and IL-6. In addition, HCA alleviated tubular injury and apoptosis caused by calcium oxalate crystals. Conclusion: HCA inhibits renal injury and calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the glyoxylate-induced mouse model through antioxidation and anti-inflammation.

OXALOSIS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-666
Author(s):  
L. YING CHOU ◽  
W. L. DONOHUE
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Inborn Error ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Inborn Error Of Metabolism ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals

A case is reported of renal failure in a boy subsequent to recurrent calcium oxalate urinary calculi. The post mortem disclosed widespread deposits in the tissues of calcium oxalate crystals. These were particularly prominent in the kidneys and bone marrow. It is suggested that this is the end result of an "inborn error of metabolism" in which there was an excessive formation of oxalic acid.

Calcium oxalate crystal formation in a species of Hyphoderma (basidiomycetes)

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
H. J. Arnott ◽  
K. D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Fungal Hyphae

Calcium oxalate crystals are often found in association with fungal hyphae. In examining leaf litter samples with the use of scanning electron microscopy, Graustein et al. demonstrated that hyphae of some basidiomycetes are often encrusted with conspicuous calcium oxalate deposits and postulated that these crystals were formed when oxalate released by the fungus precipitated with free calcium ions in the environment. Studies by Arnott and Arnott and Webb, however, showed that at least some calcium oxalate crystals produced by these fungi arose within the fungal cell wall. These studies revealed that the crystals were enclosed within a thin layer of wall material during development, and it was hypothesized that the growth of the crystals is under direct control of the fungal cell.

Diversity of calcium oxalate crystals in Cactaceae

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter P. Hartl ◽  
Helmut Klapper ◽  
Bruno Barbier ◽  
Hans Jürgen Ensikat ◽  
Richard Dronskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Polarizing Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Sand ◽  
Scanning Electron

The occurrence of various types of calcium oxalate crystals was studied in 251 species and subspecies of Cactaceae to determine whether they are useful characters for Cactaceae systematics. Crystal hydration states were identified by X-ray powder diffraction and polarizing microscopy as monoclinic calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and tetragonal calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Ninety-eight percent of taxa studied contained either COM or COD crystals, or both. Different morphologies of crystals were further defined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy as druses, raphides, styloids (prisms), and crystal sand. In particular, the preponderance of one of the hydration states (COM or COD) was characteristic for certain Cactus subfamilies. Data showed that in Pereskioideae, Maihuenioideae, and Opuntioideae COM is predominant, while in Cactoideae COD prevails. In the remainder of Cactoideae, the crystals were quite variable. In tribe Hylocereeae, many species form both COM and COD as well. In the genera Hylocereus , Epiphyllum , Selenicereus , and Weberocereus , COM forms were almost exclusively represented by raphides together with different crystal forms in their epidermal cells. In the remainder of the Cactoideae, crystals did not follow any observable patterns. Development of crystallographic standards for identifying crystal forms microscopically is proposed for future crystal studies.

The Role of Druse and Raphide Calcium Oxalate Crystals in Tissue Calcium Regulation in Pistia stratiotes Leaves

Plant Biology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Volk ◽  
V. J. Lynch-Holm ◽  
T. A. Kostman ◽  
L. J. Goss ◽  
V. R. Franceschi
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Regulation ◽  
Pistia Stratiotes ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Tissue Calcium
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