Evaluation of a subjective fat scoring system for lamb carcasses

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee ◽  
JM Thompson ◽  
JR Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Scoring System ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Similar Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
Carcass Measurement

Two surveys were conducted, the first to examine the ability of subjective fat scores to sort carcasses independently of variation in carcass weight, and the second to objectively describe fat scores in terms of an easily recorded carcass measurement. Survey 1 examined the distribution of subjective fat scores (1-very lean to 5-very fat) within carcass weight ranges for 60 262 carcasses. There was little variation in fat scores within carcass weight ranges and therefore fat scores provided little additional information for sorting carcasses over that of carcass weight alone. This was particularly so in the two most common carcass weight ranges (14.0- 16.5, and 17.0- 19.5 kg) in which over 95% of carcasses were given fat score 3. This highlighted the need to establish an objective basis for fat scores. The second survey related fat scores to tissue depth, measured 1 10 mm from the midline of the 12th- 13th rib junction (GR) for a range of carcass weights. GR measurements for fat scores 3,4 and 5 were positively related to carcass weight. Nevertheless, individual fat scores reflected carcasses of similar percentage subcutaneous fat over a range of carcass weights, although the range of GR within fat score-carcass weight category was large, with considerable overlap between scores. Objective boundaries for fat scores in terms of GR measurements are proposed for a range of carcass weights.

Effects of sex and year on growth and live assessment of carcass characteristics of lambs grazing annual pastures

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
LP Thatcher ◽  
B Warren ◽  
PJ Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Clover Content

Lambs from the Poll Dorset x (Border Leicester x Merino) cross were raised from a late lambing in 1983 (a year when pastures grew unchecked and had high clover content) and 1984 (a year with intermittent dry periods and a low clover content in pastures). Multivariate repeated measures analyses were used to compare growth rates for rams, wethers and ewes within 2 periods of growth in 1983, and 4 in 1984. In all stages rams grew significantly faster than wethers and ewes, whereas wether growth rate exceeded that of ewes in only 3 stages. In general, when pasture availability and quality was high, rams grew faster than wethers by 0.3 kg/week and ewes by 0.5 kg/week. The rams grew 0.16 kg/week faster when pasture availability was limiting for a period in winter but lost significant (P<0.01) body condition, whilst ewes maintained both weight and condition. When good quality feed was again available, rams gained more weight than wethers, as did wethers compared with ewes, while rams and wethers gained more condition than ewes. Carcass weight and fatness, measured either as indicators of fat (GR measurement or fat score) or as total subcutaneous fat, could be predicted from assessments made on live lambs. Full liveweight, sex and year explained 41% of variation in GR, 48% in fat score and 79% in subcutaneous fat. Condition score, sex and year explained 45% of variation in GR, 52% in fat score and 57% in subcutaneous fat. Full liveweight, condition score, sex and year explained 80% of the variation in subcutaneous fat, 47% in GR and 57% in fat score. An interaction of sex with full liveweight in predicting carcass weight and subcutaneous fat indicated that as carcass size increased, the sex of the lamb became an increasingly important consideration when assessing characteristics important in describing lamb carcasses. Dressing percentage decreased by 0.08/kg as liveweight increased. This result was consistent over the 2 years, with opportunities for error being assessed and eliminated in the second year. Notwithstanding that this was an unimportant loss in real terms, published information showed an increase in dressing percentage with liveweight.

The effect of nutrition and exercise in carcass parameters and the level of glycogen in skeletal muscle of Merino sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 525 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Pethick ◽  
JB Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Carcass Parameters ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Fat Score

This study investigated the effects in sheep of feed intake and exercise training on (i) the level of glycogen in muscle, and (ii) carcass quality traits including growth rate, carcass weight, fat score, and the ultimate pH of muscle. Merino wethers, 12-months-old and starting body weight 38 kg, were individually penned and housed indoors. The effects of nutrition and exercise were tested for 2 levels of activity (sedentary v. exercised) and 4 levels of feed intake (1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.2 x maintenance) with 8 sheep per group housed individually. Exercise training was for 1 h at 8-9 km/h (approx. 55-65 VO2max), 3 times per week from week 4 to 9 of the experiment. The diet was 20% cereal straw, 26% lupin grain, 53% barley grain, mineral and vitamin premix, and virginiamycin. Animals were slaughtered at an abattoir in week 10. Regular exercise reduced growth rate, carcass weight, and fat score, but did not affect intake. At the highest level of intake, carcass weight was reduced by 0.53 kg and fat depth over the 12th rib (GR fat depth) by 6.3 mm, suggesting that muscle yield was increased. At all sampling times, the level of glycogen in the m. semimembranosis (SM) and m. semitendinosis (ST) increased linearly with increasing feed intake. Regular exercise caused increased glycogen level in SM samples immediately post-slaughter and in the SM, ST, and m. longissimus dorsi (LD) 48 h post-slaughter. The ultimate pH of muscle was reduced as the level of feed intake increased for all muscle groups. Exercise caused a reduction in the ultimate pH of the ST with no change for the SM and LD. The results indicate that glycogen levels in muscle are highly responsive to nutrition and regular exercise. In addition, exercise caused a reduction in subcutaneous fat with no change in feed intake.

Carcass characteristics of heavyweight crossbred lambs. II.* Carcass composition and partitioning of fat

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thompson ◽  
KD Atkins ◽  
AR Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Intermuscular Fat

Half-carcasses of 108 wether and ewe lambs from six genotypes, slaughtered at 34, 44 and 54 kg liveweight, were dissected into subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, muscle, bone and connective tissue. The six genotypes were the progeny of Dorset Horn and Border Leicester rams mated to Merino, Corriedale and Border Leicester x Merino first-cross ewes. As carcass weight increased, the proportion of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat increased (b > 1 ; P < 0.05) and the proportion of muscle and bone decreased (b < 1; P < 0.05). Lambs sired by Border Leicester rams had more subcutaneous fat (12.7%), more intermuscular fat (7.6%) and more bone (5.7%) than lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams at the same carcass weight (P< 0.05). Similarly, lambs sired by Dorset Horn rams had more muscle (7.2%) than lambs sired by Border Leicester rams at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). Breed of dam had no effect on carcass composition. Wether lambs had a greater proportion of bone (5.7%) than ewe lambs at the same carcass weight (P < 0.05). The breed of sire effect and the lack of a breed of dam effect on carcass composition, in conjunction with estimated mature weights for the breeds, suggest possible differences between sire and dam breeds in the partitioning of fat between the carcass and non-carcass depots. ____________________ *Part I, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 30: 1197 (1979).

Effects of the percentage of Texel or Rouge de ľOuest genes in lambs on carcass characteristics and meat quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Carson ◽  
B. W. Moss ◽  
R. W. J. Steen ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Ram Lambs

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of the percentage of Texel or Rouge de l’Ouest (Rouge) genes in lambs (0, 50, 75 or 100%; the remainder being Greyface (Border Leicester × Scottish Blackface)) on lamb carcass characteristics and meat quality. Ewe lambs were slaughtered at 34, 40, 46 and 52 kg and ram lambs were slaughtered at 40, 46, 52 and 58 kg live weight. Dressing proportion increased (P < 0·001) by 0·53 and 0·27 g carcass weight per kg live weight for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes respectively. Carcass conformation classification increased (P < 0·001) by 0·016 and 0·007 units (on a five-point scale) for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes respectively. Carcass fat depth measures were reduced by Texel and Rouge genes such that at a constant fat depth end point, carcass weight could be increased by 0·029 and 0·023 kg for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes. Carcass lean content increased (P < 0·001) by 0·99 and 0·27 g/kg for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes. Subcutaneous fat content was reduced (P < 0·001) by 0·36 and 0·29 g/kg for each 1% increase in Texel or Rouge genes. Intermuscular fat content was reduced (P < 0·01) by 0·38 g/kg per 1% increase in Texel genes, whereas Rouge genes had no effect. Similarly, bone content was reduced (P < 0·01) by Texel genes only (0·31 g/kg per 1% increase in Texel genes). Warner-Bratzler shear force values showed a quadratic effect with increasing Texel and Rouge genes, with an initial decrease from 0 to 50% followed by an increase to 100%. Cooking loss increased (P = 0·05) as the percentage of Rouge genes in lambs increased. Increasing the percentage of Texel or Rouge genes significantly increased L* values (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively), b* values (P = 0·05 and P< 0·05 respectively) and H° values (P < 0·001).

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

The Effect of Breed, Sex and Carcass Weight on the Composition of Lamb Retail Cuts

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 152-152
Author(s):  
A.J. Brown ◽  
B.W. Butler-Hogg ◽  
J.D. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
Retail Cuts ◽  
Conventional Manner

Because the majority of lamb in Britain 1s sold to the consumer ‘bone-In’ it 1s difficult to trim excessive fat. Nevertheless, consumer acceptability of specific retail cuts 1s markedly affected by the fat content of that joint at the point of sale. Therefore, any strategy which aims to define breed-specific carcass weights at slaughter needs to consider the effect this will have on retail joint weights, their composition and hence acceptability. This study examined the effect of breed, sex and carcass weight on the proportions of the four main lamb cuts, and their composition.In this study a total of 317 castrated males and 238 females from six pure breeds (Clun Forest, Dorset Horn, Hampshire Down, Suffolk, Colbred and Welsh Mountain), were slaughtered in. the conventional manner. The range 1n cold carcass weight (CCW) was from 12 to 24 kg. Carcasses were jointed and each of the nine joints then dissected into lean, bone, subcutaneous fat (SCF) and intermuscular fat (IMF) (Brown and Williams, 1979)1 For ease of presentation the data for nine joints were reduced to four by combining some of them. The shoulder Included the neck, the breast Included the brisket and flank, the leg Included the upper and lower leg and the loin included the best end of neck.

scholarly journals On the possibility of using temperature to aid in thyroid nodule investigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Damião ◽  
J. R. G. Montero ◽  
M. B. H. Moran ◽  
R. A. da Cruz Filho ◽  
C. A. P. Fontes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodule ◽  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technique ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Fat Thickness

AbstractThyroid nodules are common, and their investigation is very important to exclude the possibility of cancer. The increase in blood vessels of malignant tumours may be related to local temperature augmentation detectable on the skin surface. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of Infrared Thermography for cancer identification. For this purpose, two studies were performed. One used numerical modelling to simulate regional metabolic temperature propagation to evaluate whether a nodule is perceptible on the skin surface. A second study considered thyroid nodule identification by using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). First, variations in nodular size and fat thickness were investigated, showing that the fat layer has an important role in regional heat transfer. In the second study, the training process achieved accuracy of 96% for in-sample and 95% for validation. In the testing phase, 92% accuracy, 100% precision and 80% recall were achieved. Thus, the presented studies suggest the feasibility of using Infrared Thermography with the CNN Artificial Intelligence technique as additional information in the investigation of thyroid nodules for patients without a very thick subcutaneous fat layer.

Consequences of selection for growth and heat resistance on growth, feed conversion efficiency, commercial carcass traits and meat quality of Zebu crossbred cattle

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Burrow ◽  
HM Burrow ◽  
B Gulbransen ◽  
B Gulbransen ◽  
SK Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Selection For

Thirty-five steers and 37 heifers were grown at pasture and finished in a feedlot to meet Australian domestic market specifications, i.e. 160-200 kg carcass weight with 5-9 mm subcutaneous fat at the P8 rump site. The animals were from lines that had been selected for either high growth rate to 600 days (UPWT) or for low rectal temperature under conditions of high ambient temperatures (TEMP) and from a control line (CONT). They were slaughtered in six groups at fortnightly intervals when liveweight of individuals was estimated to satisfy market requirements. Animals from the UPWT line were heavier at all ages than animals from the TEMP and CONT lines (P< 0.05) and had higher liveweight gains at pasture (P < 0.01). There was no difference between the lines in liveweight gains in the feedlot. At the same carcass weight, UPM animals had leaner carcasses (P < 0.01) but similar levels of marbling to CONT line animals. TEMP line animals were also leaner than CONT line animals (P < 0.0l ) , but had more marbling (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between lines in feed conversion efficiency. Steers were heavier (P < 0.001) than heifers at all ages, grew faster (P < 0.001) except during the immediate post-castration period, had higher feed intakes (P < 0.05) but better feed conversion efficiencies (P < 0.05), and at the same carcass weight were leaner (P < 0-01) and had less marbling (P < 0.05). Meat colour, cooking loss, ultimate pH and meat tenderness did not differ significantly between lines or sexes. These results are discussed with reference to the use of selection for growth or heat resistance to improve growth and carcass traits of beef herds in tropical areas.

Development of a commercial price schedule for producers and processors of lambs

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
The Times ◽  
Mean Time

Equations were developed to predict the weight of trimmed retail (bone-in) cuts, trim, fat and bone from 321 lamb carcasses, ranging in carcass weight from 4.8 to 26.8 kg and in fat depth at the GR site (12th rib) from 1 to 31 mm. For commercial application, the equations were developed using a multiple regression program with the predictors carcass weight and GR. All equations explained a large amount of the variation in component weights (r2 = 0.76-0.99). A time and motion study using 172 carcasses showed that the times required to butcher carcasses of low fat (score 1 and 2) were similar. Likewise the mean time taken to butcher score 3 carcasses was similar to that of score 1 carcasses. However, it took significantly longer (P<0.05) to butcher score 3 carcasses than score 2 carcasses, and score 4 and 5 carcasses than score 3 carcasses. In addition, the mean times taken to butcher score 4 and 5 carcasses were significantly different (P< 0.05). By using multiple regression analysis it was shown that carcass weight, fatscore, their interaction and the butcher all significantly affected the butchering time. The findings of this work are discussed as they apply to the commercial development of price schedules and show that, when based on yield, lean heavy carcasses are more profitable for processing.

Growth and carcass characteristics of ram, cryptorchid and wether Border Leicester x Merino lambs: effects of increasing carcass weight.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Lee
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Consumer Acceptability ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
Score Distributions

The growth and carcass characteristics of first-cross Border Leicester x Merino ram, cryptorchid and wether lambs were compared over a range of slaughter weights (35-55 kg). Lambs were offered feed ad libitum after weaning. The growth rate of wether lambs (221 g/day) was less (P< 0.01) than that of rams and cryptorchids (308 and 280 g/day respectively, P = 0.076). The dressed carcasses of the wether lambs were approximately 2 percentage units heavier than those of the ram and cryptorchids, but this difference was partly due to the weight of the testes. Across all sex groups, dressing percentage increased by 0.46 percentage units per kg increase in carcass weight. The carcasses of rams and cryptorchid lambs tended to be leaner than those of wethers. Fat score distributions, based on export standards, were such that wethers scored higher (fatter) than rams and cryptorchids (P< 0.05). There was a significant sexx carcass weight interaction with GR tissue depths. Above 17 kg carcass weight, tissue depth of wether lambs was greater than those of the other sex types. Of 12 families assessing consumer acceptability (taste, smell, size, fatness and tenderness) of leg roasts, the majority showed no preference for any of the sexes.

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