Effects of deep ripping and liming on soil water deficits, sorptivity and penetrometer resistance

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Steed ◽  
TG Reeves ◽  
ST Willatt
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Penetrometer Resistance ◽  
Yield Responses

A field experiment was conducted at Rutherglen, in north-eastern Victoria, to determine the effects of liming and deep ripping on soil water extraction by wheat, sorptivity of water into the soil profile and soil resistance to a penetrometer. The site was typical of many cropping paddocks in the region. In the unmodified state the top 20 cm of the soil profile was acid (pH 4.80) and there was a dense hardpan between 7.5 and 17.5 cm depth. Deep ripping increased water extraction by wheat by an average of 8 mm during a drought season (1982), but had no effect on water use in a wet season (1983). The major effect of ripping was to increase the water use in winter from below the ripped zone (40 cm) compared with the unripped treatment. Lime, either with or without ripping, had no significant effect on crop water extraction. Sorptivity, a measure of infiltration, was increased by ripping alone and by ripping plus lime. Soil resistance to a penetrometer was reduced by deep ripping; an effect which had persisted at least 30 months after the last ripping operation. Economic wheat yield responses were obtained by using deep ripping and liming to improve soil physical properties at this site.

Water extraction by sugarcane on soils of the Ord Irrigation Area

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Plunkett ◽  
R. C. Muchow
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Crop Water Use

Sugarcane is a new commercial crop in the Ord River Irrigation Area and irrigation management strategies are required for profitable production with minimal environmental consequences such as rising ground water. Knowledge of soil water properties and sugarcane water requirements is a necessary prerequisite for best-practice irrigation. Accordingly, soil water measurements were taken to quantify the amount and depth pattern of water extraction by sugarcane on the Ivanhoe Plain in the Ord River Irrigation Area.The drained upper limit and crop lower limit of extraction were measured on 4 soil types. The amount of soil water available to the sugarcane plant varied between soil types, ranging from 226 to 167 mm in a 2.0 m profile. Sugarcane extracted water down to 1.8 m at the Central and Northern Ivanhoe sites, down to 1.6 m at the Southern Ivanhoe site, but only down to 1.0 m at the Aquitaine site. The pattern of water use over time was determined at 2�sites and showed higher crop water use before the wet season and much lower crop water use after the wet season. There was considerable reduction in the ratio of crop water use to Class A pan evaporation after the wet season. Lower irrigation frequency after the wet season on maturing crops will improve irrigation efficiency and reduce impacts on the environment.This knowledge of the different soil water properties of the 4 soil types can be used with crop growth models to develop recommendations for best-practice irrigation management of sugarcane across the Ord River Irrigation Area. These recommendations need to account for the high soil water extraction capability of sugarcane growing in this environment.

Soil water use and growth of a grass sward

1967 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
T. E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Grass Sward

1. The rate and pattern of water extraction from the soil by grass swards were examined.2. Under a continued drought water was removed progressively down the soil profile. The rate of removal of water was similar from all horizons to a depth of over 3 ft in these conditions.

Water use by winter wheat as affected by soil management

1984 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Goss ◽  
K. R. Howse ◽  
Judith M. Vaughan-Williams ◽  
M. A. Ward ◽  
W. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Potential Yield

SummaryIn each of the years from September 1977 to July 1982 winter wheat was grown on one or more of three clay soil sites (clay content 35–55%) in Oxfordshire where the climate is close to the average for the area of England growing winter cereals.The effects on crop water use of different soil management practices, including ploughing, direct drilling and subsoil drainage, are compared. Cultivation treatment had little effect on the maximum depth of water extraction, which on average in these clay soils was 1·54 m below the soil surface. Maximum soil water deficit was also little affected by cultivation; the maximum recorded value was 186±7·6 mm. Subsoil drainage increased the maximum depth of water extraction by approximately 15 cm and the maximum soil water deficit by about 17 mm.Generally soil management had little effect on either total water use by the crop which was found to be close to the potential evaporation estimated by the method of Penman, or water use efficiency which for these crops was about 52 kg/ha par mm water used.Results are discussed in relation to limitations to potential yield.

Soil water extraction by a mixed eucalypt forest during a drought period

Soil Research ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Talsma ◽  
EA Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Unsaturated Flow ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Drought Period

Eucalypt trees growing on deep soils, with a water table at about 8 m depth, showed no apparent drought effects during the 1982-83 dry period in south-east Australia when gross precipitation was only 388 mm. At the end of the drought, soil water to 4 m depth was depleted to a soil water potential of -0.5 MPa and under these conditions unsaturated flow from the water table to the lower root zone was calculated to be 0.17 mm day-1. Water extraction over the depth interval from 0 to 6 m in the drought year was 533 mm, some 200 mm in excess of that used during a year of average rainfall. The contribution to tree water use from unsaturated flow from the water table was calculated to be small (15 mm) even in a drought year, and in most years water movement would be towards the water table to yield a deep drainage term estimated between 40 and 100 mm. Growth ring studies indicated that the lower water use, estimated at 2.6 mm day-1 during the spring-summer drought, did not affect the slowly growing E. radiata species, but reduced stem diameter growth of the faster growing E. dalrympleana and E. pauciflora species.

Temporal and spatial patterns of soil water extraction and drought resistance among genotypes of a perennial C4 grass

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Christopher J. Lambrides ◽  
Matthew B. Roche ◽  
Alan Duff ◽  
Shu Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Green Cover ◽  
C4 Grass ◽  
Soil Water Extraction

The objective of this study was to investigate patterns of soil water extraction and drought resistance among genotypes of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) a perennial C4 grass. Four wild Australian ecotypes (1–1, 25a1, 40–1, and 81–1) and four cultivars (CT2, Grand Prix, Legend, and Wintergreen) were examined in field experiments with rainfall excluded to monitor soil water extraction at 30–190 cm depths. In the study we defined drought resistance as the ability to maintain green canopy cover under drought. The most drought resistant genotypes (40–1 and 25a1) maintained more green cover (55–85% vs 5–10%) during water deficit and extracted more soil water (120–160 mm vs 77–107 mm) than drought sensitive genotypes, especially at depths from 50 to 110 cm, though all genotypes extracted water to 190 cm. The maintenance of green cover and higher soil water extraction were associated with higher stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate and relative water content. For all genotypes, the pattern of water use as a percentage of total water use was similar across depth and time We propose the observed genetic variation was related to different root characteristics (root length density, hydraulic conductivity, root activity) although shoot sensitivity to drying soil cannot be ruled out.

Zero-tillage influence on canola, field pea and wheat in a dry subhumid region: Agronomic and physiological responses

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Borstlap ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Soil Water Extraction

Field trials were conducted over 4 site-years in southern Manitoba to compare the response of Katepwa wheat, Westar canola and Victoria field pea to zero tillage (ZT). The experimental design was a split plot with tillage system as the mainplot (ZT vs. conventional tillage (CT)) and crop species as the subplot. All crops received protection from insect, weed and disease pests. Tillage system had only a limited impact on crop dry matter accumulation or grain quality. Where differences were observed, crop performance was enhanced under ZT. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was either reduced or unaffected by ZT, while ET efficiency (ETE: kg ha−1 mm−1 ET) was either increased or unchanged by the shift from CT to ZT. Higher ETE under ZT was attributed to less soil water evaporation. Significant tillage system × crop species (T × S) interactions for growth parameters, ET and ETE indicated that field pea often benefitted more than wheat or canola from ZT. A significant T × S interaction at one of the four sites indicated that water extraction between 30 and 90 cm was higher for pea and canola in the ZT compared with CT treatment, while soil water extraction by wheat was reduced under ZT. At a second site, lower ET for all three crops under ZT was attributed to reduced water use between 90 and 130 cm. Despite some effects of ZT on crop growth and water use, no significant tillage, T × S, or site × tillage interactions were observed for grain yield. It was concluded that under the conditions of this study (i.e. precipitation and temperature conditions close to the long-term average), Westar canola, Victoria field pea and Katepwa wheat were, for the most part, equally suited to ZT production. Key words: Soil water extraction, evapotranspiration efficiency, crop quality, grain yield, canopy development

Soil water depletion by tall and semidwarf oat and wheat cultivars

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-388
Author(s):  
R. M. Gentile ◽  
P. J. de Rocquigny ◽  
M. H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Soil Water Depletion ◽  
Water Depletion

Knowledge of soil water use in different crops and among crop cultivars is useful in crop rotation planning. Net seasonal soil water depletion patterns in the 0- to 130-cm soil profile for semidwarf and tall cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared at 3 site-years in Manitoba. Total soil water depletion was greater for oat than wheat (29–31 mm). This trend was consistent across site-years and N regimes. Greater water use for tall versus semidwarf oat was observed at one of three sites. Key words: Cultivars, oat, semidwarf, soil water depletion, wheat

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