AVAILABILITY OF RESIDUAL FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS AS MEASURED BY BROMEGRASS-ALFALFA DRY MATTER AND PHOSPHORUS YIELD AND BY EXTRACTABLE SOIL PHOSPHORUS

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. HOLT ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Duration Of Response ◽  
Forage Yields

The magnitude and duration of response of bromegrass-alfalfa to a one-time application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer was studied at rates of P to 144 kg/ha which were applied in 1970 to a clay soil containing 5 μg/g sodium-bicarbonate-extractable P. All treatments produced residual effects which were reflected by increased forage yields, forage P content and forage uptake of P by bromegrass-alfalfa during the years 1972–1976. Forage yield response to applied P was curvilinear in 3 out of 5 yr while forage P and uptake of P increased in a linear relationship with applied P in all years. An annual application of 18, 10 and 16 kg/ha N, P and S, respectively, resulted in dry matter yields of 4110 kg∙ha−1∙yr−1 and when combined with the 1970 applications had no further significant effect on forage yields but the combinations did increase forage P and uptake of P. Soil sodium-bicarbonate-extractable P as determined each year 1972–1976 and in 1980 was proportional to applied P but the amount of available P decreased over this period. On average, the portion of alfalfa in the dry matter increased during the 1972–1976 period but the alfalfa content was not related to applied P. When amounts of nitrogen applied as part of the P fertilizer were over 36 kg/ha, the percentage of alfalfa in the stand was reduced until 1974.Key words: Phosphorus, bromegrass-alfalfa

scholarly journals Factors affecting the herbage iodine content.

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hartmans
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Application ◽  
Factors Affecting

In pot and field experiments, N application somewhat increased the I content of the harvested crop, although I concentrations in the herbage decreased considerably (diluting effect of increased dry matter yields). Herbage I contents were not consistently affected by chemical fertilizers which produced no yield response. I contents were up to 13 times higher in dicotyledenous pasture species than in grasses. I contents varied between grass species and to less extent between varieties of a single species. Contrary to earlier New Zealand data, good quality grasses were lower in I content than medium-value and inferior grasses. Small I dressings were less effective than larger amounts in terms of percentage return in the harvested crop; residual effects in later cuts were always small. The effectiveness of I dressings depended on soil type and tended to be lowest on soils of low natural I content. ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Studies were with ryegrass in pots and pastures. N dressing increased I uptake by the crop but reduced the I content considerably because of the diluting effect of higher DM yields. Dressing with fertilizers which did increase yield did not affect herbage I content consistently. Dicotyledonous species in pasture had I contents up to 13 times that of grasses. The I content of grasses varied over a 2-fold range but variation was smaller in a given species. Good quality grasses had a lower I content than inferior grasses. Smaller I dressings gave a smaller percentage return in the crop than larger amounts; the efficiency depended on soil type and tended to be less for soils with the lowest natural I content. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Comparison of Soil Phosphorus Tests for Assessing Plant Availability of Phosphorus in an Ultisol Amended with Water-Soluble and Phosphate Rock Sources

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1679-1693
Author(s):  
E. W. Gikonyo ◽  
A. R. Zaharah ◽  
M. M. Hanafi ◽  
A. R. Anuar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Paper Strip ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Bray 1

The effectiveness of different soil tests in assessing soil phosphorus (P) in soils amended with phosphate rocks (PRs) is uncertain. We evaluated the effects of triple superphosphate (TSP) and PRs on extractable P by conventional soil tests (Mehlich 3 [Meh3] and Bray-1 [B1]) and a nonconventional test (iron oxide–impregnated paper, strip). Extracted amounts of P were in the order: Meh3 >B1 > strip. All the tests were significantly correlated (p= 0.001). Acidic reagents extracted more P from TSP than PRs, while the strip removed equal amounts from the two sources. The P removed by the three tests was related significantly to dry matter yield (DMY), but only in the first harvest, except for B1. Established critical P levels (CPLs) differed for TSP and PRs. In PR-fertilized soils, CPLs were 27, 17, and 12 mg P kg-1soil for Meh3, B1, and strip, respectively, and 42, 31, and 12 mg P kg-1soil, respectively, in TSP-fertilized soils. Thus, the strip resulted in a common CPL for TSP and PRs (12 mg P kg-1soil). This method can be used effectively in soils where integrated nutrient sources have been used, but there is need to establish CPLs for different crops. For cost-effective fertilizer P recommendations based on conventional soil tests, there is a need to conduct separate calibrations for TSP- and PR-fertilized soils.

scholarly journals Forage yield and morphogenesis of Megathyrsus maximus cultivars in Roraimas’s savannas

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. e652986054
Author(s):  
Newton de Lucena Costa ◽  
Liana Jank ◽  
João Avelar Magalhães ◽  
Amaury Burlamaqui Bendahan ◽  
Braz Henrique Nunes Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Forage Yields ◽  
Specific Management

In order to evaluate the forage productivity and the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Megathyrsus maximus cultivars (Massai, Mombasa, Kenya, Tamani, Tanzania and Zuri), an experiment was conduct under natural environmental conditions in the savannahs of Roraima. The highest yields of green dry matter (GDM) were found with cultivars Zuri (4,317 kg ha-1) and Mombasa (4,115 kg ha-1), followed by Kenya (3,868 kg ha-1) and Tamani (3,755 kg ha-1), while Massai (3,341 kg ha-1) and Tanzania (3,225 kg ha-1) were the least productive. GDM yield was directly correlated with LAI and inversely proportional to tiller population density (TPD). The cultivars Tanzania and Kenya had the highest number of tiller leaves and leaf appearance rates, while the highest leaf expansion rates were estimate in cultivars Zuri and Kenya. The highest average length of tiller leaves was estimate in the cultivars Zuri and Mombasa. Leaf senescence rates were inversely proportional to TPD and the highest recorded with the cultivars Mombasa and Tamani. The six cultivars of M. maximus showed satisfactory forage yields and can be recommend for cultivation in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the of Roraima’s savannas. The determination of morphogenic and structural characteristics can contribute to the establishment of appropriate and specific management practices for each cultivar, aiming to optimize its productivity and reduce losses due to leaf senescence.

Nutrition of irrigated crops on an alkaline brown clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. 1. Lucerne

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
DK Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Level ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Available Soil Phosphorus

The elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and zinc were sequentially omitted from a 'complete' fertiliser applied to plots on an alkaline soil, and lucerne (Medicago sativa) was sown immediately afterwards. The dry matter production of lucerne was measured in repeated cuts over 2 years; its mineral composition was determined periodically. In a second experiment 4 rates of phosphorus were applied to a l -year-old stand of lucerne and dry matter production recorded for 1 year. Lucerne yields in the first year were reduced from 17-1 8 t/ha to less than 14 t/ha by omitting phosphorus. Yields universally decreased in the second year as the 50 kg/ha P applied at sowing was depleted through the removal of 40 kg/ha P in forage. Following this depletion a linear yield response up to 80 kg/ha P was found (experiment 2). Omitting phosphorus fertiliser reduced the plant phosphorus concentration from 0.23 to 0.21% when sampled 15 months after sowing. The plant phosphorus concentration decreased with time in all treatments. The available soil phosphorus level decreased from an initial 12 to 6-7 �g/g after 6 months and further to 2 �g/g after 30 months. Fertiliser phosphorus raised the soil phosphorus level but this also was depleted to 2-3 �g/g in 30 months. Omitting zinc reduced the plant zinc concentration. However, neither the omission of nitrogen, potassium, sulfur nor zinc from the fertiliser had any effect on lucerne yields.

Effects of aldicarb, benomyl, dazomet, permethrin, pirimicarb, phorate and nitrogen fertilizer on maize (Zea mays) grown for 14 consecutive years on the same site

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349
Author(s):  
A. J. Barnard ◽  
J. McEwen ◽  
D. Hornby ◽  
J. Beane
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Heterodera Avenae ◽  
Metopolophium Dirhodum ◽  
Microdochium Bolleyi ◽  
A Minor ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Forage Yields ◽  
Fungus Disease

SummaryMaize was grown on the same Clay-with-Flints site at Rothamsted for 14 years (1974–87) in an experiment which tested cumulatively all combinations of three rates of N fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha) and six agrochemical treatments (aldicarb, benomyl, dazomet, phorate, benomyl + dazomet + phorate and none). Permethrin and pirimicarb were also tested in 3 of the years. The crop was grown for forage from 1975 to 1987 and for grain from 1974 to 1976. With 150 kg N/ha, the average forage yield was 10·5 t dry matter/ha and there was no overall decline during the experiment; annual yields ranged from 5·9 to 14·5 t/ha. From 1975 to 1983, yields were on average 0·2 t/ha less with 100 kg N/ha and 1·0 t/ha less with only 50 kg N/ha than with 150 kg N/ha. The crop grown for grain in 1974 failed but in 1975 it gave 3·5, 3·6 and 3·8 t/ha with 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha, respectively, and 3·3 t/ha in 1976 with all N rates. The cultivars grown, Cargill Primeur 170, Caldera 535 and Fronica, matured too late to ensure a grain harvest at Rothamsted.Pests observed on the crop included nematodes of the genera Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus/Ditylenchus and initially some Heterodera avenae, the aphids Metopolophium dirhodum and Sitobion avenae, and frit fly (Oscinella frit). Common smut (Ustilago maydis) was the only fungus disease recorded and Microdochium bolleyi, possibly a minor pathogen, occurred on roots. There was no overall increase in the incidence of pests and pathogens during the experiment. Agrochemical treatments increased yields in all years; the most effective was the combined treatment with benomyl + dazomet + phorate which gave on average 1·4 t/ha more forage than the untreated crop with the largest N rate.Forage yields were generally larger with sowing in early May rather than later and maturity was earlier in years with the most accumulated day-degrees.

Prince Edward Island growers can reduce soil phosphorus buildup while maintaining carrot crop yield

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 1401-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R Sanderson ◽  
J. Brian Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Daucus Carota ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Daucus Carota L ◽  
P Fertilizer

Producers seek to manage the application of nutrients in a manner that maximizes economic crop returns; however, emphasis must now include sensitivity to environmental issues such as increasing soil phosphorus. To address this issue in carrot (Daucus carota L.) production, we studied the effect of soil-applied P fertilizers on yield and soil P content in Prince Edward Island. Six field studies over a 3-yr period evaluated the yield response of carrot on sandy to loamy sand Orthic Podzol soils. Treatments consisted of pre-plant broadcast applied P at 0, 33, 66, 99 or 132 kg ha-1 on sites where residual P levels ranged from 81 to 162 µg P g-1. When the total yield response of carrots to increasing P levels was fitted to a quadratic response curve, 110 kg P ha-1 was required to achieve maximum yield, but an application of as little as 22 kg P ha-1 resulted in 95% of maximum marketable yield. This reduced application rate resulted in a saving of 88 kg P ha-1 and slowed the buildup of soil P levels. Therefore, by applying more conservative amounts of P fertilizer carrot growers can maintain excellent crop yield while reducing the potential for environmental damage caused by the buildup of soil P. Key words: Orthic Podzol soil P, tissue P, fertilizer P, maximum yield, Daucus carota L.

EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIN ON FORAGE YIELDS OF SIX GRASS AND LEGUME SPECIES

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Finn ◽  
K. F. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Gibberellin Treatment ◽  
Forage Yields

Foliage of three grasses and three legumes, grown in a greenhouse, was treated with gibberellin solution and yield response evaluated. In general, the first cut yields of these grass and legume species were increased by gibberellin. With legumes the maximum yields were obtained at the highest rate of application. Maximum yields of grasses were obtained with rates less than the highest. Generally speaking there were reductions in second-cut yields of the grasses and legumes tested with higher rates of gibberellin. Treatment of the foliage with gibberellin decreased root weights m every case.There were significant negative correlations between total top and root weights of all species, except two in which there were no correlations. The per cent protein of all grass and legume species was decreased with gibberellin treatments. However, because of increased dry matter, highest yields of protein were generally obtained with treatments producing highest dry matter yields. The per cent ground cover of the species treated decreased progressively with increased rates of gibberellin.

THE INFLUENCE OF Zn AND P FERTILIZER ON THE DRY MATTER YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONTENT OF FLAX (Linum usitatissimum L.) ON SOILS VARYING IN Ca AND Mg LEVEL

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. GRANT ◽  
L. D. BAILEY
Keyword(s):  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Zinc Fertilization ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Application

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) was grown in two growth chamber experiments on a total of 16 Black Chernozemic soils varying in content of Mg, Ca, P, and Zn. On three of the soils, dry matter yield of flax increased in response to application of P. Phosphorus availability was greater with broadcast than with banded fertilizer applications. Increased yield in response to Zn application was observed on one-half of the soils. Applications of P that increased P level in the tissue above 0.46% led to consistent but nonsignificant decreases in yield and reduced the level of Zn in the tissue. Zinc fertilization increased Zn and decreased P level in the tissue. Yield response to P application was not strongly related to soil chemical parameters measured, but increased as tissue P level decreased and tissue Zn level increased. High levels of soil Mg and soil pH and high tissue levels of Mg and P were the factors most closely associated with a yield response to Zn applied with P. Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum, Ca, Zn, P, Mg, fertilizer placement

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer residues on the response of irrigated bromegrass to fertilizer nitrogen

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-386
Author(s):  
A. J. Leyshon ◽  
C. A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
N Rates

Two nitrogen (N) fertilizer response trials were superimposed, in 2 consecutive years, on a set of large plots of irrigated bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) that had been fertilized with different rates of fertilizer N up to 200 kg ha−1 for the previous 9 and 10 yr, respectively. During those years, forage dry matter responded in direct proportion to fertilizer N rate. In the subsequent two trials we determined the residual effects of the prior fertilizer treatments on the response of bromegrass to new applications of N fertilizer, and the N rate required to achieve maximum yields. The yield response of the bromegrass to the applied N was a function of prior fertilizer history and the moisture conditions. In the first trial, under good moisture conditions, the previously unfertilized plots had maximum yields at a N rate of 382 kg N ha−1; yields declined at higher rates. Responses of previously fertilized plots to additional N were linear. The y-intercepts (where no N was applied) were higher for plots that had been fertilized at higher N rates in the initial 9-yr study while the slopes of the yield responses were less steep. In contrast, in the second trial, conducted in a year when irrigation water was restricted, all forage yield responses to N fertilizer were curvilinear, Y-intercepts were again higher on plots that had been fertilized at higher N rates in previous years. In this case, however, the slopes of the N responses became progressively steeper with increasing N rate while increasingly larger quadratic coefficients resulted in maximum yields being attained at progressively lower N rates. Nevertheless, maximum yields were higher than those of the previously unfertilized plots. Changes in the response curves were attributed to alterations in the soil organic N and to a lesser extent, to changes in the capability of the bromegrass to respond to fertilizer N. Soil tests found no carry-over of fertilizer N as residual inorganic N but the initial potential rate of mineralization (N0k) reflected changes in the quality of soil organic matter influencing the response to N fertilizer applications. The results suggest the need for soil testing laboratories to take into account the prior fertilizer history of the grass stand when developing recommended N fertilizer rates for irrigated bromegrass. Key words: Bromegrass, N fertilization, residual N, mineralizable N

Soil phosphorus tests and grain yield responsiveness of maize (Zea mays) on Ferrosols

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Moody ◽  
T. Dickson ◽  
R. L. Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Highly Correlated

The grain yield response of maize (Zea mays) to various rates of applied phosphorus (P) was measured at each of 17 sites in the South Burnett region of south-eastern Queensland. The soils at all sites were Ferrosols. Relative grain yield of the nil applied P treatment [100 × (yield at nil applied P/maximum yield)] was related to Colwell (0·5 M NaHCO3) extractable P (PB), CaCl2-extractable P, and equilibrium P concentration and P buffer capacity calculated from P sorption curves. Of these P measurements, PB was most highly correlated with relative grain yield (R2 = 0·94 for a linear response and plateau fit, R2 = 0·92 for a Mitscherlich fit), and the PB values at 90% maximum grain yield were 20 mg/kg for the linear response and plateau model and 32 mg/kg for the Mitscherlich equation.

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