The use of 15N-enriched feed to label pig excreta for N cycling studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Chantigny ◽  
Denis A. Angers ◽  
Candido Pomar ◽  
Thierry Morvan
Keyword(s):  
Swine Manure ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
N Concentration

Isotopic labelling can help improve our knowledge of the fate of manure N in agroecosystems. Our objective was to investigate the labelling dynamics of excreta N by feeding a pig with a 15N-enriched diet (2.808 atom % 15N) and to establish the implications of using the labelled excreta for N cycling studies. Pig urine and feces were collected and pooled each day for 20 d following the start of 15N-feeding. Each of the 20 excreta samples were analyzed for pH, dry matter content, C and N contents, and 15N distribution between the mineral and organic N pools. Sub-samples of each excreta sample were incubated for 84 d, and the 15N abundance of N mineralized after 7, 21 and 84 d of incubation was determined. The 15N concentration in pig excreta increased sharply during the first 3 d of 15N-feeding and slowly thereafter. The 15N concentration in excreta decreased rapidly when an unlabelled feed was served after 12 d of 15N-feeding. On the first day and after 9 d of 15N-feeding, the mineral and the organic N pools of the collected excreta had similar 15N content. However, from day 2 to 9 of 15N-feeding, the 15N abundance of excreta mineral N was 0.1 to 0.3 atom % lower than in the organic N pool. During incubation of the excreta samples, the 15N content of the mineralized N was 0.1 to 0.4 atom % lower after 84 d than after 21 d of incubation, indicating a heterogeneous distribution of 15N between the rapidly and the slowly mineralizable N pools of pig excreta. Despite some heterogeneity, the measured differences in 15N enrichment among the various excreta N pools were generally less than 15% for the first 9 d of 15N-feeding, and less than 5% afterwards. The labelled excreta were thus considered appropriate for short-term studies on the fate of manure N in the soil-plant system, especially for excreta collected after 9 d of 15N-feeding. Key words: 15N labelling, animal feeding, swine manure, pig slurry

Plant uptake of nitrogen from the organic nitrogen fraction of animal manures: a laboratory experiment

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. CHADWICK ◽  
F. JOHN ◽  
B. F. PAIN ◽  
B. J. CHAMBERS ◽  
J. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Cow Slurry ◽  
N Fractions

Twenty slurries, 20 farmyard manures (FYM) and 10 poultry manures were chemically analysed to characterize their nitrogen (N) fractions and to assess their potential organic N supply. The organic N fraction varied between manure types and represented from 14% to 99% of the total N content. The readily mineralizable N fraction, measured by refluxing with KCl, was largest in the pig FYMs and broiler litters, but on average only represented 7–8% of the total N content. A pot experiment was undertaken to measure N mineralization from the organic N fraction of 17 of these manures. The ammonium-N content of the manures was removed and the remaining organic N mixed with a low mineral N status sandy soil, which was sown with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). N offtake was used as a measure of mineralization throughout the 199 day experiment. The greatest N mineralization was measured from a layer manure and a pig slurry, where N offtake represented 56% and 37% of the organic N added, respectively. Lowest (%) N mineralization was measured from a dairy cow slurry (< 2%) and a beef FYM (6%). The mineralization rate was negatively related to the C[ratio ]organic N ratio of the ammonium-N stripped manures (P < 0·01, r = −0·63).

scholarly journals Integrating maize and triticale in grass/clover based dairy systems: examining yields and autumn soil nitrate levels

2013 ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
J.B. Pinxterhuis ◽  
H.C. De Boer ◽  
N.J.M. Van Eekeren ◽  
M.W.J. Stienezen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Different Levels

To establish N-efficient crop rotations with perennial ryegrass/white clover, maize and triticale, a 9-year field experiment was executed on an organic experimental farm in the Netherlands. Crop rotations with different levels of slurry (dairy effluent from the free-stall barn, average dry matter content of 7%) application were tested for dry matter (DM) yield, N yield, soil mineral N in autumn, soil organic matter and soil organic N. Maize cropping and slurry application both increased annual DM yield. However, the second year of grass/ clover following maize, maize itself and slurry applications each resulted in higher soil mineral N in autumn, increasing the risk of nitrate leaching losses. A rotation of 4 years of grass/clover, 2 years of maize and 1 year of triticale resulted in relatively high average annual DM production (12 t DM/ha/year) for Dutch conditions, with a higher potential N leaching loss in 2 out of 7 years. Keywords: crop rotation, grass clover, maize, triticale, N efficiency, soil mineral N

Ammonia volatilization following surface-applied pig and cattle slurry in France

1995 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Moal ◽  
J. Martinez ◽  
F. Guiziou ◽  
C.-M. Coste
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Ammoniacal Nitrogen ◽  
Cattle Slurry ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Application Rates

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out in Brittany (Western France) in 1993 to measure ammonia losses from surface-applied pig and cattle slurry. Experiments were conducted on grass, stubble (wheat and maize) and arable land using a wind tunnel system. Ammonia losses were followed during periods ranging from 20 to 96 h after slurry application. Rates of slurry applied varied from 40 to 200 m3/ha. In two experiments, losses from cattle slurry were respectively 75 and 54% of the ammoniacal nitrogen applied in the slurry. Ammonia emissions from pig slurry applied at a rate of 40 m3/ha, during spring and summer experiments, were higher on grass (45–63% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen applied) than on wheat stubble (37–45%). On average, 75% of the total loss in all experiments occurred within the first 15 h after spreading. Significant correlations were found between ammonia losses (kg N/ha) and mean soil temperature and slurry dry matter content (%) using simple linear regressions and stepwise procedures. The time of application was also found to influence the magnitude of ammonia loss: 83% of the total loss occurred within 6 h when the slurry was applied at midday compared with 42% when it was applied in the evening.

scholarly journals A review of the importance of mineral nitrogen cycling in the plant-soil-microbe system of permafrost-affected soils – changing the paradigm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ramm ◽  
Chunyan Liu ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ◽  
Bin Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Cycling ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Net N Mineralization ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Soil Microbe ◽  
N Turnover ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Active Layers

Abstract The paradigm that permafrost-affected soils show restricted mineral nitrogen (N) cycling in favor of organic N compounds is based on the observation that net N mineralization rates in these cold climates are negligible. However, we find here that this perception is wrong. By synthesizing published data on N cycling in the plant-soil-microbe system of permafrost ecosystems we show that gross ammonification and nitrification rates in active layers were of similar magnitude and showed a similar dependence on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations as observed in temperate and tropical systems. Moreover, high protein depolymerization rates and only marginal effects of C:N stoichiometry on gross N turnover provided little evidence for N limitation. Instead, the rather short period when soils are not frozen is the single main factor limiting N turnover. High gross rates of mineral N cycling are thus facilitated by released protection of organic matter in active layers with nitrification gaining particular importance in N-rich soils, such as organic soils without vegetation. Our finding that permafrost-affected soils show vigorous N cycling activity is confirmed by the rich functional microbial community which can be found both in active and permafrost layers. The high rates of N cycling and soil N availability are supported by biological N fixation, while atmospheric N deposition in the Arctic still is marginal except for fire-affected areas. In line with high soil mineral N production, recent plant physiological research indicates a higher importance of mineral plant N nutrition than previously thought. Our synthesis shows that mineral N production and turnover rates in active layers of permafrost-affected soils do not generally differ from those observed in temperate or tropical soils. We therefore suggest to adjust the permafrost N cycle paradigm, assigning a generally important role to mineral N cycling. This new paradigm suggests larger permafrost N climate feedbacks than assumed previously.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions as Affected by Fertilization Type (Pig Slurry vs. Mineral) and Soil Management in Mediterranean Rice Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 493
Author(s):  
Beatriz Moreno-García ◽  
Mónica Guillén ◽  
Dolores Quílez
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N

The great increase in livestock production in some European areas makes it necessary to recycle organic slurries and manures and to integrate them in crop production. In Northeast Spain, the application of pig slurry (PS) is being extended to alternative crops such as rice due to the great increase in pig production. However, there is a lack of information of the effect of substitution of synthetic fertilizers with pig slurry on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in rice crop, and this information is key for the sustainability of these agricultural systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of mineral fertilizers by PS on GHG emissions in Mediterranean flooded rice cultivation conditions under optimal nitrogen (N) fertilization. Two field experiments were carried out in two different (contrasting) soil types with different land management. Site 1 had been cultivated for rice in the previous three years with no puddling practices. Site 2 had been cultivated for rice for more than 15 years with puddling tillage practices and had higher organic matter content than site 1. The cumulative nitrous oxide emissions during the crop season were negative at both sites, corroborating that under flooded conditions, methane is the main contributor to global warming potential rather than nitrous oxide. The substitution of mineral fertilizer with PS before seeding at the same N rate did not increase emissions in both sites. However, at site 1 (soil with lower organic matter content), the higher PS rate applied before seeding (170 kg N ha−1) increased methane emissions compared to the treatments with lower PS rate and mineral fertilizer before seeding (120 kg N ha−1) and complemented with topdressing mineral N. Thus, a sustainable strategy for inclusion of PS in rice fertilization is the application of moderate PS rates before seeding (≈120 kg N ha−1) complemented with mineral N topdressing.

scholarly journals The effect of fertilisation with fermented pig slurry on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kouřimská ◽  
L. Babička ◽  
K. Václavíková ◽  
D. Miholová ◽  
Z. Pacáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
C 50

The effect of fertilisation with fermented pig slurry on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of two kinds of tomatoes was assessed by means of pot trials. These trials were carried out between the years 2005 and 2008. Each trial involved four treatments, namely (a) control without fertilisation, (b) fertilisation with mineral fertilisers, (c) 50% nutrients in mineral fertilisers and 50% in fermented pig slurry, and (d) fertilisation with fermented pig slurry only. Besides the yield parameters, the following characteristics were monitored: dry matter content, vitamin C content, titratable acidity, nitrogen compounds, nitrates and selected elements (Pb, Cd, As, Zn and Hg) contents. The fertilisation method showed no statistically significant influence on many parameters (titratable acidity, Hg, As, dry matter, vitamin C and nitrates contents). These results showed that anaerobically fermented pig slurry can be a suitable alternative to the use of mineral fertiliser. They also showed that its use as an organic fertiliser did not impair the hygienic quality and safety of the vegetable products grown, as all tomato samples fulfilled the tested heavy metals and nitrates legislation limits. The fertilisation method showed a statistically significant influence on the yield. Diffe-rences occurred between the organic and mineral methods in the case of Cd, and between non-fertilised and organic methods in the case of Zn. The fertilisation method also significantly influenced N-compounds content in tomatoes. A statistically significant influence of the year was found with all parameters except zinc and vitamin C contents. The influence of cultivar was also found, but only in the case of zinc and dry matter contents.

Soil nitrogen dynamics following herbicide kill and tillage of manured and unmanured grasslands

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin H. Chantigny ◽  
J. Douglas MacDonald ◽  
Denis A. Angers ◽  
Philippe Rochette ◽  
Isabelle Royer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Grassland Soils ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Liquid Swine Manure ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Dynamics ◽  
Soil Solutions

Chantigny, M. H., MacDonald, J. D., Angers, D. A., Rochette, P., Royer, I. and Gasser, M.-O. 2013. Soil nitrogen dynamics following herbicide kill and tillage of manured and unmanured grasslands. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 229–237. Grassland soils accumulate N, which could be lost following land-use change. Adjacent grassland sites, with and without liquid swine manure applied annually for 28 yr, were subdivided and left undisturbed (Control), or killed by herbicides with and without full inversion tillage (FIT) in the autumn or spring. We monitored hot-water extractable organic N (HWEON), and mineral N forms in KCl extractions and soil solutions (tension lysimeters) for 1 yr. Mean soil mineral N increased by 1 to 2.8 g m−2 in the weeks following herbicide kill and FIT of the unmanured soils, and by 2.6 to 3.0 g m−2 in the manured soil. These increases corresponded to declines in soil HWEON (−0.4 to −1.9 g m−2 unmanured site; −2.4 to −4.9 g m−2 manured site), suggesting that HWEON comprised N that is rapidly mineralized following grassland termination. More than 80% of N mineralized in the weeks following termination accumulated as NH4 in the unmanured soils, compared with >70% as NO3 in the manured soils. As a result, more mineral N (mainly NO3) was found in the soil solution of manured soils. Manured grassland soils may represent a high risk of N loss following termination with herbicide in combination with FIT in the autumn, because of the rapid nitrification of mineralized N. For spring FIT, however, the rapid mineralization of soil N may represent a substantial nutrient source to the following crop.

scholarly journals Are ammonia emissions from field-applied slurry substantially over-estimated in European emission inventories?

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1611-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sintermann ◽  
A. Neftel ◽  
C. Ammann ◽  
C. Häni ◽  
A. Hensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Flux Measurement ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Integrated Horizontal Flux Method

Abstract. The EMEP/EEA guidebook 2009 for agricultural emission inventories reports an average ammonia (NH3) emission factor (EF) by volatilisation of 55% of the applied total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) content for cattle slurry, and 35% losses for pig slurry, irrespective of the type of surface or slurry characteristics such as dry matter content and pH. In this review article, we compiled over 350 measurements of EFs published between 1991 and 2011. The standard slurry application technique during the early years of this period, when a large number of measurements were made, was spreading by splash plate, and as a result reference EFs given in many European inventories are predominantly based on this technique. However, slurry application practices have evolved since then, while there has also been a shift in measurement techniques and investigated plot sizes. We therefore classified the available measurements according to the flux measurement technique or measurement plot size and year of measurement. Medium size plots (usually circles between 20 to 50 m radius) generally yielded the highest EFs. The most commonly used measurement setups at this scale were based on the Integrated Horizontal Flux method (IHF or the ZINST method (a simplified IHF method)). Several empirical models were published in the years 1993 to 2003 predicting NH3 EFs as a function of meteorology and slurry characteristics (Menzi et al., 1998; Søgaard et al., 2002). More recent measurements show substantially lower EFs which calls for new measurement series in order to validate the various measurement approaches against each other and to derive revised inputs for inclusion into emission inventories.

Laboratory study of the availability of nutrients in physical fractions of cattle slurry

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Díaz-Fierros ◽  
M. Carmen Villar ◽  
F. Gil ◽  
M. Carmen Leirós ◽  
M. Carballas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Cellulose Membrane ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Analytical Scheme ◽  
The Individual

SummaryThe characteristics of three fractions obtained by physical separation from each of 19 cattle slurries are reported, with the aim of investigating their behaviour in the soil. The fraction retained on a 1 mm sieve (F1) was the poorest in nutrient content. The fraction passing through a 1 mm sieve but retained in Richard's apparatus on a cellulose membrane of 2·4 nm pore radius (F2) contains most of the slurry's organic N and Pand most divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+). F3, which passes through the cellulose membrane, contains most of the slurry's inorganic N and most monovalent cations.The individual fractions are both chemically and physically much more homogeneous than the slurry as a whole, and their relative proportions are well correlated with the slurry's density and dry-matter content (P < 0·001), so that this kind of fractionation may confidently be expected to provide an analytical scheme facilitating research on the behaviour of slurry after its application to soil.

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