Energy losses in the excreta of poultry: a model for predicting dietary metabolizable energy

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (103) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Moir ◽  
WJ Yule ◽  
JK Connor
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrate ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Bomb Calorimetry ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Poultry Diets

Twenty-four poultry diets with gross energy values ranging from 18.43 to 21.54 MJ kg-1 DM were fed to chickens using a standard metabolizable energy (ME) assay procedure. Gross energy as determined by bomb calorimetry was significantly related to gross energy as calculated from chemical composition (protein, fat, and carbohydrate), with an RSD of � 0.25 MJ kg-1 DM. Energy loss via faeces and urine (range 4.1 1 to 5.91 MJ kg-1 diet DM) was significantly related to crude fibre expressed as a percentage of the total dietary carbohydrate (range 3.7 to 8.6). The RSD was � 0.29 MJ. By treating the components of ME (gross energy and energy loss) separately, bias of biological origin was separated from random error in the prediction of ME from chemical composition.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

The estimation of the nutritive value of feeds as energy sources for ruminants and the derivation of feeding systems

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Blaxter ◽  
A. W. Boyne
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYThe results of 80 calorimetric experiments with sheep and cattle, mostly conducted in Scotland, were analysed using a generalization of the Mitscherlich equation R = B(l–exp(–pG))–l, where R is daily energy retention and G daily gross energy intake, both scaled by dividing by the fasting metabolism. The relations between gross energy and metabolizable energy were also examined. Methods of fitting the Mitscherlich equation and the errors associated with it are presented.It is shown that the gross energy of the organic matter of feed can be estimated from proximate principles with an error of ±2·3% (coefficient of variation) and that provided different classes of feed are distinguished, the metabolizable energy of organic matter can be estimated from gross energy and crude fibre content with an error of ±6·9%. Parameters of the primary equation made with cattle agreed with those made with sheep and there was no evidence of non-proportionality of responses on substitution of feeds in mixtures.The efficiency of utilization of gross energy for maintenance and for body gain of energy was related to the metabolizability of gross energy and, in addition, to fibre or to protein content. Prediction equations are presented which describe these relationships.It is shown that the primary equation can be manipulated to express a number of biological concepts and that its two parameters B and p can be simply derived from estimates of the two efficiency terms for maintenance and production.The results are discussed in relation to the design of feeding systems for ruminant animals and to the derivation of optima in their feeding.

Efficiency of the utilization of the energy of food in piglets, after weaning

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Burlacu ◽  
G. Băia ◽  
Dumitra Ionilă ◽  
Doina Moisa ◽  
V. Taṣcenco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Large White ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Gross Energy

SummaryThe efficiency of utilization of the energy of food by weaned pigs of the Large White breed was measured. Three diets based on maize (40–60%) had a metabolizable energy of 75·8±1·2% of the gross energy, and 78·2 ±3·4% of the metabolizable energy was present as net energy.The maintenance requirement of metabolizable energy of pigs weighing 14·3 ± 2·1 kg was 143·6 kcal/kg°0·75/24 h (601 kJ/kg0·75/24 h).The energy cost per g protein and fat synthesized by piglets was estimated to be 7·43 and 12·05 kcal (31·1 and 50·4 kJ) metabolizable energy, respectively.Equations for calculation of metabolizable energy (Yl, kcal) and of the net energy (Y2, kcal), based on digested nutrients, were:Y1 = 4·64×1 + 9·12×2 + 4·25×3'CV = ± 1·2%,Y2 = 3·84×1 + 7·09×2 + 3·28×3'CV = ± 1·4%,where X1 = g protein digested, X2 = g fat digested, X3= g carbohydrate digested (crude fibre × N-free extracts).

The net energy value of three subtropical forages

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Energy and nitrogen balance experiments with three subtropical forages, a legume and two grasses, are reported. Each forage was given to four sheep at several levels of feeding. One of the forages had a low nitrogen content (4% crude protein) and was supplemented with urea and molasses containing 7 g nitrogen and 56 kcal/day. This caused voluntary consumption to increase by 50% and digestibility of all chemical constituents to increase by 6–12 units. Utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance also improved by approximately 10%. Digestible energy (42–62%) was predicted quite accurately from chemical composition by means of published equations which refer to forages grown in temperate climates. Metabolizable energy was close to 82% of digestible energy, as found with non-tropical forages. Net availability of metabolizable energy for maintenance ranged from a very low 60% to 80%. It was predicted more accurately from percentage metabolizable energy than from digestible crude fibre: the reverse applied to net availability for production (40–50%).

Soaking of complete fattening rations high in poor roughage 1. The effect of moisture content and spontaneous fermentation on nutritional value

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
R. Volcani
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Spontaneous Fermentation ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYThe effect of three moisture concentrations (10, 50 and 75%) and of four fermentation conditions (none, 24 hr aerobic, and 24 and 48 hr anaerobic) on the nutritive value of two complete fattening diets containing 25 and 45% poor roughage, was examined in three digestion and nitrogen balance trials, each of Latin square design, in cattle.Fermentation increased the lactic acid and volatile fatty acid concentrations of the feed, decreased its pH and the crude fibre content, and caused losses of dry matter.There were non-significant differences in voluntary intake between the dry and soaked diets. The apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and crude fibre was non-significantly improved by added moisture. There were no consistent differences in nitrogen retention.The average metabolizable energy values (ME) observed for both diets were 6% higher than those calculated. There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of gross energy or in ME value between treatments of different moisture content.The fluctuations in pH of rumen liquor during the day differed markedly when the animals received different levels of roughage. These differences were greater when the feed was allowed to ferment. Soaking of feed resulted in a significant increase in the concentration of propionic acid in the rumen liquor, and a non-significant decrease in that of acetic acid. Consequently the C2/C3ratio was significantly lower on the moist feed treatments.There were no consistent differences in concentration of ammonia in the rumen liquor, or of urea in the blood.

scholarly journals Influence of diet and microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility, and nitrogen and energy metabolism in rats and pigs

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O. Eggum ◽  
Grete Thorbek ◽  
R. M. Beames ◽  
A. Chwalibog ◽  
S. Henckel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Weight Range ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Gross Energy

1. Balance trials with respiration measurements were performed with twelve rats and twelve pigs given either low- or high-crude-fibre diets. There were six collection periods with the rats over a live-weight range of 86–264 g and three collection periods with the pigs over a live-weight range of 30–55 kg. Measurements were made on the influence of microbial activity in the digestive tract on digestibility and nitrogen and energy metabolism. Dietary inclusion of the antibiotic Nebacitin was the method used to reduce the microbial population.2. The microbial activity in the hind-gut (μmol ATP/g air-dry contents) of antibiotic-treated rats was reduced to approximately one-tenth of that of untreated rats.3. Live-weight gain was not significantly affected in either species by a reduction in the microbial activity, in spite of a reduction in dry matter digestibility in animals with reduced microflora.4. For rats on low-crude-fibre diets, a reduction in microflora reduced digestibility of all nutrients and energy and metabolizability of digestible energy by approximately 5·4%. All differences were highly significant. On high-crude-fibre diets the decrease was approximately 5·9%. In pigs on both crude fibre levels, the digestibility was also influenced by the level of microflora, but the pattern was somewhat different from that obtained with rats, with the Nebacitin treatment increasing the digestibility of N slightly, and the digestibility of fat markedly.5. Retained N in rats reached a maximum when the rats were approximately 60 d old and thereafter decreased with increasing age. However, for pigs daily N retention increased with age. The retained N:digested N value decreased linearly with age in the rats, but varied little with age over the range (104–146 d) studied in the pigs.6. The metabolizability of gross energy (metabolizable energy (ME): gross energy) was significantly reduced with an increase in crude fibre level and by the addition of Nebacitin.7. Retained energy (RE) in relation to ME (RE:ME), was not significantly affected either by level of microbial activity or by crude fibre.8. The ratio, RE as fat (RF):RE as protein (RP) increased as the animals grew. In the rat experiment there was a tendency for RP to be higher for animals with normal microflora than for animals with reduced microflora for both crude fibre levels.9. With rats, the regression analyses indicated that the energy requirement for maintenance could be influenced by both the level of microbial activity in the digestive tract and by the level of fibre in the diet. The net availability of ME for maintenance and growth by rats averaged 0·72 for all treatments.10. The net availability of ME for growth in the pigs averaged 0·65 for all treatments.

TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR POULTRY OF CANADIAN BARLEYS MEASURED BY BIOASSAY AND PREDICTED FROM PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. SIBBALD ◽  
K. PRICE
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Physical And Chemical Parameters ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Canadian barleys, having bulk densities ranging from 40.0 to 70.2 kg/hl, were assayed for true metabolizable energy (TME), gross energy, ether extract, crude fibre, protein, ash, calcium, phosphorus, starch and sugar. Regression analysis showed that from 76 to 84% of the variation in TME values was accounted for by published techniques for predicting metabolizable energy values from chemical composition data. The TME value of barley was correlated with bulk density (r = 0.912 at 29 df) and crude fibre (−0.904 at 30 df). There were also highly significant (P < 0.01) correlations between TME and starch (0.833), starch + sugar (0.838) and ash (−0.758). Earlier studies have not found close relationships between metabolizable energy and the aforementioned physical and chemical parameters. The probable explanation is that TME values are not affected by variations in feed intake associated with differences in palatability whereas the earlier energy measures were subject to this form of variation.

Preservation of wet rice straw using urea and molasses in monsoon of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
R. Sultana ◽  
D. K. Jamee ◽  
S. Islam ◽  
S. M. A. Islam ◽  
M. R. Amin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Physical Quality

An experiment of treated and ensiled wet rice straw with urea and molasses was performed to explore the chemical composition, physical quality, in vitro digestibility and its potentiality as a quality feed for ruminants. In this experiment, plastic containers were used to preserve chopped wet rice straw under airtight condition based on the treatment as T1 (wet rice straw only), T2 (straw with 5% molasses), T3 (straw with 5% urea), T4 (straw with 5% urea and 5% molasses) and T5 (straw with 10% urea and 5% molasses) to analyze chemical composition, physical quality, metabolizable energy (ME) content, in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) and in vitro gas production (IVGP) at five different ensiling times of 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days. The physical quality (color, smell, softness characteristics) of wet rice straw was improved with urea and molasses treatment. Treatments T5 was found better as there was no fungal growth till 90 days of ensiling. The addition of urea and molasses improved the physical quality, nutritive value and preservation quality of wet rice straw. Urea and molasses treated and ensiled (T5) straw showed better color, nutritional quality, softness and longer preservation capacity compared with all treatments followed by T4, T2 and T3. The crude protein (CP) content was increased (P<0.05) but the crude fibre (CF), dry matter (DM), ash contents and ether extract (EE) were decreased (P<0.05) in all of the treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5) compared to control (T1). The OMD, IVGP and ME contents were increased in all of the treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5) compared to control (T1). The highest OMD, IVGP and ME values were observed in treatment T5 and the lowest values were in control (T1) Through the Consideration of all the chemical and physical properties, among all of the treatments, 10% urea and 5% molasses are found acceptable for the preservation of rice straw. Thus, environment friendly and cost effective feed can be formulated.

scholarly journals Correlation between chemical composition, EHGE and TME of corn for ducks

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.J. Chen ◽  
Z.Y. Wang ◽  
C.G. Du ◽  
Z.L. Qi ◽  
Y.Q. Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysate ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cherry Valley Duck ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Total Starch

Correlations between chemical composition, enzymatic hydrolysate gross energy (EHGE), and true metabolizable energy (TME) of corn for ducks were investigated. Twenty-two corn samples were collected from various regions in 11 provinces of China. The crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), Ash, gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), amylopectin (AP), amylose (AM), total starch (TS), and AP/AM were determined for each sample. Five of the samples of corn were chosen at the mean, mean ± 1 standard deviation (SD), and mean ± 2 SD based on AP/AM. The EHGE of these samples was analysed using the pepsin-artificial small intestinal fluid enzymatic method. These five samples were also force-fed to male Cherry Valley ducks to assay their TME. Finally, correlation analyses were performed, and regression equations were established. Ash content, GE, and TS were highly related to EHGE. Univariate prediction equations were EHGE = 11.8566Ash-0.0421 (P <0.05), EHGE = 0.1535GE1.5642 (P <0.05), and EHGE = 0.1020TS1.1561 (P <0.05). The total starch, AP/AM, and ash of the chemical compositions were highly related to TME. The corresponding univariate regression equations were TME = 21.9355TS-0.0910 (P <0.05), TME = 15.6590AP/AM-0.0559 (P <0.05), and TME = 15.0778Ash0.0442 (P <0.05). The mean EHGE was equivalent to 78.5% of TME, but their correlation coefficient was low. In conclusion, chemical composition was predictive of EHGE and TME of corn samples for ducks, but the correlation of EHGE and TME was low Keywords: Cherry Valley duck, amylopectin, amylose, true metabolizable energy

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