Enhanced accumulation of mineral-N following canola

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 587 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
P. M. Mele ◽  
G. N. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Total Bacteria

The accumulation of mineral-nitrogen (N) in the top 10 cm of soil during the summer fallow was measured in 2 replicated field experiments following a range of crops including wheat, oats, canola, peas and lupins. At the first site, mineral-N was measured following harvest and in autumn before sowing subsequent crops across 3 seasons (1994–96). Crop residues were retained on the surface with intermittent grazing by sheep throughout the summer fallow and burnt before the autumn measurements. The smallest increase in mineral-N accumulation occurred following the cereals in all 3 seasons (mean increase 31 kg/ha). The highest accumulation of mineral-N in all seasons occurred following canola (mean 94 kg/ha), 3 times as much as that following cereals, and significantly higher than that after the legumes in 2 of the 3 seasons (mean 50 kg/ha). Differences in the amount, N content, or C : N ratio of the surface-retained crop residues are unlikely explanations for the observed differences in mineral-N accumulation. At a second site, measurements of the accumulation of mineral-N following canola and wheat were accompanied by measurements of populations of selected microorganisms involved with N cycling in soil. More mineral-N accumulated after canola than after wheat, however, populations of free-living, N-fixing bacteria, potential Azospirillim species and NH4+ oxidising bacteria were significantly lower following canola than following wheat, and populations of total bacteria and NO2− oxidising bacteria did not differ. These results suggest that greater mineral-N accumulation following canola does not result from a shift in those microbial populations which favour mineral-N accumulation, however, more detailed studies are required to resolve the exact cause of the differences. A possible explanation is that biocidal compounds released by canola roots during decay may cause a general ‘biofumigation’ and thereby result in a flush of mineral-N similar to that which accompanies chemical fumigation.

INCREASE IN MINERAL N IN SOILS DURING WINTER AND LOSS OF MINERAL N DURING EARLY SPRING IN NORTH-CENTRAL ALBERTA

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. MALHI ◽  
M. NYBORG
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
North Central ◽  
Cultivated Soils

Ten field experiments were conducted on cultivated soils in north-central Alberta to determine any change in mineral N content of soils during winter, and during early spring after the soils had thawed. Soil samples were taken periodically from fall to spring to a depth of 120 (or 90) cm and were analyzed for NH4-N and for NO3-N. Mineral N changes occurred primarily in the top 60 cm. Between fall and late winter, there was an increase of 48 kg N ha−1 of mineral N (range of 27–83) in the 60-cm depth of eight experiments set on stubble and the value increased only to 55 kg N ha−1 when the sampling depth was extended to 120 (or 90) cm. Considering only the values from soil samples taken when soils were frozen, the increase in mineral N was 31 kg N ha−1 (range of 14–54) in the 120-cm depth, and the average net mineral N accumulation was 0.35 kg N ha−1 d−1 (range of 0.26–0.43). There was a loss of mineral N during early spring of 44 kg N ha−1 (range of 18–71). The two experiments on summerfallow had more over-winter accumulation of mineral N and more loss in early spring compared to the stubble experiments. This study showed large increases in the mineral N content when the soil was frozen and large decreases in the early spring. The mechanism of increase in mineral N in frozen soil was not determined. The cause of the decrease in early spring was most likely denitrification, and was not leaching of nitrate. The results of the investigation may have implications for the time of soil test sampling and for the loss of native N from cultivated soils. Key words: Ammonium N, frozen soil, mineral N, nitrate N, early spring loss

Application of anhydrous ammonia or urea during the fallow period for winter cereals on the Darling Downs, Queensland .II. The recovery of 15N by wheat and sorghum in soil and plant at harvest

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Strong ◽  
PG Saffigna ◽  
JE Cooper ◽  
AL Cogle
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
15N Recovery ◽  
Fertilizer Management ◽  
Fertilizer Placement ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Fallow Period ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Application Depth

Three field experiments were conducted on the Darling Downs (Queensland) to evaluate fertilizer management practices such as application depth and addition of nitrification inhibitor (N-serve), for nitrogen (N) applied in the February-May fallow period for winter cereals. Anhydrous ammonia or urea was applied in February, March or May at two depths (7 or 17 cm), with or without N-serve. Soil fertilized in February generally had a lower mineral-N content at sowing than soil fertilized in May. Deeper application (17 cm) in February did not increase soil mineral-N content to 0.2 m depth in May but addition of N-serve did at one site where it appeared to slow the movement of mineral N into the subsoil (0.2-0.4 m). A companion experiment was conducted at each site in which 15N-enriched urea was applied to a small (1 m2) area at the centre of a 4 m2 fertilized plot. Effects of fertilizer placement and N-serve treatment, as were used in field experiments, were evaluated in terms of crop recovery of 15N and total 15N recovery in plant and soil at harvest. Recovery of 15N by wheat, sown at two sites in June, showed that neither fertilizer management practice, application depth nor N-serve affected 15N recovery. At only one site did wheat recover less February-applied N than May-applied N. N-serve had no effect on 15N recovery by sorghum sown in October, of N applied in February or May, but 15N recovery was increased by deeper fertilizer placement. Total recovery of 15N in soil and plant after wheat harvest was lower (-74%) for February-application than for May-application (>94%). Similarly, total 15N recovery after sorghum was lower the earlier the fertilizer was applied. Unrecovered 15N was presumed lost due to denitrification during periods of temporary waterlogging of surface soil. Use of N-serve with the fertilizer application had no effect in conserving 15N applied for wheat or sorghum. However, deeper (17 cm) placement of N than normal (7 cm) promoted higher total recoveries, and therefore reduced losses, of applied 15N at the three sites.

The use of 15N-enriched feed to label pig excreta for N cycling studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Chantigny ◽  
Denis A. Angers ◽  
Candido Pomar ◽  
Thierry Morvan
Keyword(s):  
Swine Manure ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
N Concentration

Isotopic labelling can help improve our knowledge of the fate of manure N in agroecosystems. Our objective was to investigate the labelling dynamics of excreta N by feeding a pig with a 15N-enriched diet (2.808 atom % 15N) and to establish the implications of using the labelled excreta for N cycling studies. Pig urine and feces were collected and pooled each day for 20 d following the start of 15N-feeding. Each of the 20 excreta samples were analyzed for pH, dry matter content, C and N contents, and 15N distribution between the mineral and organic N pools. Sub-samples of each excreta sample were incubated for 84 d, and the 15N abundance of N mineralized after 7, 21 and 84 d of incubation was determined. The 15N concentration in pig excreta increased sharply during the first 3 d of 15N-feeding and slowly thereafter. The 15N concentration in excreta decreased rapidly when an unlabelled feed was served after 12 d of 15N-feeding. On the first day and after 9 d of 15N-feeding, the mineral and the organic N pools of the collected excreta had similar 15N content. However, from day 2 to 9 of 15N-feeding, the 15N abundance of excreta mineral N was 0.1 to 0.3 atom % lower than in the organic N pool. During incubation of the excreta samples, the 15N content of the mineralized N was 0.1 to 0.4 atom % lower after 84 d than after 21 d of incubation, indicating a heterogeneous distribution of 15N between the rapidly and the slowly mineralizable N pools of pig excreta. Despite some heterogeneity, the measured differences in 15N enrichment among the various excreta N pools were generally less than 15% for the first 9 d of 15N-feeding, and less than 5% afterwards. The labelled excreta were thus considered appropriate for short-term studies on the fate of manure N in the soil-plant system, especially for excreta collected after 9 d of 15N-feeding. Key words: 15N labelling, animal feeding, swine manure, pig slurry

scholarly journals Nitrogen release kinetics of organic nutrient sources in two benchmark soils of Indo-Gangetic plains

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1123-1128
Author(s):  
Manpreet S. Mavi ◽  
B. S. Sekhon ◽  
Jagdeep Singh ◽  
O. P. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Mineralization Potential

An understanding of the mineralization process of organic amendments in soil is required to synchronize N release with crop demand and protect the environment from excess N accumulation. Therefore, we conducted a laboratory incubation experiment to assess nitrogen mineralization potential of crop residues (rice and wheat straw) and organic manures (poultry manure, farmyard manure, cowpea and sesbania) in two benchmark soils (Typic Haplustept and Typic Ustifluvents) of semi-arid region of Punjab, India, varying in textureat field capacity moisture level at a constant temperature of 331°C. Mineralization was faster during first 7 days of incubation in Typic Haplustept and upto 14 days in Typic Ustifluvents which subsequently declined over time. In both soils, net N mineralization continued to increase with increasing period of incubation (expect with crop residues) and was significantly higher in Typic Ustifluvents (54-231µg g-1) than Typic Haplustept (33-203 µg g-1). Compared to unamended soils, percent N mineralized was highest is sesbania (35-40 %) followed by cowpea (32-37 %) and least in wheat (10-11 %) after 42 days of incubation. Thus, sesbania and cowpea may preferably be used to meetthe large N demand during early period of plant growth. Further, mineralization rate constants (k) also indicated that availability of mineral N was significantly higher with application of organic amendments than unamended control treatments in both soils. Therefore, it may be concluded that considerable economy in the use of inorganic N fertilizer can be employed if N mineralization potential of organic inputs is taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Nitrate-N in the Soil Profiles of Long-term Field Experiments

2002 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
É. Bircsák ◽  
Tamás Németh
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Farm Scale ◽  
Additional Costs

Long-term N fertilization experiments were established with identical treatments at two different growing areas in Hungary: one on a calcareous sandy soil (Őrbottyán) and the other on a calcareous chernozem soil (Nagyhörcsök). The aim was to create differences in mineral-N content in the soil profiles in order to determine their N supplying capacity and to establish whether the accumulated nitrate may be regarded as a supply index for crop production. The results showed that under certain environmental conditions N may accumulate in the soil profile in the form of nitrate, resulting from N fertilization in previous years, to such an extent that it must be taken into consideration when determining the fertilizer rates to be applied. This is important not only from the point of view of economical management and environment protection, but also for reaching better yield quality. The calculations can be reliably performed if they are based on the measurement and calibration of the soil's mineral-N content. The environmental importance of such calibration experiments is that by estimating the utilization of N from the mineral-N pool, the additional costs incurred due to over-fertilization can be eliminated, and at the same time the potential danger of NO 3 leaching to the groundwater can be reduced. Extrapolation of the experimental results to farm scale can lead to both economical and environmental achievements.

Growth and nitrogen dynamics of spring chickpea genotypes in a Mediterranean-type climate

2009 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. KOUTROUBAS ◽  
M. PAPAGEORGIOU ◽  
S. FOTIADIS
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Rainfed Farming

SUMMARYChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume of rainfed farming systems, contributing to the sustainability of production and reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization through fixing atmospheric N2. The relative importance of factors causing variations in growth, seed yield, N accumulation and N utilization efficiency among spring chickpea varieties grown in a Mediterranean-type climate was investigated in field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Five chickpea varieties were grown in a silty clay soil in the farm of the Democritus University of Thrace in Orestiada, Greece. Yearly differences in plant growth and productivity were observed and were mainly associated with the variations in the weather parameters between the growing seasons. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for biomass production during the seed-filling period was higher compared with that during the vegetative period. NUE for seed yield (SY) ranged from 18·3 to 24·5 g dry matter (DM)/g N and was positively correlated with seed yield, suggesting that high SY was associated with more efficient exploitation of N. When the environmental conditions favoured high early N accumulation, the differences among varieties in NUE were mainly due to the differences in N partitioning at maturity, e.g. the nitrogen harvest index (NHI). The amount and the efficiency of N content at the beginning of seed growth (growth stage (GS) R5) that was translocated to the seed differed among varieties and ranged from 7·0 to 16·6 g N/m2 and from 68·2 to 86·8 g DM/g N, respectively. Most of the variation (0·96) between varieties in N translocation could be accounted for by the differences in total N content at GS R5. N losses from the plant foliage between 0·61 and 9·92 g N/m2 were detected during the seed-filling period when SY was low and N content at GS R5 was high.

Estimation of soil nitrogen supply in potato fields using a plant bioassay approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J Zebarth ◽  
Y. Leclerc ◽  
G. Moreau ◽  
J B Sanderson ◽  
W J Arsenault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Plant Bioassay

Soil N supply is an important contributor of N to crop production; however, there is a lack of practical methods for routine estimation of soil N supply under field conditions. This study evaluated sampling just prior to topkill of whole potato plants that received no fertilizer N as a field bioassay of soil N supply. Three experiments were performed. In exp. 1, field trials were conducted to test if P and K fertilization, with no N fertilization, influenced plant biomass and N accumulation at topkill. In exp. 2, plant N accumulation at topkill in unfertilized plots was compared with mineral N accumulation in vegetation-free plots. In exp. 3, estimates of soil N supply were obtained from 56 sites from 1999 to 2003 using a survey approach where plant N accumulation at topkill, and soil mineral N content to 30-cm depth at planting and at tuber harvest were measured. Application of P and K fertilizer had no significant effect on plant N accumulation in two trials, and resulted in a small increase in plant N accumulation in a third trial. Zero fertilizer plots, which can be more readily established in commercial potato fields, can therefore be used instead of zero fertilizer N plots to estimate soil N supply. In exp. 2, estimates of soil N supply were generally comparable between plant N accumulation at topkill and maximum soil NO3-N accumulation in vegetation-free plots; therefore, the plant bioassay approach is a valid means of estimation of plant available soil N supply. Plant N accumulation at topkill in exp. 3 averaged 86 kg N ha-1, and ranged from 26 to 162 kg N ha-1. Plant N accumulation was higher for sites with a preceding forage crop compared with a preceding cereal or potato crop. Plant N accumulation was generally higher in years with warmer growing season temperatures. Soil NO3-N content at harvest in exp. 3 was less than 20 kg N ha-1, indicating that residual soil mineral N content was low at the time of plant N accumulation measurement. Soil NO3-N content at planting was generally small relative to plant N accumulation, indicating that soil N supply in this region is controlled primarily by growing season soil N mineralization. Use of a plant bioassay approach provides a practical means to quantify climate, soil and management effects on plant available soil N supply in potato production. Key words: Solanum tuberosum, nitrate, ammonium, N mineralization, plant N accumulation

scholarly journals Nitrogen Availability and Fruiting Influence Nitrogen Cycling in Strawberry

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Charles T. MacKown
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Storage Site ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Vegetative Tissues ◽  
N Pool

As the primary nutrient applied to and used by strawberry, N allocation and cycling within the plant may play an important role in determining plant vigor and productivity. Our objectives were to determine 1) how N availability and fruit production affect N and fertilizer N (FN) partitioning among and within the vegetative tissues of `Tribute' strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) and 2) if the root N pool is temporary storage N. Plants were fed 15N-depleted NH4NO3 (0.001 atom percent 15N) for the initial 8 weeks, then were grown for 12 weeks with or without NH4NO3 with a natural 15N abundance (0.366 atom percent 15N), and were maintained vegetative or allowed to fruit. The vegetative tissues were sampled at 6 and 12 weeks. Neither N availability or fruiting had consistent effects on dry mass (DM) across all tissues at 6 or 12 weeks. At 6 weeks, the total N content of all tissues except the roots were higher with continuous N than with no N. Nitrogen availability was the dominant treatment effect on all plants at 12 weeks; continuous N increased leaflet, petiole, and total vegetative DM and total N of all tissues. Insoluble reduced N (IRN) was the major N pool within all tissues at 6 and 12 weeks regardless of treatment. Fruiting inhibited root growth and N accumulation at 6 weeks but had little effect at 12 weeks. The roots were a strong dry matter and N sink from 6 to 12 weeks. The FN pools, from the 15N-depleted FN supplied during the initial 8 weeks, exhibited changes similar to those of total N in plants not receiving N, in contrast to plants receiving continuous N where total leaflet and petiole N content increased while FN content declined. Total FN per plant declined nearly 26% over 12 weeks; the decline was greater in plants receiving N continuously than in those not receiving N, but the magnitude of the decline was not affected by fruiting. Increasing atom percent 15N values, primarily in plants receiving continuous N after the initial 8 weeks of receiving 15N-depleted FN, indicated that N cycling occurred through all tissues and N pools, proportionally more in the soluble reduced N pool but quantitatively more in the IRN pool. The root N pool was not a “temporary” N storage site available for re-allocation to other tissues, although N cycling through it was evident. Rather, leaflet N was primarily remobilized to other tissues.

An analysis of the agronomic, economic and environmental effects of applying N fertilizer to sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Allison ◽  
M. J. Armstrong ◽  
K. W. Jaggard ◽  
A. D. Todd ◽  
G. F. J. Milford
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Inorganic Mineral ◽  
The Uk

SUMMARYThe effects of different rates of N fertilizer (0–180 kg N/ha) were tested on the growth, yield and processing quality of sugarbeet in 34 field experiments in England between 1986 and 1988. The experiments were performed using soil types, locations and management systems that were representative of the commercial beet crop in the UK. The responses obtained showed that current recommendations for N fertilizer use are broadly correct, but large differences occurred on some soil types, in some years, between the recommended amounts and the experimentally determined optima for yield. The divergence was largest when organic manures had been applied in the autumn before the beet crop. Calculations using a simple nitrate-leaching model showed that much of the N in the manures was likely to be leached, the extent of leaching being much less if the manure application was delayed until spring. In these circumstances, spring measurement of inorganic mineral N in the soil could improve fertilizer recommendations. In situations where higher than optimum rates of fertilizer N were used, the extra N had little effect on yield. Increasing the rate from 0 to 180 kg N/ha increased the amount of nitrate left in the soil at harvest by only 8 kg N/ha. The amount of inorganic N released into the soil from crop residues at harvest increased by 50 kg N/ha with N application rate, and the fate of this N has not been established.

Crop and microbial responses to the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) in Mediterranean wheat-cropping systems

Soil Research ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott G. Duncan ◽  
Cathryn A. O’Sullivan ◽  
Margaret M. Roper ◽  
Mark B. Peoples ◽  
Karen Treble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Accumulation

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as 3,4,-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), are used to suppress the abundance of ammonia-oxidising micro-organisms responsible for nitrification. In agriculture, NIs are used to retain soil mineral nitrogen (N) as ammonium to minimise the risk of losses of N from agricultural soils. It is currently unclear whether DMPP-induced nitrification inhibition can prevent losses of N from the light soils prevalent across the main rain-fed cropping regions of Western Australia, or whether it can improve the productivity or N uptake by broadacre crops such as wheat. Herein, we report on a series of glasshouse and field studies that examined the effect of applications of DMPP in conjunction with urea (as ENTEC urea; Incitec Pivot, Melbourne, Vic., Australia) on: (1) soil nitrification rates; (2) the abundance of ammonia-oxidising bacteria and archaea (AOB and AOA respectively); and (3) wheat performance (grain yield, protein content and N accumulation). A glasshouse study demonstrated that DMPP inhibited nitrification (for up to ~40 days after application) and reduced the abundance of AOB (by 50%), but had no effect on AOA abundance, wheat grain yield or protein content at any fertiliser N rate. Across six field experiments, DMPP also limited nitrification rates and reduced AOB abundance for approximately the first 40 days after application. However, by the end of the growing season, DMPP use had not increased soil mineral N resources or impaired AOB abundance compared with urea-only applications. In addition, DMPP had no effect on AOA abundance in any trial and did not improve crop performance in most trials.

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