Influence of soil-water matric potential on the control of Pythium root infection of wheat with metalaxyl in two contrasting soils of South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Pankhurst ◽  
HJ McDonald ◽  
BG Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Significant Yield

Under prevailing climatic conditions, treatment of winter-sown wheat with metalaxyl (seed dressing, granule, or soil drench applications) significantly limited seed infection by Pythium species but did not give a significant yield response in separate field trials conducted on 2 contrasting soil types in South Australia. However, following irrigation of trial plots (which raised the soil-water matric potential from about -0.09 MPa to -0.02 MPa) during the first 3 weeks of wheat growth in 1989, metalaxyl granule treatment was effective in limiting seed and root infection by the 2 dominant Pythium species present, P. irregulare and P. echinulatum, and gave a significant increase in grain yield on both soil types. This effect of soil-water matric potential was confirmed in growth cabinet experiments in which metalaxyl was shown to be more effective in controlling infection of wheat by P. irregulare in both soil types when the soil-water matric potential was maintained at -0.02 MPa than at a soil-water matric potential of -0.1 MPa.

Influence of cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) on wheat yields in South Australia

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (112) ◽  
pp. 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Rovira ◽  
PG Brisbane ◽  
A Simon ◽  
DG Whitehead ◽  
RL Correll
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Variety ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cereal Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses

Significant yield responses of up to 0.9 t/ha were obtained with the nematicides aldicarb and dibromochloropropane in seven of eleven field trials with the wheat variety, Condor. Both nematicides reduced the numbers of white cysts of Heterodera avenae on the roots of wheat. With aldicarb the increase in wheat yields varied directly as the decrease in white cysts: dibromochloropropane gave similar increases in yield as aldicarb with a greater reduction in cyst numbers. There was no yield increase with either nematicide when cereal cyst nematode was not present. An analysis of covariance indicated that over all the sites 64% of the increase in yield due to aldicarb could be explained in terms of cysts of cereal cyst nematode.

scholarly journals Land Use Planning in Denmark:

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Breuning Madsen ◽  
S. W. Platou
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Water Deficits

The present paper deals with a model developed and used at the Danish Ministry of Agriculture, Bureau of Land Data, for calculation of the amount of water needed for irrigation. The model incorporates information on soil types and their geographical distribution, soil water retention and root development in relation to soil types, and climatic conditions such as water deficits.

Soil water changes under fallow-crop treatments in relation to soil type, rainfall and yield of wheat

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
One Year ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Soil water changes under fallow (initial cultivation in spring), grassland (initial cultivation in autumn) and the succeeding wheat crops were recorded at two to three weekly intervals in three consecutive seasons in three soil types representing the range of wheat-growing soils in South Australia. Differences in water content between the two treatments developed soon after the start of fallowing due to the greater loss of water from grassland in spring. Rainfall during the fallow period contributed little to soil water storage except in one year when heavy spring rains were recorded. In some instances the water content in the fallowed soils at seeding was less than at the start of fallowing, but the fallowed soils consistently retained more water than the grassland soils. Soil water contents decreased after August of the crop year (end of tillering) and by harvest the wheat crops had commonly dried the soil to a depth of 150 cm. Fallow crops used more water and produced significantly higher wheat yields with a greater efficiency of water use in all trials.

Responsiveness of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to liquid and granular phosphorus fertilisers in southern Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. McBeath ◽  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
E. Lombi ◽  
M. J. McLaughlin ◽  
R. E. Holloway
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Caco3 Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
P Application ◽  
Yield Responses

Recent field trials on alkaline soils in southern Australia showed significant grain yield responses to liquid compared with traditional granular forms of P fertiliser. However the advantages of liquid over granular P forms of fertiliser has not been consistent on all soil types. In order to better predict the soil types on which liquid P fertilisers are likely to have potential, a glasshouse trial was conducted to compare the responsiveness of wheat to both liquid and granular forms of P on a wide range of Australian soils. A granular P fertiliser (triple superphosphate) and 2 liquid fertilisers (phosphoric acid and ammonium polyphosphate) were compared at a rate equivalent to 12 kg P/ha in 29 soils representing many of the soil types used for grain production in Victoria and South Australia. Wheat biomass was enhanced by P application in 86% of the soils tested. In 62% of the P-responsive soils, wheat dry matter was significantly greater when liquid P fertilisers were used compared with the granular form. Chemical analysis of the soils tested showed that the better performance of liquid P forms was not correlated to total P concentration in soil, P buffer capacity, or P availability as measured by Colwell-P. However, there was a significant positive relationship between calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of soil and wheat responsiveness to liquid P fertiliser.

Quantifying the response of crops to shelter in the agricultural regions of South Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Bennell ◽  
A. P. Verbyla
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Pulse Crops

Integrating belts of woody perennials into Australian farms is proposed as a method of enhancing crop productivity through shelter benefits while addressing natural resource management issues including groundwater recharge. This paper presents yield data from cereal and pulse crops collected from windbreak sites through the eastern agricultural districts of South Australia, using a harvester equipped with a yield monitor. The crop response followed the expected pattern of a competition zone of reduced yield of 1–4 tree heights (H) adjacent to the windbreak followed by a shelter benefit zone of unchanged or improved yield extending out to a maximum of 20H. The yield response in the sheltered benefit zone is +3.7% for all cereals (2.2H–9.7H) and is +14.0% for all pulse crops (1.7H–10.4H). Wheat and barley have similar results, with gains in the shelter benefit zones of 4.1% and 2.1%, respectively, with windbreak competition effects resulting in net yields of 3.0% for wheat and –1.1% for barley in the sheltered zones. Faba bean (Vicia faba) shows a strong consistent response to wind shelter, with a yield increase of 19.6% in the shelter benefit zone (1.5H–19.6H) and net gain of 19.1% in the sheltered zone (crop edge at 1.0H and extending to 19.6H). The response of cereals to sheltered effects varied across the years of the survey, with net positive results in 1997 (7.4%) and 1999 (7.5%) and close to zero in 1998 and 2000. A theoretical prediction of potential crop yield based on climate for the years of the survey showed that 1997 and 1999 had lower yield potential than 2000 and 1998. This suggests that the climatic conditions occurring during the growing season also influence crop shelter responses. Where cereals are the predominant crop the net yield returns from windbreaks would be small, even if root pruning could be successfully undertaken.

scholarly journals Phenology-Adjusted Stress Severity Index to Assess Genotypic Responses to Terminal Drought in Field Grown Potato

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Julia Hoelle ◽  
Folkard Asch ◽  
Awais Khan ◽  
Merideth Bonierbale
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Four Levels

Potato is a drought susceptible, often rain-fed crop suffering strongly from even short periods of soil water deficit. With global environmental conditions changing, potato clones resistant to variable water supply are needed and identifying them is a major task. Many indices assessing potato tolerance to water deficit have been proposed, albeit none of them takes into account the severity of the stress or the sensitivity of the developmental stage during which the stress occurs. As a result, data obtained on genotypes in one location or season are normally not useful in another location or in a different season. We have developed an index evaluating yield response of potato to water deficit based on the soil tension the genotype was subjected to for the duration of the stress modified by the development stage of the genotype. The sum of the daily values was combined in a stress severity index (SSI). In total thirteen genotypes differing in duration and sensitivity to drought were subjected to four levels of deficit irrigation on two soil types at different development stages over two years. Early drought (early tuber filling) reduced yields up to 95% whereas late drought (late tuber bulking) reduced yields significantly less. SSI depended on the genotypic phenological development and on the soil tension values and ranges between 25 and 3500. The index differentiated genotypic responses well across treatments and soil types, even with these relatively advanced development stages, up to a value of 1000. Beyond 1000, yields were generally reduced by more than 60% and a differentiation between genotypes was not possible anymore. SSI constitutes a method that renders site, location, year, season, and soil type effects comparable for responses of potato clones to soil water deficit. Combining this measure of stress severity with other proposed indices may improve upon their current weaknesses in finding or identifying the underlying traits of drought tolerance in potato.

scholarly journals Влияние регуляторов роста на урожайность и качество ягод столовых сортов винограда в условиях Приднестровья

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-244
Author(s):  
Elena Ghinda ◽  
Valery Khlebnikov ◽  
Natalia Treskina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Average Maximum

Проведены исследования по применению регуляторов роста гиббереллина, мицефита, циркона и НВ-101 для обработки растений винограда сортов столового направления использования Лора и Аркадия в условиях Приднестровского региона. В период вегетации растения винограда обрабатывали дважды водными растворами следующих препаратов: гиббереллин (100 мг/л, St), мицефит в двух концентрациях -10 и 100 мг/л, циркон - 0,4 мл/л и НВ-101 - 0,05 мл/л. В статье приведены результаты двухлетних полевых опытов по изучению влияния регуляторов роста растений на урожайность и сахаристость сока ягод винограда. Установлена эффективность применения регуляторов роста в зависимости от климатических условий в период вегетации. Для винограда сорта Аркадия условия 2017 года были более благоприятными в сравнении с 2018 годом, что и обусловило более высокую урожайность контрольных растений в 2017 году - 19,8 против 12,8 т/га. Урожайность контрольных растений сорта Лора в годы исследований была практически на одном уровне и составляла 9,2-9,3 т/га. В более увлажненных условиях 2017 года обработка регуляторами роста оказалась неэффективной. Существенная прибавка урожая у сорта Аркадия - 4,2 т/га была получена лишь в варианте применения мицефита в концентрации 10 мл/л. Более эффективной была обработка регуляторами роста мицефит, циркон и НВ-101 в 2018 году, обеспечившая существенное увеличение урожайности с 12,8 до 15,5-20,4 т/га без снижения его качества. Средняя максимальная урожайность была отмечена в варианте обработки препаратом НВ-101. Обработка растений сорта Лора регуляторами роста обеспечила значительное повышение урожайности, но снизила сахаристость сока ягод. Наибольший эффект от их применения был отмечен в более засушливом 2018 году. Таким образом, применение регуляторов роста обеспечивает повышение урожайности и качества ягод винограда сортов Лора и Аркадия в зависимости от климатических условий года исследований.The study examined the effect of growth regulators gibberellin, micefit, zircon and NV-101 on table grapevine cultivars ‘Lora’ and ‘Arсadia’ in Transnistrian region. During vegetation grapevine plants were treated twice by aqueous solutions of the following preparations: gibberellin (100 mg/l, St), micefit in two concentrations-10 and 100 mg/l, zircon-0.4 ml/l and NV-101-0.05 ml/l. The paper summarizes findings of the two-year field trials conducted to study the effects of plant growth regulators on the yield and sugar content of the juice of grapes. The study established the effectiveness of growth regulators depending on climatic conditions during vegetation period. Year conditions of 2017 were more favourable for ‘Arcadia’ grapes as compared to 2018, which resulted in higher yields on control plants in 2017 - 19.8 t/ha. vs. 12.8 t/ha. The yield of control plants of ‘Lora’ vines was pretty much unchanged during the study years, and made 9.2 -9.3 t/ha. In the more humid conditions of 2017 treatment with growth regulators proved ineffective. Substantial positive yield response of ‘Arcadia’ grapes, specifically 4.2 t/ha, was obtained only in the trial variant of micefit application at a concentration of 10 ml/l. Treatment with growth regulators micefit, zircon and NV-101 in 2018 proved more effective, and demonstrated substantial increase from 12.8 to 15.5 - 20.42 t/ha without reducing the grape quality. The average maximum yield was recorded in the trial variant of treatment with NV-101 preparation. Treatment of ‘Lora’ with growth regulators provided a significant yield increase, but reduced sugar content in the berry juice. The strongest effect from the use of the preparations was registered in a more arid 2018. Thus, application of growth regulators increases productivity and quality of ‘Lora’ and ‘Arcadia’ grapevine cultivars depending on climatic conditions of the research year.

Response of pea to rate and placement of triple superphosphate fertilizer in Alberta

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
A. B. Middleton ◽  
E. D. Solberg ◽  
J. DeMulder ◽  
N. Flore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
Significant Yield

The expansion of the pea acreage on the Canadian prairies has increased the need for more information on P fertilizer response by pea to both rate and method of placement. To determine responsiveness, 52 field trials using triple superphosphate (TSP) were conducted from 1995 to 1998 over a wide range of soil types across Alberta. Five rates of 0, 6.5, 13.1, 19.6 and 26.2 kg P ha–1 were placed with the seed or in bands applied prior to seeding. The application of TSP significantly (P < 0.1) increased pea seed yield at 19 of 52 sites. The average increase in seed yield due to TSP application was 7%, with values ranging from –12 to +33% across all trials. The average yield benefit was similar in the Thin Black, Black and Gray soil zones, but was negligible in the Dark Brown soil zone and in irrigated trials. Of the 31 trials with soil test P (modified Kelowna method) levels of less than 30 kg P ha–1 to 15 cm, 52% had a significant yield increase due to application of TSP, while only one of 17 trials with soil test P levels of more than 30 kg P ha–1 had a significant yield increase. Application of 13.1 kg P ha–1 was sufficient to attain close to maximum yields in trials with soil test P levels of less than 30 kg P ha–1. The yield response of pea was insensitive to TSP placement. The mineral impact of seed placement on yield in this study was likely due to the less damaging effects of seedling growth of TSP than of the more commonly used source of P, monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Seed protein and P concentrations were not strongly affected by TSP application. Key words: Pisum sativum, phosphorus fertilizer, fertilizer placement

Responses of soybean genotypes to intercropping with maize in the Southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
C. U. Egbo ◽  
M. A. Adagba ◽  
D. K. Adedzwa
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Ecological Zone ◽  
Land Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Location Interaction

Field trials were conducted in the wet seasons of 1997 and 1998 at Makurdi, Otukpo and Yandev in the Southern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to study the responses of ten soybean genotypes to intercropping. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design. The genotypes TGX 1807-19F, NCRI-Soy2, Cameroon Late and TGX 1485-1D had the highest grain yield. All the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values were higher than unity, indicating that there is great advantage in intercropping maize with soybean. The yield of soybean was positively correlated with the days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, pods/plant and leaf area, indicating that an improvement in any of these traits will be reflected in an increase in seed yield. There was a significant genotype × yield × location interaction for all traits. This suggests that none of these factors acted independently. Similarly, the genotype × location interaction was more important than the genotype × year interaction for seed yield, indicating that the yield response of the ten soybean genotypes varied across locations rather than across years. Therefore, using more testing sites for evaluation may be more important than the number of years.

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