Marginal responses over six years by sorghum and sunflower to broadcast and banded phosphorus on a low P Vertisol, and changes in extractable soil phosphorus

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
DE Hibberd ◽  
PS Want ◽  
MN Hunter ◽  
J Standley ◽  
PW Moody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
First Year ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Extractable Soil

At Emerald in central Queensland, dryland sorghum and sunflower were grown on a cracking clay soil (Vertisol) for 4 years and sorghum was grown in the sixth year, after an 18-month fallow. The initial bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus (P) concentration was 6 mg/kg in the 0-20 cm horizon. High analysis superphosphate (19.2% P) was broadcast at 0-180 kg P/ha in the first year, and banded rates of 0-20 kg P/ha were superimposed on the broadcast rates of 0-60 kg P/ha each year except in the fifth (fallow) year. Sorghum dry matter (DM) yields at anthesis, summed over 5 seasons, increased linearly (P<0.05) with both methods of P application, but significant (P<0.05) treatment differences occurred only after the 18 months of fallow. Total sorghum grain yields after 5 seasons fitted a quadratic reponse curve (P<0.05) with both application methods. Sunflower DM yields at anthesis increased significantly (P<0.05) with broadcast fertiliser in the first season only, but neither the rate nor the method of application of fertiliser affected seed yields over 4 seasons. Seed P concentrations for both crops were either unaffected or increased with increasing rates of fertiliser. Fertiliser P may not be needed for sunflower, but we recommend banding about 70 kg P/ha with sorghum at sowing over 5 years to ensure maximum yields. Based on extractable P values, the relative effectiveness of initial broadcast and incorporated P applications exceeding 40 kg/ha declined over the first 4 years, but then tended to remain steady at about 0.67. There was no consistent trend in relative effectiveness with time at the lower rates of P application.

scholarly journals Comparison of Soil Phosphorus Tests for Assessing Plant Availability of Phosphorus in an Ultisol Amended with Water-Soluble and Phosphate Rock Sources

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1679-1693
Author(s):  
E. W. Gikonyo ◽  
A. R. Zaharah ◽  
M. M. Hanafi ◽  
A. R. Anuar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Paper Strip ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Bray 1

The effectiveness of different soil tests in assessing soil phosphorus (P) in soils amended with phosphate rocks (PRs) is uncertain. We evaluated the effects of triple superphosphate (TSP) and PRs on extractable P by conventional soil tests (Mehlich 3 [Meh3] and Bray-1 [B1]) and a nonconventional test (iron oxide–impregnated paper, strip). Extracted amounts of P were in the order: Meh3 >B1 > strip. All the tests were significantly correlated (p= 0.001). Acidic reagents extracted more P from TSP than PRs, while the strip removed equal amounts from the two sources. The P removed by the three tests was related significantly to dry matter yield (DMY), but only in the first harvest, except for B1. Established critical P levels (CPLs) differed for TSP and PRs. In PR-fertilized soils, CPLs were 27, 17, and 12 mg P kg-1soil for Meh3, B1, and strip, respectively, and 42, 31, and 12 mg P kg-1soil, respectively, in TSP-fertilized soils. Thus, the strip resulted in a common CPL for TSP and PRs (12 mg P kg-1soil). This method can be used effectively in soils where integrated nutrient sources have been used, but there is need to establish CPLs for different crops. For cost-effective fertilizer P recommendations based on conventional soil tests, there is a need to conduct separate calibrations for TSP- and PR-fertilized soils.

scholarly journals Pronounced surface stratification of soil phosphorus, potassium and sulfur under pastures upstream of a eutrophic wetland and estuarine system

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan H. Ryan ◽  
Mark Tibbett ◽  
Hans Lambers ◽  
David Bicknell ◽  
Phillip Brookes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Plant Litter ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Extractable Soil

High concentrations of nutrients in surface soil present a risk of nutrient movement into waterways through surface water pathways and leaching. Phosphorus (P) is of particular concern because of its role in aquatic system eutrophication. We measured nutrients under annual pastures on a beef farm and a dairy farm in the Peel–Harvey catchment, Western Australia. Soils were sampled in 10-mm increments to 100mm depth in March, June and September. Plant litter contained approximately 300–550mg kg–1 Colwell-extractable P. Extractable soil P was strongly stratified, being approximately 100–225mg kg–1 (dairy) and 50–110mg kg–1 (beef) in the top 10mm and <40mg kg–1 at 40–50mm depth. Total P and extractable potassium were also highly stratified, whereas sulfur was less strongly stratified. Shoot nutrient concentrations indicated that nitrogen was often limiting and sulfur was sometimes limiting for pasture growth: concentrations of P were often much greater than required for adequate growth (>4mg g–1). We conclude that high P concentrations at the soil surface and in litter and shoots are a source of risk for movement of P from farms into waterways in the Peel–Harvey catchment.

Depletion, accumulation and availability of soil phosphorus in the Askov long-term field experiment

Soil Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musibau O. Azeez ◽  
Gitte Holton Rubæk ◽  
Ingeborg Frøsig Pedersen ◽  
Bent T. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Available P ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Application ◽  
Plant Available P ◽  
Water Extractable

Soil phosphorus (P) reserves, built up over decades of intensive agriculture, may account for most of the crop P uptake, provided adequate supply of other plant nutrients. Whether crops grown on soils with reduced supply of other nutrients obtain similar use-efficiency of soil P reserves remains unclear. In treatments of the Askov Long-Term Experiment (initiated in 1894 on light sandy loam), we quantified changes in soil total P and in plant-available P (Olsen P, water extractable P and P offtake in wheat grains) when P-depleted soil started receiving P in rock phosphate and when P application to soil with moderate P levels ceased during 1997–2017. Additionally we studied treatments with soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years and with soil first being P depleted and then exposed to surplus dressings of P, nitrogen (N) and potassium in cattle manure. For soil kept unfertilised for &gt;100 years, average grain P offtake was 6 kg ha–1 and Olsen P averaged 4.6 mg kg–1, representing the lower asymptotic level of plant-available P. Adding igneous rock phosphate to severely P-depleted soil with no N fertilisation had little effect on Olsen P, water extractable P (Pw), grain yields and P offtake. For soils with moderate levels of available P, withholding P application for 20 years reduced contents of Olsen P by 56% (from 16 to 7 mg P kg–1) and of Pw by 63% (from 4.5 to 1.7 mg P kg–1). However, the level of plant-available P was still above that of unfertilised soil. Application of animal manure to P-depleted soil gradually raised soil P availability, grain yield and P offtake, but it took 20 years to restore levels of plant-available P. Our study suggests symmetry between rates of depletion and accumulation of plant-available P in soil.

N AND P FERTILIZATION OF BROMEGRASS IN THE DARK BROWN SOIL ZONE OF SASKATCHEWAN

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. UKRAINETZ ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
First Year ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Source ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates ◽  
N Use

A 5–yr study was conducted on a Dark Brown loam at Scott, Saskatchewan to determine the effect of rate of ammonium nitrate-N (34–0–0) and urea-N (46–0–0) on bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) production and quality, N recovery and N use efficiency when the N was applied either annually or as a single application at the start of the experiment. The effect of phosphorus (P) on the above listed parameters was also assessed. Each N source was applied at once-only rates of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg ha−1 and annual rates were 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha−1. Phosphorus was applied in 1976, 1979 and 1981 at 100 kg ha−1 P2O5. Forage dry matter was positively related to precipitation received in April–June (r = 0.91**) and in April of the crop year plus the previous September (r = 0.80**). Dry matter response to N rates generally increased at a decreasing rate in early years but linearly in later years. Over the first 4 yr, annual applications of N resulted in up to 37% more dry matter than the single applications. Dry matter production was generally greater when ammonium nitrate was applied than when urea was used; these differences were more consistent at medium N rates. Dry matter was increased by P only when N was applied. Nitrogen concentration in forage was directly related to N rate in years of good precipitation, was greater in dry than wet years, and when N was applied annually, but was unaffected by N source. Phosphorus fertilization increased P concentration of forage but heavy dry matter production reduced P concentration. Annual N applications increased P concentration in forage only in the first year and N source had no effect. Toxic concentrations of NO3–N in the forage occurred in the first year only at N rates [Formula: see text] and were directly related to the amount of N applied. Except for the 800 kg ha−1 N rate in the second year, there were no further indications of NO3–N toxicity. Accumulated N use efficiency decreased linearly with increasing N rate and was greater for ammonium nitrate than for urea except at very high N rates. Accumulated N recovery was inversely related to N rate for the single method of application but unaffected by N rate applied annually. Over the first 4 yr, accumulated N recovery was greater for the single application at low N rates, but was greater for annual applications of N at high N rates. P fertilization increased N recovery.Key words: N source, bromegrass, N recovery, yield, quality, application method

Residual value of phosphorus from superphosphate for wheat grown on soils of contrasting texture near Esperance, Western Australia.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
MDA Bolland
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Good Prediction ◽  
Residual Value ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Content ◽  
P Application ◽  
Texture Contrast

The residual value for wheat of phosphorus (P) from superphosphate was measured in field experiments on two texture-contrast (duplex) soils near Esperance, Western Australia. Superphosphate was applied to previously untreated plots once only, in 1980, 198 1, 1982 or 1983. The residual value of this P was measured in 1983 relative to P applied in 1983. Results were similar for both soils. Superphosphate applied in previous years did not produce the same yield as superphosphate applied in the current year. As calculated from yield response, relative effectiveness was 65, 42 or 32% after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. Yield depended on P content of plant tops, and this relationship was independent of time of P application. As the period of contact of P with the soil increased, less P was taken up by the plants, and this limited yield. As calculated from the P content of plant tops, relative effectiveness was 60, 30 or 23% after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. The amount of P extracted from the soil by 0.5M sodium bicarbonate decreased by about 54% from day 210 to day 575 after application of superphosphate, by a further 35% from day 575 to day 940, and by 15% from day 940 to day 1305. Bicarbonate-extractable P determined on soil samples collected mid January 1983 gave a good prediction of yields measured in the spring of that year

AVAILABILITY OF RESIDUAL FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS AS MEASURED BY BROMEGRASS-ALFALFA DRY MATTER AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD AND BY EXTRACTABLE SOIL PHOSPHORUS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. HOLT ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Forage Yields

The magnitude and duration of response of bromegrass-alfalfa to a one-time application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer was studied at rates of P to 144 kg/ha which were applied in 1970 to a clay soil containing 5 μg/g sodium-bicarbonate-extractable P. All treatments produced residual effects which were reflected by increased forage yields, forage P content and forage uptake of P by bromegrass-alfalfa during the years 1972–1976. Forage yield response to applied P was curvilinear in 3 out of 5 yr while forage P and uptake of P increased in a linear relationship with applied P in all years. An annual application of 18, 10 and 16 kg/ha N, P and S, respectively, resulted in dry matter yields of 4110 kg∙ha−1∙yr−1 and when combined with the 1970 applications had no further significant effect on forage yields but the combinations did increase forage P and uptake of P. Soil sodium-bicarbonate-extractable P as determined each year 1972–1976 and in 1980 was proportional to applied P but the amount of available P decreased over this period. On average, the portion of alfalfa in the dry matter increased during the 1972–1976 period but the alfalfa content was not related to applied P. When amounts of nitrogen applied as part of the P fertilizer were over 36 kg/ha, the percentage of alfalfa in the stand was reduced until 1974.Key words: Phosphorus, bromegrass-alfalfa

scholarly journals Sensitivity of soil phosphorus tests in predicting the potential risk of phosphorus loss from pasture soil

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. SOINNE ◽  
K. SAARIJÄRVI ◽  
M. KARPPINEN
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Extraction ◽  
P Loss ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Total P

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of urine and dung additions on the phosphorus (P) chemistry of pasture land and to compare the sensitivity of two soil extraction methods in assessing the P-loading risk. In a field experiment, urine and dung were added to soil in amounts corresponding to single excrement portions and the soil samples, taken at certain intervals, were analysed for pHH2O, acid ammonium acetate extractable P (PAc) and water extractable total P (TPw), and molybdate reactive P (MRPw). Urine additions immediately increased soil pH and MRPw, but no such response was observed in PAc extraction due to the low pH (4.65) of the extractant enhancing the resorption of P. The PAc responded to the dunginduced increase in soil total P similarly as did Pw, which suggests that both tests can serve to detect areas of high P concentration. However, water extraction was a more sensitive method for estimating short-term changes in P solubility. In pasture soils, the risk of P loss increases as a result of the interaction of urination and high P concentration in the topsoil resulting from continuous dung excretion.;

scholarly journals Sensitivity of seedling growth to phosphorus supply in six tree species of the Australian Great Western Woodlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Williams ◽  
Suman George ◽  
Henry W. G. Birt ◽  
Matthew I. Daws ◽  
Mark Tibbett
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Land Restoration ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
P Application ◽  
Mass Accumulation

Many Australian native plants from regions with ancient, highly weathered soils have specialised adaptations for acquiring phosphorus (P) and can exhibit negative effects of excess P supply on growth and survival. Despite this, fertiliser (including P) is routinely applied in post-mining and other restoration schemes. In this study we investigated the effect of a range of applied P on the growth and tissue P concentrations for six woody species from the Great Western Woodlands (GWW) of Western Australia – a region that it not only biodiverse, but that has experienced significant levels of mining related activities. Our data from a pot-based experiment show that all six species exhibited greater growth with increased P application up to 15 mg kg sand–1. However, at P concentrations in excess of 15 mg kg–1, dry mass accumulation did not increase further for three of the species tested. For the other three species, dry mass accumulation declined as the P concentration increased above 15 mg kg–1. For all of the study species, root and shoot P concentrations increased as the concentration of applied P increased. The internal shoot P concentration, at which dry matter accumulation either plateaued or started to decline, was in the range 1.95 to 3.2 mg P g–1 dry matter. This was ~2–4 times the concentration found in natural vegetation. These data suggest that in a restoration context, there is a potential risk that, excess P application may decrease plant growth rates for some species. Consequently, the addition of fertiliser to restored sites may have unpredictable impacts on the plant community by directly reducing the growth of some species but increasing the growth of others. We suggest that careful consideration should be given to designing appropriate fertiliser regimes for land restoration schemes in ancient P deplete landscapes to avoid the risk that fertiliser addition has the unwanted outcome of decreasing growth and survival of the target native species and increasing the abundance of unwanted weeds or aggressive pioneer species.

Soil phosphorus buffering measures should not be adjusted for current phosphorus fertility

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 676 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
P. W. G. Sale ◽  
C. J. P. Gourley
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Sorption Isotherms ◽  
Phosphorus Sorption ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertiliser Application

Soil phosphorus (P) sorption is an important and relatively stable soil property which dictates the equilibrium between sorbed and solution P. Soil P sorption measures are commonly adjusted for the effect of current P fertility on the amount of P a soil sorbs. In the case of highly fertilised agricultural soils, however, this adjustment is likely to be inappropriate as it may mask changes in a soil’s capacity to sorb P, which could affect future P fertiliser applications. A study was undertaken to compare adjusted or unadjusted methods of measuring P sorption using 9 pasture soils sampled from southern Victoria which had previously received P fertiliser and lime. The P sorption assessment methods included: P sorption isotherms, P-buffering capacity (PBC) measures (slope between equilibrium P concentration of 0.25 and 0.35 mg P/L), and single-point P-buffering indices (PBI), with methods either adjusted or unadjusted for current P fertility. A single application of 280 kg P/ha, 6 months before sampling, resulted in a general negative displacement of unadjusted P sorption isotherm curves, indicating reduced P sorption on 8 of the 9 soils. Adding the Colwell extractable P concentration to the amount of P sorbed before calculating the slope (PBC+ColP), tended to negate this fertiliser effect and, in 2 of the 9 soils, resulted in a significant increase in PBC+ColP values. Increasing rates of P fertiliser application (up to 280 kg P/ha) resulted in a consistent trend to decreasing PBI values (unadjusted for Colwell P), which was significant at 4 of the 9 sites after 6 months. However, only minimal changes in PBI values were determined when PBI was adjusted for current P fertility (PBI+ColP). Phosphorus sorption properties appeared reasonably stable over time, although 2 soils, both Ferrosols, indicated significant linear increases in PBI values when these sites remained unfertilised for 30 months. Lime significantly increased both PBI and PBI+ColP values at all sites 6 months after application, but the effect generally diminished after 30 months, suggesting PBI measurements should not be taken immediately after liming. These results demonstrate that unadjusted measures of P sorption are more likely to accurately reflect changes in soil P sorption capacity following P fertiliser applications and suggest that the unadjusted PBI be used in commercial soil testing rather that the currently adjusted PBI+ColP.

scholarly journals Corn Stover Removal Responses on Soil Test P and K Levels in Coastal Plain Ultisols

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4401
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Novak ◽  
James R. Frederick ◽  
Don W. Watts ◽  
Thomas F. Ducey ◽  
Douglas L. Karlen
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
K Concentration

Corn (Zea mays L.) stover is used as a biofuel feedstock in the U.S. Selection of stover harvest rates for soils is problematic, however, because excessive stover removal may have consequences on plant available P and K concentrations. Our objective was to quantify stover harvest impacts on topsoil P and K contents in the southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain Ultisols. Five stover harvest rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by wt) were removed for five years from replicated plots. Grain and stover mass with P and K concentration data were used to calculate nutrient removal. Mehlich 1 (M1)-extractable P and K concentrations were used to monitor changes within the soils. Grain alone removed 13–15 kg ha−1 P and 15–18 kg ha−1 K each year, resulting in a cumulative removal of 70 and 85 kg ha−1 or 77 and 37% of the P and K fertilizer application, respectively. Harvesting stover increased nutrient removal such that when combined with grain removed, a cumulative total of 95% of the applied P and 126% of fertilizer K were taken away. This caused M1 P and K levels to decline significantly in the first year and even with annual fertilization to remain relatively static thereafter. For these Ultisols, we conclude that P and K fertilizer recommendations should be fine-tuned for P and K removed with grain and stover harvesting and that stover harvest of >50% by weight will significantly decrease soil test M1 P and K contents.

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