Effect of superphosphate and superphosphate plus flutriafol on yield and take-all of wheat

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Wheat was grown in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate with or without 4 levels of flutriafol at 3 sites naturally infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The severity of take-all was related to the rates of superphosphate and flutriafol. At all sites, the disease incidence and severity were high, with values for the moderate plus severe category (i.e. >25% of the root system discoloured by the takeall fungus) exceeding 80% for untreated plots. As plants responded to increasing levels of superphosphate and flutriafol, the percentage of infected roots declined. There was no further decline in the severity of take-all with increasing levels of flutriafol above 50 g/ha. The lowest severity of take-all was observed at the highest superphosphate level (200 kg/ha) and a fungicide level of 50 g/ha. Take-all severity for this treatment varied with the site location, being 52% at Condingup while the Mt Ridley and Neridup sites had 60% infection of take-all on the roots. There was a 25-30% increase in grain yield in response to added flutriafol at the highest superphosphate level. There were also corresponding increases in dry matter production and 1000-grain weights with superphosphate and fungicide application.

Application of different sources of manganese sulfate decreases take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) of wheat grown in a manganese deficient soi

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Wilhelm ◽  
RD Graham ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Manganese Sulfate ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Two experiments tested the effectiveness of manganese (Mn) decreasing take-all of wheat. The first experiment was conducted under controlled environmental conditions. Mn sulfate was mixed through the soil at sowing or 2 weeks before, or applied to the seed or leaves, and manganese dioxide (MnO2) was mixed through the soil at sowing or 2 weeks before. Mixing manganese sulfate (MnSO4) through the soil was the most effective treatment at decreasing take-all, followed by seed applied Mn. MnO2 and foliar applied Mn had little effect on take-all. All Mn treatments, except foliar Mn, completely eliminated Mn deficiency in the plants. In the second experiment, which was conducted in the field at a Mn deficient site, Mn sulfate and MnO2 were applied to the soil at sowing. MnSO4 decreased take-all and increased grain yields in take-all inoculated plots nearly threefold, but increased yields only slightly in uninoculated plots. MnO2 was not effective in decreasing take-all or increasing grain yield. This is the first report of take-all infection being suppressed by MnSO4in the field. The results of these experiments support the hypothesis that Mn may be acting through the physiology of the wheat plant to decrease take-all.

Failure of liming to increase grain yield of wheat and triticale in acid soils may be due to the associated increase in incidence of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici)

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Murray ◽  
BJ Scott ◽  
Z Hochman ◽  
BJ Butler
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Expected Increase ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Lime was applied at rates from 0 to 5.0 t ha-1 at 4 sites in southern and central New South Wales. A root and crown disease characterised by basal stem blackening affected up to 60% of wheat plants and 80% of triticale plants when the soil pH in 0.01 mol L-1 CaCl2 was above 5.0 at all 4 sites. Below pH 4.8, incidence was less than 5%. The take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was consistently associated with this symptom. Losses in grain yield from the disease ranged from 26 to 77% depending on site. Regression analysis indicates that each 10% increase in plants with basal stem blackening decreased yield by 0.76%. These results demonstrate that the disease can reverse the expected increase in yield after liming, and that progressive acidification of the soils in the region may have caused the present reduced amount of take-all.

Increases in wheat yield on limed soil after reduction of take-all by fungicide application and crop rotation

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Coventry ◽  
HD Brooke ◽  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
DJ Ballinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Limed Soil ◽  
Take All

The severity of take-all, caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, was measured with lime, rotation and flutriafol treatments in a long-term field experiment. The incidence of eyespot lesions caused by Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was also measured. Flutriafol reduced the number of plants with deadheads or no heads and resulted in 12-60% more grain yield. However flutriafol had no effect on the number of plants with eyespot lesions. The number of plants with deadheads or no heads was highest (50-53%) on the wheat which was a third consecutive crop and on soil which had been amended with 2.5 and 5.0 t/ha lime. Sowing wheat after a subterranean clover based pasture considerably reduced the number of deadheads. Control of annual grasses in the pasture by spray-topping further reduced deadheads and with this treatment and at nil and low lime there were 2-7% deadheads. The percentage of plants with eyespot lesions was higher with the continuous cropped wheat. Lime increased grain yield only where the disease incidence was low but had no effect on the percentage of eyespot lesions. This work demonstrates the importance of crop rotation for disease control, particularly where soils are limed to amend severe soil acidity; the value of controlling annual grasses in pasture in the year preceding wheat cropping; and the potential of fungicide treatment as a practical means for controlling take-all in field grown wheat.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixing and Sieving on Incidence of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in Field Soil

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

A bioassay was employed to compare the effect of various treatments on the level of G. graminis var. tritici inoculum in soil cores taken from a take-all patch. In a comparison of undisturbed soil and mixed soil, mixing caused a small reduction in incidence, possibly due to a dilution of the inoculum in the surface soil. Graded degrees of sieving from 5 to O� 5 mm mesh size caused a significant reduction in inoculum levels, with the latter reducing incidence to 3 % in seedlings at 4 weeks. However, it was also shown that increasingly finer sieving caused an increase in disease incidence if the seedlings were allowed to grow to maturity. It was not established whether the sieving affected the soil in such a way as to favour the pathogen, lower the resistance of the plant, or both.

scholarly journals Survival of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in the Field Soil Stored In Controlled Environments

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

A bioassay was used to study the effect of various storage treatments on the survival of G. graminis var. tritici in soil cores removed from a take-all patch. There was no significant change in the incidence of the fungus when the soil was maintained either dry (-250 to -980 bars) and cool (15�C), or moist (-4'0 to -7,0 bars) and cool (15�C). When maintained very dry (-980 bars or less) and hot (35�C) or wet (-0'1 to -0,2 bar) and cool (15�C) there was a significant reduction in disease incidence, but considerable levels of viable fungus were still present after 45 weeks storage. Only in wet hot soil (-0'1 to -0,2 bar and 35�C) was the fungus eliminated rapidly.

Effects of tillage and straw mulches on take-all of wheat in the Northern Wimmera of Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
PE Ridge ◽  
RFde Boer
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

In 4 trials in the Northern Wimmera of Victoria, the incidence and severity of take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were generally unaffected by tillage treatments (nil, chemical weed control; subsurface, blade plough and rod weeder; conventional scarifier, cultivator and harrows). At 1 site at 1 sampling time disease incidence was higher after conventional tillage than after subsurface tillage and at another site in 1 year out of 3, disease severity was greater after nil tillage than after conventional tillage. A stubble mulch of 4 t ha-1 of straw and burial at 5 or 10 cm reduced survival of the take-all fungus in wheat crowns.

The separate and combined effects of barley yellow dwarf virus and take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) on the growth and yield of wheat

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Sward ◽  
JF Kollmorgen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

The single and combined effects of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) on wheat, cv. Condor, were determined in field and glasshouse trials. Before and after tillering, aphids with BYDV were fed on plants growing in soil with different proportions of dead and live inoculum of Ggt. Each pathogen reduced grain yield and increased the number of deadheads. In a number of cases, especially in the field, the combined effect of BYDV and Ggt was greater than a simple additive effect of either pathogen alone. Grain yield per plot and grain weight per head were each reduced, whilst the incidence of deadheads was increased, particularly following infection with BYDV after tillering. A possible mechanism to explain the interaction of the two pathogens is discussed.

The relationship between incidence of infection by the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), rainfall and yield of wheat in South Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Roget ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

. This paper describes results obtained from an 8-year field trial on a calcareous sandy loam in South Australia. Different crop rotations resulted in varying percentages of plants with take-all [caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)]. The results demonstrated that in a wheat-grass/medic pasture rotation, take-all caused an average annual yield loss in wheat of 29%. These yield losses were strongly correlated with disease incidence and rainfall in September (r2 = 0.91, P = 0.07) but only moderately correlated to disease incidence alone (r2 = 0.44, P = 0.09). The level of early infection (at 10 weeks) by Ggt was influenced by spring rainfall in the previous season. A regression model was developed to predict the incidence of take-all in a wheat crop from the incidence of take-all and the August-September rainfall the previous season (r2 = 0.96, P = 0.007) for a wheat-grass/medic pasture rotation (successive host plants).

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization, and Sensitivity to 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol of Isolates of Phialophora spp. from Washington Wheat Fields

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youn-Sig Kwak ◽  
Peter A. H. M. Bakker ◽  
Debora C. M. Glandorf ◽  
Jennifer T. Rice ◽  
Timothy C. Paulitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Comparison ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Dark pigmented fungi of the Gaeumannomyces–Phialophora complex were isolated from the roots of wheat grown in fields in eastern Washington State. These fungi were identified as Phialophora spp. on the basis of morphological and genetic characteristics. The isolates produced lobed hyphopodia on wheat coleoptiles, phialides, and hyaline phialospores. Sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that the Phialophora isolates were clearly separated from other Gaeumannomyces spp. Primers AV1 and AV3 amplified 1.3-kb portions of an avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora isolates. Phylogenetic trees of the avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora spp. also clearly separated them from other Gaeumannomyces spp. The Phialophora isolates were moderately virulent on wheat and barley and produced confined black lesions on the roots of wild oat and two oat cultivars. Among isolates tested for their sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), the 90% effective dose values were 11.9 to 48.2 μg ml–1. A representative Phialophora isolate reduced the severity of take-all on wheat caused by two different isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of an avenacinase-like gene in Phialophora spp. and demonstrated that the fungus is significantly less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG than G. graminis var. tritici.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Abstract A description is provided for Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae, especially Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Agropyron and several other grass genera and, more rarely, Sorghum and Zea; also recorded from the roots of plants in other families. DISEASE: Take-all of cereals and grasses (also referred to as deadheads or whiteheads, pietin and pied noir (France), Schwarzbeinigkeit and Ophiobolus Fusskrankheit (Germany), Ophiobolusvoetziekt (Netherlands) and others). Root infection is favoured by soil temperature from 12-20°C (Butler, 1961). Ascospore germ tubes penetrate root hairs and the epidermis in the meristematic region (Weste, 1972) leading to plugging of xylem and root death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 334, ed. 3, 1972). Widespread, especially in temperate zones. Africa; Asia (India, Iran, Japan, USSR): Australasia and Oceania; Europe; North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments, as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses and, under special conditions, by ascospores. Seed transmission very doubtful (47, 3058).

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