scholarly journals Survival of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in the Field Soil Stored In Controlled Environments

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

A bioassay was used to study the effect of various storage treatments on the survival of G. graminis var. tritici in soil cores removed from a take-all patch. There was no significant change in the incidence of the fungus when the soil was maintained either dry (-250 to -980 bars) and cool (15�C), or moist (-4'0 to -7,0 bars) and cool (15�C). When maintained very dry (-980 bars or less) and hot (35�C) or wet (-0'1 to -0,2 bar) and cool (15�C) there was a significant reduction in disease incidence, but considerable levels of viable fungus were still present after 45 weeks storage. Only in wet hot soil (-0'1 to -0,2 bar and 35�C) was the fungus eliminated rapidly.

scholarly journals Effect of Mixing and Sieving on Incidence of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in Field Soil

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Small Reduction ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

A bioassay was employed to compare the effect of various treatments on the level of G. graminis var. tritici inoculum in soil cores taken from a take-all patch. In a comparison of undisturbed soil and mixed soil, mixing caused a small reduction in incidence, possibly due to a dilution of the inoculum in the surface soil. Graded degrees of sieving from 5 to O� 5 mm mesh size caused a significant reduction in inoculum levels, with the latter reducing incidence to 3 % in seedlings at 4 weeks. However, it was also shown that increasingly finer sieving caused an increase in disease incidence if the seedlings were allowed to grow to maturity. It was not established whether the sieving affected the soil in such a way as to favour the pathogen, lower the resistance of the plant, or both.

scholarly journals Survival of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici in the Field

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish ◽  
RL Dodman
Keyword(s):  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Small Drop ◽  
Field Soil ◽  
Wheat Stubble ◽  
One Year ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici

Bioassays of wheat stubble were used to study the survival of G. graminis var. tritici in the field. There were marked differences in survival between the two localities investigated. At Ceduna the number of macro-sites with stubble (crowns) containing viable G. graminis var. tritici dropped from 90 % in early February to 82 % in midNovember, while at Turretfield the drop was from 96 % in late January to 30 % in late August. In another experiment at Ceduna, the survival of G. graminis var. tritici in field soil was studied using a bioassay of soil cores. There was only a small drop in the incidence of G. graminis var. tritid in cores removed at regular intervals from the takeall patch over a period of nearly one year.

Take-all, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and yield of wheat grown after ley and arable rotations in relation to the occurrence of Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Slope ◽  
R. D. Prew ◽  
R. J. Gutteridge ◽  
Judith Etheridge
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Grassland Soils ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Bio Assay ◽  
Take All

SUMMARYThe Rothamsted ley–arable experiments were on two fields with similar soils but with contrasting previous cropping: old grass on Highfield, old arable on Fosters field. Damage by take-all (Qaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) occurred sooner in successive wheat crops grown after a lucerne ley and arable sequence (LU) than after a grass-clover ley and arable sequence (LC). On Highfield the difference was consistent and large, it occurred as soon as a second wheat crop was grown and resulted in wheat yielding 1 t/ha less after the LU than after the LC sequence. This difference did not persist in the next wheat crop where take-all was prevalent after both sequences. On Fosters field take-all developed more slowly and differences between sequences were mostly smaller.Wheat seedling bio-assay of soil cores from the LU and LC sequences showed that little take-all fungus persisted through the leys and that soils were much infested after a first wheat crop in the LU sequence on Highfield, but not in the LC sequence on Highfield or in either sequence on Fosters field. Microscopic examination of roots from assay seedlings and from field plants showed that Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola (PRG) was most common in soils where take-all developed slowly, but our results did not show if this was a causal relationship. The occurrence of much PRG in the LU sequence on Fosters conflicts with previous reports which associate large populations of this fungus only with grassland soils.

Effects of tillage and straw mulches on take-all of wheat in the Northern Wimmera of Victoria

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 419 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Kollmorgen ◽  
PE Ridge ◽  
RFde Boer
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

In 4 trials in the Northern Wimmera of Victoria, the incidence and severity of take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici were generally unaffected by tillage treatments (nil, chemical weed control; subsurface, blade plough and rod weeder; conventional scarifier, cultivator and harrows). At 1 site at 1 sampling time disease incidence was higher after conventional tillage than after subsurface tillage and at another site in 1 year out of 3, disease severity was greater after nil tillage than after conventional tillage. A stubble mulch of 4 t ha-1 of straw and burial at 5 or 10 cm reduced survival of the take-all fungus in wheat crowns.

scholarly journals Bioassay of Undisturbed Soil Cores for the Presence of Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var. Tritici

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC Mac Nish ◽  
RL Dodman ◽  
NT Flentje
Keyword(s):  
Main Parameter ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
The Core ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Undisturbed Soil Cores ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

The presence of viable G. graminis var. tritici in field soil was detected by a bioassay. Wheat seedlings were grown in undisturbed soil cores maintained under standard conditions for 4 weeks. The percentage of roots infected per core was the main parameter chosen to give an estimate of the level of G. graminis var. tritici inoculum in the core. Some variability between cores from the same site was observed, but this could be reduced by taking cores over plant remains within take-all patches. In this way, high and reasonably uniform levels of inoculum could be obtained to study the effect of various treatments on the incidence of G. graminis var. trifici.

The relationship between incidence of infection by the take-all fungus (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici), rainfall and yield of wheat in South Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Roget ◽  
AD Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

. This paper describes results obtained from an 8-year field trial on a calcareous sandy loam in South Australia. Different crop rotations resulted in varying percentages of plants with take-all [caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)]. The results demonstrated that in a wheat-grass/medic pasture rotation, take-all caused an average annual yield loss in wheat of 29%. These yield losses were strongly correlated with disease incidence and rainfall in September (r2 = 0.91, P = 0.07) but only moderately correlated to disease incidence alone (r2 = 0.44, P = 0.09). The level of early infection (at 10 weeks) by Ggt was influenced by spring rainfall in the previous season. A regression model was developed to predict the incidence of take-all in a wheat crop from the incidence of take-all and the August-September rainfall the previous season (r2 = 0.96, P = 0.007) for a wheat-grass/medic pasture rotation (successive host plants).

Effect of superphosphate and superphosphate plus flutriafol on yield and take-all of wheat

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 247 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Wheat was grown in soil amended with 5 levels of superphosphate with or without 4 levels of flutriafol at 3 sites naturally infested with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The severity of take-all was related to the rates of superphosphate and flutriafol. At all sites, the disease incidence and severity were high, with values for the moderate plus severe category (i.e. >25% of the root system discoloured by the takeall fungus) exceeding 80% for untreated plots. As plants responded to increasing levels of superphosphate and flutriafol, the percentage of infected roots declined. There was no further decline in the severity of take-all with increasing levels of flutriafol above 50 g/ha. The lowest severity of take-all was observed at the highest superphosphate level (200 kg/ha) and a fungicide level of 50 g/ha. Take-all severity for this treatment varied with the site location, being 52% at Condingup while the Mt Ridley and Neridup sites had 60% infection of take-all on the roots. There was a 25-30% increase in grain yield in response to added flutriafol at the highest superphosphate level. There were also corresponding increases in dry matter production and 1000-grain weights with superphosphate and fungicide application.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization, and Sensitivity to 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol of Isolates of Phialophora spp. from Washington Wheat Fields

2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 404-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youn-Sig Kwak ◽  
Peter A. H. M. Bakker ◽  
Debora C. M. Glandorf ◽  
Jennifer T. Rice ◽  
Timothy C. Paulitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Comparison ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Oat Cultivars ◽  
Eastern Washington ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Dark pigmented fungi of the Gaeumannomyces–Phialophora complex were isolated from the roots of wheat grown in fields in eastern Washington State. These fungi were identified as Phialophora spp. on the basis of morphological and genetic characteristics. The isolates produced lobed hyphopodia on wheat coleoptiles, phialides, and hyaline phialospores. Sequence comparison of internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that the Phialophora isolates were clearly separated from other Gaeumannomyces spp. Primers AV1 and AV3 amplified 1.3-kb portions of an avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora isolates. Phylogenetic trees of the avenacinase-like gene in the Phialophora spp. also clearly separated them from other Gaeumannomyces spp. The Phialophora isolates were moderately virulent on wheat and barley and produced confined black lesions on the roots of wild oat and two oat cultivars. Among isolates tested for their sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), the 90% effective dose values were 11.9 to 48.2 μg ml–1. A representative Phialophora isolate reduced the severity of take-all on wheat caused by two different isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. To our knowledge, this study provides the first report of an avenacinase-like gene in Phialophora spp. and demonstrated that the fungus is significantly less sensitive to 2,4-DAPG than G. graminis var. tritici.

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1973 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Root Infection ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Meristematic Region ◽  
Germ Tubes ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Take All

Abstract A description is provided for Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae, especially Triticum, Hordeum, Secale, Agropyron and several other grass genera and, more rarely, Sorghum and Zea; also recorded from the roots of plants in other families. DISEASE: Take-all of cereals and grasses (also referred to as deadheads or whiteheads, pietin and pied noir (France), Schwarzbeinigkeit and Ophiobolus Fusskrankheit (Germany), Ophiobolusvoetziekt (Netherlands) and others). Root infection is favoured by soil temperature from 12-20°C (Butler, 1961). Ascospore germ tubes penetrate root hairs and the epidermis in the meristematic region (Weste, 1972) leading to plugging of xylem and root death. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: (CMI Map 334, ed. 3, 1972). Widespread, especially in temperate zones. Africa; Asia (India, Iran, Japan, USSR): Australasia and Oceania; Europe; North America (Canada, USA); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: In soil on infected organic fragments, as runner hyphae on roots of cereals and grasses and, under special conditions, by ascospores. Seed transmission very doubtful (47, 3058).

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