Diversity of calcium oxalate crystals in Cactaceae

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 501-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter P. Hartl ◽  
Helmut Klapper ◽  
Bruno Barbier ◽  
Hans Jürgen Ensikat ◽  
Richard Dronskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Polarizing Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate ◽  
Crystal Forms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Crystal Sand ◽  
Scanning Electron

The occurrence of various types of calcium oxalate crystals was studied in 251 species and subspecies of Cactaceae to determine whether they are useful characters for Cactaceae systematics. Crystal hydration states were identified by X-ray powder diffraction and polarizing microscopy as monoclinic calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and tetragonal calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). Ninety-eight percent of taxa studied contained either COM or COD crystals, or both. Different morphologies of crystals were further defined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy as druses, raphides, styloids (prisms), and crystal sand. In particular, the preponderance of one of the hydration states (COM or COD) was characteristic for certain Cactus subfamilies. Data showed that in Pereskioideae, Maihuenioideae, and Opuntioideae COM is predominant, while in Cactoideae COD prevails. In the remainder of Cactoideae, the crystals were quite variable. In tribe Hylocereeae, many species form both COM and COD as well. In the genera Hylocereus , Epiphyllum , Selenicereus , and Weberocereus , COM forms were almost exclusively represented by raphides together with different crystal forms in their epidermal cells. In the remainder of the Cactoideae, crystals did not follow any observable patterns. Development of crystallographic standards for identifying crystal forms microscopically is proposed for future crystal studies.

scholarly journals Ovule Structure of Scotch thistle Onopordum acanthium L. (Cynareae, Asteraceae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Kolczyk ◽  
Piotr Stolarczyk ◽  
Bartosz J. Płachno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Polarizing Microscopy ◽  
Onopordum Acanthium ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mature Ovule ◽  
Vacuolated Cells ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractStudies concerning the ultrastructure of the periendothelial zone integumentary cells of Asteraceae species are scarce. The aim was to check whether and/or what kinds of integument modifications occur inOnopordum acanthium. Ovule structure was investigated using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. For visualization of calcium oxalate crystals, the polarizing microscopy was used. The periendothelial zone of integument inO. acanthiumis well developed and composed of mucilage cells near the integumentary tapetum and large, highly vacuolated cells at the chalaza and therefore they differ from other integumentary cells. The cells of this zone lack starch and protein bodies. Periendothelial zone cells do not have calcium oxalate crystals, in contrast to other integument cells. The disintegration of periendothelial zone cells was observed in a mature ovule. The general ovule structure ofO. acanthiumis similar to other members of the subfamily Carduoideae, although it is different to “Taraxacum”, “Galinsoga” and “Ratibida” ovule types.

scholarly journals Calcium Oxalate Biomineralization by Piloderma fallax in Response to Various Levels of Calcium and Phosphorus

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (22) ◽  
pp. 7079-7085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Marie S. Tuason ◽  
Joselito M. Arocena
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Phosphorus Limitation ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

ABSTRACT Piloderma fallax is an ectomycorrhizal fungus commonly associated with several conifer and hardwood species. We examined the formation of calcium oxalate crystals by P. fallax in response to calcium (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 mM) and phosphorus (0.1 and 6 mM) additions in modified Melin-Norkrans agar medium. Both calcium and phosphorus supplementation significantly affected the amount of calcium oxalate formed. More calcium oxalate was formed at high P levels. Concentrations of soluble oxalate in the fungus and medium were higher at low P levels. There was a strong positive linear relationship between Ca level and calcium oxalate but only under conditions of phosphorus limitation. Calcium oxalate crystals were identified as the monohydrate form (calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM] whewellite) by X-ray diffraction analysis. Prismatic, styloid, and raphide forms of the crystals, characteristic COM, were observed on the surface of fungal hyphae by scanning electron microscopy. P. fallax may be capable of dissolving hyphal calcium oxalate under conditions of limited Ca. The biomineralization of calcium oxalate by fungi may be an important step in the translocation and cycling of Ca and P in soil.

Identification of calcium oxalate crystals in dried or fixed tobacco leaf

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 288-289
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Baliga ◽  
Mary Ellen Counts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Calcium is an important element in the growth and development of plants and one form of calcium is calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate has been found in leaf seed, stem material plant tissue culture, fungi and lichen using one or more of the following methods—polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction.Two methods are presented here for qualitatively estimating calcium oxalate in dried or fixed tobacco (Nicotiana) leaf from different stalk positions using PLM. SEM, coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), and powder x-ray diffraction were used to verify that the crystals observed in the dried leaf with PLM were calcium oxalate.

The Effect of Ethane-1-Hydroxy-1,1-Diphosphonate (EHDP) on Calcium Oxalate Crystalluria in Recurrent Renal Stone-Formers

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Robertson ◽  
M. Peacock ◽  
R. W. Marshall ◽  
F. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Sodium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Stone ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Stone Formers

1. The volume, size and type of calcium oxalate crystals excreted in the urine of a group of patients with recurrent ‘idiopathic’ stones were studied on a controlled basal diet, after an oral supplement of sodium oxalate and after oral administration of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) for 4 weeks. 2. Before administration of EHDP the stone-formers passed the large crystals and aggregates of calcium oxalate dihydrate characteristic of recurrent calcium oxalate stone-formers. For the same level of urine saturation and crystalluria EHDP caused a significant reduction in the proportion of large crystals and aggregates excreted. Studies by light-microscopy confirmed that EHDP caused a striking change in the size and habit of calcium oxalate crystals in some but not all of the urine samples examined. 3. The decrease in average crystal size during the administration of EHDP was attributed to the observed increase in the ability of urine to inhibit the growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals as measured by a growth system in vitro. 4. The possible use of EHDP as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of calcium oxalate stone-formation is discussed.

Effect of Seed Crystals of Uric Acid and Monosodium Urate on the Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in Undiluted Human Urine in Vitro

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phulwinder K. Grover ◽  
Rosemary L. Ryall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Monosodium Urate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Seed Crystals ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Scanning Electron

1. The aim of this study was to determine whether seed crystals of uric acid or monosodium urate promote the epitaxial deposition of calcium oxalate in undiluted human urine. The effects of seed crystals of uric acid, monosodium urate or calcium oxalate on calcium oxalate crystallization induced in pooled 24-h urine samples collected from six healthy men were determined by [14C]oxalate deposition and Coulter counter particle analysis. The precipitated crystals were examined by scanning electron microscopy. 2. Seed crystals of uric acid, monosodium urate and calcium oxalate increased the precipitated particle volume in comparison with the control containing no seeds by 13.6%, 56.8% and 206.5% respectively, whereas the deposition of [14C]oxalate in these samples relative to the control was 1.4% (P < 0.05), 5.2% (P < 0.01) and 54% (P < 0.001) respectively. The crystalline particles deposited in the presence of monosodium urate seeds were smaller than those in the control samples. Scanning electron microscopy showed that large aggregates of calcium oxalate were formed in the presence of calcium oxalate seeds, which themselves were not visible. In contrast, monosodium urate and, to a lesser extent, uric acid seeds were scattered free on the membrane surfaces and attached like barnacles upon the surface of the calcium oxalate crystals. 3. It was concluded that seed crystals of monosodium urate and uric acid do not promote calcium oxalate deposition to a physiologically significant degree in urine. Howsever, binding of monosodium urate and uric acid crystals and their subsequent enclosure within actively growing calcium oxalate crystals might occur in vivo, thereby explaining the occurrence of mixed urate/oxalate stones.

Production of Calcium Oxalate Crystals by Two Species of Cyathus in Culture and Infested Plant Debris

1997 ◽  
Vol 52 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 421-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalpa P. Tewari ◽  
Tracy C. Shinners ◽  
Keith G. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
Plant Debris ◽  
Infested Plant ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Decomposition Of Organic Matter ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

Abstract Hyphae of Cyathus striatus and C. olla in culture and on infested plant debris were heavily encrusted with crystals. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that raphide-and styloid­ shaped crystals were associated with the hyphae of C. olla in canola stubble and in culture. Bipyramidal crystals were also present in culture. Distinct raphide druses developed on C. striatus hyphae colonizing wood chips, but in culture most crystals were bipyramidal or other shapes. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyses, FT/IR spectroscopy, and 13C NMR spectros­ copy determined that these crystals were calcium oxalate. This is the first report of calcium oxalate crystal production by these fungi. This characteristic has implications towards decomposition of organic matter, biomineralization, nutrient cycling, and soil genesis.

Evidence that nephrocalcin and urine inhibit nucleation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. F824-F830 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Asplin ◽  
S. DeGanello ◽  
Y. N. Nakagawa ◽  
F. L. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Constant Composition ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Pump Delivery ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Supersaturated Solutions ◽  
Normal Controls

Human urine, and nephrocalcin (NC), a glycoprotein of probable kidney cell origin, greatly reduce consumption of calcium and oxalate from metastably supersaturated solutions seeded with calcium oxalate crystals, a phenomenon usually referred to as inhibition of crystal growth. We seeded metastably supersaturated calcium oxalate solutions with calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals under conditions of ion clamping to maintain constant composition and measured ion consumption from pump delivery rates. Consumption rates increased continuously with time as if the solutions were autocatalytic. After incubation, the seeds were covered with innumerable crystallites, which were also free and numerous in the solution, reflecting self-nucleation. The addition of 20% whole, dialyzed urine, or purified NC reduced ion consumption rates markedly, and the only crystals observed at the end of incubation were the large original seeds. Crystals precoated with concentrated dialyzed urine or NC also showed reduced ion consumption. Urine and NC from patients with nephrolithiasis inhibited nucleation less than normal controls. Self-nucleation seems to be the preferred response in sparsely seeded, ion-clamped, supersaturated solutions, such as exist in the nephron. Urine and NC suppress self-nucleation in vitro by adsorbing to the surface of calcium oxalate crystals.

Calcium oxalate crystals of some Crataegus (Rosaceae) species growing in Aegean region

Biologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice Demiray
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aegean Region ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rosaceae Species ◽  
Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Hydration State ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ca Oxalate

AbstractIn this study, Ca oxalate crystals were isolated from the leaves and X-ray diffraction identified them as weddelite in Crataegus pontica C. Koch, C. stevenii Polar., C. monogyna ssp. monogyna Jacq. in C. orientalis var. orientalis Pallas ex Bieb. both whewellite and weddelite crystals were found. Although there were some differences among the soluble and insoluble oxalate contents, they were not notable in the species of C. stevenii (10%; 18%), C. orientalis (12.4%; 15%), C. monogyna (12.9%; 13%), whereas in C. pontica the difference was so great with the lowest soluble (4%), and highest (28%) insoluble oxalate content. Crystals have tetragonal or prismatic shape in general but tetrahedral kinked and straight shapes were seen in C. orientalis, tetragonal aggregates in C. stevenii, and also pseudo-tetrahedral cordate (heart) shape were found in C. monogyna ssp. monogyna and C. pontica. As the crystal biomineralization is under genetic control, this characteristic hydration state of crystals of Crataegus orientalis var. orientalis must be important for systematic phylogenetics.

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