Quantifying the response of crops to shelter in the agricultural regions of South Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 950 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Bennell ◽  
A. P. Verbyla
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Pulse Crops

Integrating belts of woody perennials into Australian farms is proposed as a method of enhancing crop productivity through shelter benefits while addressing natural resource management issues including groundwater recharge. This paper presents yield data from cereal and pulse crops collected from windbreak sites through the eastern agricultural districts of South Australia, using a harvester equipped with a yield monitor. The crop response followed the expected pattern of a competition zone of reduced yield of 1–4 tree heights (H) adjacent to the windbreak followed by a shelter benefit zone of unchanged or improved yield extending out to a maximum of 20H. The yield response in the sheltered benefit zone is +3.7% for all cereals (2.2H–9.7H) and is +14.0% for all pulse crops (1.7H–10.4H). Wheat and barley have similar results, with gains in the shelter benefit zones of 4.1% and 2.1%, respectively, with windbreak competition effects resulting in net yields of 3.0% for wheat and –1.1% for barley in the sheltered zones. Faba bean (Vicia faba) shows a strong consistent response to wind shelter, with a yield increase of 19.6% in the shelter benefit zone (1.5H–19.6H) and net gain of 19.1% in the sheltered zone (crop edge at 1.0H and extending to 19.6H). The response of cereals to sheltered effects varied across the years of the survey, with net positive results in 1997 (7.4%) and 1999 (7.5%) and close to zero in 1998 and 2000. A theoretical prediction of potential crop yield based on climate for the years of the survey showed that 1997 and 1999 had lower yield potential than 2000 and 1998. This suggests that the climatic conditions occurring during the growing season also influence crop shelter responses. Where cereals are the predominant crop the net yield returns from windbreaks would be small, even if root pruning could be successfully undertaken.

The effectiveness of several methods of applying superphosphate on yield response by wheat

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (63) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL Rudd ◽  
NJ Barrow
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Economic Decisions

A useful method of analysing yield data from experiments comparing different methods and times of application of superphosphate is given. Responses by wheat at six sites in South Australia and two in Western Australia were analysed to compare the effectiveness of broadcast superphosphate (in December, March, or at seeding) with superphosphate drilled with the seed. Drilled phosphate was found to be about twice as effective as phosphate broadcast at seeding and three to four times as effective as phosphate broadcast in March or December. It is suggested that the 'effectiveness coefficients' could be used in making economic decisions on phosphate fertilizer practice.

scholarly journals Meta-Analytic Modeling of the Decline in Performance of Fungicides for Managing Soybean Rust after a Decade of Use in Brazil

Plant Disease ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 807-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Dalla Lana ◽  
Pierce A. Paul ◽  
Claudia V. Godoy ◽  
Carlos M. Utiamada ◽  
Luís Henrique C. P. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Decline ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phakopsora Pachyrhizi ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Analytic Models ◽  
Demethylation Inhibitor

An apparent decline of fungicide performance for the control of soybean rust in Brazil has been reported but the rate at which it has occurred has not been formally quantified. Control efficacy and yield response to three fungicides applied as single active ingredients (a.i.)—azoxystrobin (AZOX), cyproconazole (CYPR), and tebuconazole (TEBU)—and four applied as mixtures—AZOX+CYPR, picoxystrobin + CYPR, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (TRIF+PROT)—were summarized using network meta-analytic models fitted to mean severity and yield data from 250 trials (10-year period). The effect of year was tested on both variables in a meta-regression model. Overall control efficacy ranged from 56 to 84%; the three single-a.i. fungicides performed the poorest (56 to 62%). Yield increase for single-a.i. fungicides was as low as 30% but ranged from 47 to 65% for the premixes. Significant declines in both variables were detected for all fungicides except TRIF+PROT. For TEBU, control efficacy (yield response) declined the most: 78% (18%) to 54% (8%) from 2004–05 to 2013–14. The recent surge of resistant populations of Phakopsora pachyrhizi to both demethylation inhibitor and quinone outside inhibitor fungicides is likely the driving force behind a significant decline after 4 years of fungicide use.

scholarly journals The results of studying of biologized technology of safflower cultivation in the Western Kazakhstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
B.N. Nasiev ◽  
◽  
А.S. Bushnev ◽  
А.М. Zhylkybay ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
Joint Application

Safflower production is actual in climatic conditions of the Western Kazakhstan, which is characterized with high heat supply and long vegetative period. In recent years, safflower crops in the Western Kazakhstan region did not exceed 29,000 ha and seed yield was quite low – 0.3–0.5 t per ha. Studying of biologized technologies of safflower cultivation is very important for crop productivity increase and sowing areas expanse. Next to the introduction of the highly productive varieties, perfection of agricultural techniques, especially application of biologic preparations, is a significant reserve of safflower yield increase in a system of organic farming. The purpose of the research was to study and estimate biologized technology of safflower cultivation in the Western Kazakhstan to supply producers with qualitative oil materials in a system of diversified plant growing. The researches were conducted in 2019–2020; we studied features of crop growth, development, productivity and seed quality when cultivating safflower with biologized technology in conditions of the first dry steppe zone of the Western Kazakhstan region. Due to results of comparative studying, seed yield and oil content in seeds of safflower were higher: 0.764 t per ha and 30.0%, respectively, when using biologized technology. The highest oil yield (0.229 t per ha) was received at joint application of a biopreparation Biodux, a biofungicide Orgamica S and a biofertilizers Organit N, Organit P (biologized technology) for seed disinfection and plants treatment during safflower vegetation, that was by 0.057 t per ha, or by 33.1%, higher than at traditional cultivation technology.

Windbreak research in a South Australian cropping system

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 781 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Nuberg ◽  
S. J. Mylius ◽  
J. M. Edwards ◽  
C. Davey
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Yield Variation ◽  
Faba Beans ◽  
Yield Responses

This paper presents the results of 3 years (1994–96) work on the effect of shelter created by a 9 m high Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) windbreak in the Mediterranean environment of South Australia on the productivity of wheat, canola, faba beans and oats. Elements of the classic windbreak signature could be detected in the yield responses of 6 of 8 crop years. For example, in the dry year of 1994, yields in the sheltered zone (3–6 H) were 44, 49 and 81% greater than in the exposed zone (18–24 H) for wheat, faba beans and canola, respectively. In 1995, a wet year, only faba beans showed a response (18% increase). In 1996, oats showed an apparent 25% yield increase in the sheltered zone compared with the unsheltered zone. However, these yield differences were not due to shelter alone. For example, covariate analysis of 1995 wheat and bean yield data with soil texture indicated that yield variation across the paddock could be explained by variation in depth to calcareous clay loam. Cumulative water use of wheat was greater in the 3–12 H zone in 1994 (dry year) but less in 1995 (wet year); however, these differences are likely to be also due to soil variation in the 2 plots used. Nevertheless, the windbreak effectively altered the microclimate. Cumulative temperature was measured at 4 distances on the leeward side of the windbreak and used to predict the time taken for wheat to reach anthesis at each location. The correlation between normalised values of observed and predicted times to anthesis was found for 3 wheat crops with different times of sowing in 1995 (r2 = 0.62). It was concluded that (i) shelter will affect the physiology of crops grown in this environment, (ii)�the shelter effect on enhancing crop yield is relatively subtle compared with other sources of yield variation and (iii)�the evidence for a water-saving mechanism in enhancing crop yield is inconclusive.

scholarly journals Revisiting Fungicide-Based Management Guidelines for Leaf Blotch Diseases in Soft Red Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1434-1444 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. T. Willyerd ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
V. Chapara ◽  
S. P. Conley ◽  
P. D. Esker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Standard foliar fungicide applications in wheat are usually made between flag leaf emergence (Feekes [FK] 8) and heading (FK10.5) to minimize damage to the flag leaf. However, over the last few years, new fungicide programs such as applications prior to FK8 and split half-rate applications have been implemented, although there are few data pertaining to the efficacy of these programs. Eight experiments were conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin from 2010 to 2012 to compare new programs to standard FK8 and FK10 programs in terms of disease control and yield response. The programs evaluated consisted of single full-rate applications of 19% tebuconazole + 19% prothioconazole (Prosaro) or 23.6% pyraclostrobin (Headline) at FK5 (pseudostem strongly erected), FK8, or FK10, or split half rates at FK5 and 8 (FK5+8), plus an untreated check (CK). Leaf blotch (LB) severity and yield data were collected and random effects meta-analytical models fitted to estimate the overall log odds ratio of disease reaching the flag leaf ([Formula: see text]) and mean yield increase ([Formula: see text]) for each fungicide program relative to CK. For all programs, [Formula: see text] was significantly different from zero (P < 0.05). Based on estimated odds ratios (OR = exp[[Formula: see text]]), the two FK8 programs reduced the risk of LB reaching the flag leaf by 55 and 75%, compared with 62 and 69% and 67 and 70% for the two FK10 and FK5+8 programs, respectively, and only 32 and 37% for the two FK5 programs. [Formula: see text] was significantly different from zero (P ≤ 0.003) for all FK8, FK10, and FK5+8 programs, with values of 233 and 245, 175 and 220, and 175 and 187 kg ha−1 for the FK10, FK5+8, and FK8 programs, respectively. Differences in mean yield response between Headline and Prosaro were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The probability of profitability was estimated for each program for a range of grain prices and fungicide application costs. All FK8, FK10, and FK5+8 programs had more than an 80% chance of resulting in a positive yield response, compared with 63 and 67% for the two FK5 programs. The chance of obtaining a yield increase of 200 kg ha−1, required to offset an application cost of $36 ha−1 at a grain price of $0.18 kg−1, ranged from 44 to 60% for FK8, FK10 and FK5+8 programs compared with 22 and 25% for the two FK5 programs. These findings could be used to help inform fungicide application decisions for LB diseases in soft red winter wheat.

scholarly journals Влияние регуляторов роста на урожайность и качество ягод столовых сортов винограда в условиях Приднестровья

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-244
Author(s):  
Elena Ghinda ◽  
Valery Khlebnikov ◽  
Natalia Treskina
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Grape Quality ◽  
Average Maximum

Проведены исследования по применению регуляторов роста гиббереллина, мицефита, циркона и НВ-101 для обработки растений винограда сортов столового направления использования Лора и Аркадия в условиях Приднестровского региона. В период вегетации растения винограда обрабатывали дважды водными растворами следующих препаратов: гиббереллин (100 мг/л, St), мицефит в двух концентрациях -10 и 100 мг/л, циркон - 0,4 мл/л и НВ-101 - 0,05 мл/л. В статье приведены результаты двухлетних полевых опытов по изучению влияния регуляторов роста растений на урожайность и сахаристость сока ягод винограда. Установлена эффективность применения регуляторов роста в зависимости от климатических условий в период вегетации. Для винограда сорта Аркадия условия 2017 года были более благоприятными в сравнении с 2018 годом, что и обусловило более высокую урожайность контрольных растений в 2017 году - 19,8 против 12,8 т/га. Урожайность контрольных растений сорта Лора в годы исследований была практически на одном уровне и составляла 9,2-9,3 т/га. В более увлажненных условиях 2017 года обработка регуляторами роста оказалась неэффективной. Существенная прибавка урожая у сорта Аркадия - 4,2 т/га была получена лишь в варианте применения мицефита в концентрации 10 мл/л. Более эффективной была обработка регуляторами роста мицефит, циркон и НВ-101 в 2018 году, обеспечившая существенное увеличение урожайности с 12,8 до 15,5-20,4 т/га без снижения его качества. Средняя максимальная урожайность была отмечена в варианте обработки препаратом НВ-101. Обработка растений сорта Лора регуляторами роста обеспечила значительное повышение урожайности, но снизила сахаристость сока ягод. Наибольший эффект от их применения был отмечен в более засушливом 2018 году. Таким образом, применение регуляторов роста обеспечивает повышение урожайности и качества ягод винограда сортов Лора и Аркадия в зависимости от климатических условий года исследований.The study examined the effect of growth regulators gibberellin, micefit, zircon and NV-101 on table grapevine cultivars ‘Lora’ and ‘Arсadia’ in Transnistrian region. During vegetation grapevine plants were treated twice by aqueous solutions of the following preparations: gibberellin (100 mg/l, St), micefit in two concentrations-10 and 100 mg/l, zircon-0.4 ml/l and NV-101-0.05 ml/l. The paper summarizes findings of the two-year field trials conducted to study the effects of plant growth regulators on the yield and sugar content of the juice of grapes. The study established the effectiveness of growth regulators depending on climatic conditions during vegetation period. Year conditions of 2017 were more favourable for ‘Arcadia’ grapes as compared to 2018, which resulted in higher yields on control plants in 2017 - 19.8 t/ha. vs. 12.8 t/ha. The yield of control plants of ‘Lora’ vines was pretty much unchanged during the study years, and made 9.2 -9.3 t/ha. In the more humid conditions of 2017 treatment with growth regulators proved ineffective. Substantial positive yield response of ‘Arcadia’ grapes, specifically 4.2 t/ha, was obtained only in the trial variant of micefit application at a concentration of 10 ml/l. Treatment with growth regulators micefit, zircon and NV-101 in 2018 proved more effective, and demonstrated substantial increase from 12.8 to 15.5 - 20.42 t/ha without reducing the grape quality. The average maximum yield was recorded in the trial variant of treatment with NV-101 preparation. Treatment of ‘Lora’ with growth regulators provided a significant yield increase, but reduced sugar content in the berry juice. The strongest effect from the use of the preparations was registered in a more arid 2018. Thus, application of growth regulators increases productivity and quality of ‘Lora’ and ‘Arcadia’ grapevine cultivars depending on climatic conditions of the research year.

Influence of soil-water matric potential on the control of Pythium root infection of wheat with metalaxyl in two contrasting soils of South Australia

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
CE Pankhurst ◽  
HJ McDonald ◽  
BG Hawke
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Matric Potential ◽  
Significant Yield

Under prevailing climatic conditions, treatment of winter-sown wheat with metalaxyl (seed dressing, granule, or soil drench applications) significantly limited seed infection by Pythium species but did not give a significant yield response in separate field trials conducted on 2 contrasting soil types in South Australia. However, following irrigation of trial plots (which raised the soil-water matric potential from about -0.09 MPa to -0.02 MPa) during the first 3 weeks of wheat growth in 1989, metalaxyl granule treatment was effective in limiting seed and root infection by the 2 dominant Pythium species present, P. irregulare and P. echinulatum, and gave a significant increase in grain yield on both soil types. This effect of soil-water matric potential was confirmed in growth cabinet experiments in which metalaxyl was shown to be more effective in controlling infection of wheat by P. irregulare in both soil types when the soil-water matric potential was maintained at -0.02 MPa than at a soil-water matric potential of -0.1 MPa.

Coordinated Rice Improvement Project in India: Its Significant Achievements and Future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (Special) ◽  
pp. 82-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
LV Subba Rao ◽  
RA Fiyaz ◽  
AK Jukanti ◽  
G Padmavathi ◽  
J Badri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Improvement Project ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Food Grain ◽  
Rice Improvement ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security ◽  
Sincere Effort

India is the second largest producer of rice in the world and it is the most important staple food grain. All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) was initiated with objective of conducting multi-location trials to identify suitable genotypes of high yield potential along with appropriate crop management practices. Since its inception AICRIP contributed significantly in meeting the growing demand both within and outside India. Significant progress has been achieved through AICRIP in terms of varietal release thereby increasing the crop productivity and also meeting the food and nutritional security. This paper makes a sincere effort in bringing out the significant achievements/milestones achieved under the AICRIP program and also gives a few directions for widening the areas under AICRIP.

Evaluation of castorbean samples by economically - valuable traits

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Keyword(s):  
Ricinoleic Acid ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Ricinolic Acid

Castor oil (Ricinus communus L.) is an important commercial product. The climatic conditions of Ukraine determine the possibility of growing the castor as an annual crop. At the Institute of Oilseeds NAAS studied castor collection. The aim of the work was the selection of the most promising samples of castor oil, combining a large yield potential in a narrow range of vertical distribution for optimal technological parameters of mechanical harvesting with a high content of oil in seeds and ricinolic acid in oil. In the experience of 2015-2016, the manifestation of morphological features of 17 castor bean samples was studied. The height of plants, individual samples among themselves differed more than twice. Long-brush samples of ЕР118, К374, М203, К159 are distinguished on the basis of the length of the brush. The shortest brush was observed in sample K1008. The length of the productive brush in the studied samples is from 10.7 to 32.9 cm. Most castor bean samples under favorable conditions form brushes of the second and higher orders. According to this parameter, samples of Ep118 and selection No. 38 with four inflorescences of the second order are of the greatest interest. The largest brushes of the second order are similar in size to the brushes of the first order were observed in the samples: К1127, К810, К153. The adaptability of harvesting castor beads requires that the brushes of the first and second order coincide in height with each other, since the harvester can take a maximum of 60 cm. For the sum of the productive brushes of the first and second orders, the greatest potential yield will be provided by samples K159 and K1127. Among the studied collection stands out the small seed sample K159 and the large seed samples - PRL41 and K80. The average oil content in the seeds of the collection was from 52 to 61.4%. Sample38 had the highest oil content. The content of ricinolic acid in the collection was from 70.9 to 82.9%. Samples were isolated: К134, К1008, PRL41, К430 with the content of ricinoleic acid more than 80%. The results of the study of all parameters make it possible to isolate valuable technological samples. Sample K1064 with a high technological potential of productivity, with a seed oil content of 57.2%, has a not very high content of ricinoleic acid of 74.3%. Sample K1127 with an oil content of 58.6%, a mass of 1000 seeds of 265 g, a high potential of productive brushes has a wide variation in the arrangement of brushes. Sample K134 with a oil content of 57.1%, ricinoleic acid content of 80.7% has small second-order brushes and can be used as a single-cysts in a thicker seeding.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Triazole-Based Fungicides on Wheat Yield and Test Weight as Influenced by Fusarium Head Blight Intensity

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Paul ◽  
M. P. McMullen ◽  
D. E. Hershman ◽  
L. V. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Soft Red Winter Wheat ◽  
Red Winter Wheat

Multivariate random-effects meta-analyses were conducted on 12 years of data from 14 U.S. states to determine the mean yield and test-weight responses of wheat to treatment with propiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, metconazole, and prothioconazole+tebuconazole. All fungicides led to a significant increase in mean yield and test weight relative to the check (D; P < 0.001). Metconazole resulted in the highest overall yield increase, with a D of 450 kg/ha, followed by prothioconazole+tebuconazole (444.5 kg/ha), prothioconazole (419.1 kg/ha), tebuconazole (272.6 kg/ha), and propiconazole (199.6 kg/ha). Metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, and prothioconazole also resulted in the highest increases in test weight, with D values of 17.4 to 19.4 kg/m3, respectively. On a relative scale, the best three fungicides resulted in an overall 13.8 to 15.0% increase in yield but only a 2.5 to 2.8% increase in test weight. Except for prothioconazole+tebuconazole, wheat type significantly affected the yield response to treatment; depending on the fungicide, D was 110.0 to 163.7 kg/ha higher in spring than in soft-red winter wheat. Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease index (field or plot-level severity) in the untreated check plots, a measure of the risk of disease development in a study, had a significant effect on the yield response to treatment, in that D increased with increasing FHB index. The probability was estimated that fungicide treatment in a randomly selected study will result in a positive yield increase (p+) and increases of at least 250 and 500 kg/ha (p250 and p500, respectively). For the three most effective fungicide treatments (metconazole, prothioconazole+tebuconazole, and prothioconazole) at the higher selected FHB index, p+ was very large (e.g., ≥0.99 for both wheat types) but p500 was considerably lower (e.g., 0.78 to 0.92 for spring and 0.54 to 0.68 for soft-red winter wheat); at the lower FHB index, p500 for the same three fungicides was 0.34 to 0.36 for spring and only 0.09 to 0.23 for soft-red winter wheat.

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