The net energy value of three subtropical forages

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Energy and nitrogen balance experiments with three subtropical forages, a legume and two grasses, are reported. Each forage was given to four sheep at several levels of feeding. One of the forages had a low nitrogen content (4% crude protein) and was supplemented with urea and molasses containing 7 g nitrogen and 56 kcal/day. This caused voluntary consumption to increase by 50% and digestibility of all chemical constituents to increase by 6–12 units. Utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance also improved by approximately 10%. Digestible energy (42–62%) was predicted quite accurately from chemical composition by means of published equations which refer to forages grown in temperate climates. Metabolizable energy was close to 82% of digestible energy, as found with non-tropical forages. Net availability of metabolizable energy for maintenance ranged from a very low 60% to 80%. It was predicted more accurately from percentage metabolizable energy than from digestible crude fibre: the reverse applied to net availability for production (40–50%).

Effects of feeding frequency on energy and nitrogen balance in sheep given a ground and pelleted forage

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Net Energy Value

Wether sheep were fed at intervals of 3 hr, 24 hr, and 4 days, and their energy utilization studied at several levels of feeding. The diet consisted of ground and pelleted lucerne containing 19% crude protein and 28% crude fibre. Digestibility was a few units lower when feeding was less frequent; crude protein and fibrous constituents were affected most. The relation between methane production and digestible energy was the same for daily as for 3-hourly feeding, but methane production was depressed by feeding every fourth day only. Metabolizable energy was a slightly greater proportion of digestible energy when feeding was infrequent. A larger fraction of metabolizable energy was dissipated as heat when feeding frequency decreased. This was attributed to the cost of alternating between energy storage and oxidation of reserves: activity differences were not a cause. Overall, the net energy value of the food decreased as frequency of feeding decreased. Prediction from chemical composition or digestibility was not reliable. Measurement of hour by hour changes in metabolism indicated that there was an intense phase of fermentation and lipogenesis immediately after feeding. With 3-hourly or daily feeding, the oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and methane production increased respectively by 0.7, 2.5, and 0.3 l/hr/100 g food eaten in the first hour: with the highest level of feeding, these represent increases up to 2.4-fold and an R.Q. of 1.15. With feeding every fourth day the responses were very much less, indicating depressed rumen activity; blood urea levels were also relatively low.

The nutritive value of roughages for sheep II. The relationship between the gross digestible energy and the chemical composition of silages

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker ◽  
W. R. Hepburn
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

1. The relationship existing between the gross digestible energy content and the chemical composition of twenty-four silages has been studied with nine Cheviot wether lambs over a period of 8 months.2. Silages were made from grassland herbage and varied widely in the chemical composition of the ingoing material.3. Each silage was fed to a group of three lambs for a 10-day preliminary- and a 9-day collectionperiod. Faeces and urine were collected in metabolism crates.4. The silages were analysed for volatile acids and bases, for proximate nutrients and for some of the more precise chemical constituents as suggested in the scheme of analysis of Ferguson (1948).5. A close relationship existed between the gross digestible energy contents of the silages and the lignin (Ellis) content.6. The most accurate prediction of gross digestible energy was obtained by taking into account the content of lignin (Ellis), cellulose (Crampton & Maynard) and crude protein, in the silage.7. In the case of hays (Walker & Hepburn, 1955) no increase in the accuracy of predicting gross digestible energy was obtained by estimating the lignin and cellulose content, rather than crude fibre alone. However, with silages the results give support to the opinion of Mitchell (1942) and Schneider et al. (1951) that analysis for more precise chemical constituents will increase the accuracy of predicting digestibility.8. Crude fibre and cellulose were not related in any fixed way with the digestibility of energy. Crude fibre itself was digested to some 80% compared with 62% in hays.9. Metabolizable energy was closely related to digestible energy.10. The starch equivalents of the silages were calculated by conventional methods and also from the content of gross digestible energy.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) during primary growth in 2005

2009 ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Péter Kovács ◽  
János Lazányi ◽  
Géza Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Energy Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Energy Maintenance

In this paper we analysed the change of the chemical composition and nutritive value of Timothy observed during the spring of 2005. The nutritive value of Timothy was observed between the end of April and the beginning of June relating to the following parameters: crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, ash, N-free extract, net-energy growth, net-energy lactation, net-energy maintenance, Metabolizable Protein Energy dependent, Metabolizable Protein N-dependent. We also analysed whether a relationship between the environmental factors that affect thegrowing period of grasses and the chemical composition can be detected or not. While testing for correlation, the number of days from 1st January, the amount of heat accumulation, solar radiation and rainfall were considered as independent coefficients.For the estimation of weather conditions we calculated the climate index. The observed year can be described as a year with a rainfall above the average and abundant solar radiation. A correlation can be detected between the change of parameters of nutritive value and the quality of the current year. In 2005 the result of the analysis of nutritive value was showed a significance difference with respect to each chemical composition at the rate of P<0.001 depending on the time when the samples were taken.According to the outlined data it can be stated that the change of the value of crude protein and ash show decreasing tendency agreeing the research literature. In parallel with the change of nutritive value, the amount of crude fibre and N-free extract increased. However, the value of Net-Energy maintenance showed an alteration only in the first half of the observed period. The same alteration tendency can be detected in the Net-Energy growth and the Net-Energy lactation. 

The effect of stage of maturity on the yield and chemical composition of oats for haymaking

1957 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Dry Matter Loss ◽  
The North ◽  
Fibre Yield ◽  
One Year

1. Ayr Line Potato oats was studied in the later stages of development for 3 years under upland conditions in Kincardineshire, Scotland. Some major changes in yield and chemical composition of the crop and certain effects of haymaking have been demonstrated.2. In each year, between the ‘milky’ stage and full ripeness of the grain, the growth curve falls into the distinct phases of growth, maturity and senescence when dry-matter loss occurs. The position of the peak yield in terms of stage of maturity varies from year to year.3. Percentage crude protein is low throughout, falling to a minimum after the early ‘milky’ stage and rising again to a maximum at the last cut. Yield of crude protein is highest at the last cut in one year and at the penultimate cut in two years.4. Percentage crude fibre tends to decrease with increasing maturity, while crude fibre yield is low at both extremes of the experimental period.5. More detailed chemical analyses at different stages of maturity show total ash content to be low. The content of calcium is especially poor.6. Separation of the whole of the aerial part of the plant into leaf, stem and inflorescence shows that chemical constituents are being actively re-distributed throughout the plant during the experimental period; with the exception of crude fibre and calcium all constituents estimated tend to be concentrated in the grain with advancing maturity.7. In one year, dry-matter losses during curing range from 22 to 7% at the first and last cuts respectively, while corresponding figures for crude protein are 18 and 10%.8. In the absence of digestibility data and feeding trials under Scottish conditions, the tentative conclusion is drawn that in the higher rainfall areas of the north and west where the crop is most likely to be used, cutting between the late ‘milky’ and late cheesy' stages should give optimum results.9. Attention is drawn to the need for caution in the general application of the results.

The net energy value of artificially dried subterranean clover harvested before flowering

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham N McC
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Clare) was harvested before flower emergence and dried rapidly without heating. Each of four adult sheep was given the dried clover at rates of 200, 600, 1000, and 1400 g/day in four successive fortnights and was finally fed ad libitum for 1 month. Energy, nitrogen, and carbon balances and body weight changes were measured. The fasting energy losses of the sheep were determined at the end of the experiment. The hay contained approximately 27% crude protein, 14% crude fibre, and 3% lignin (dry matter basis) and was eaten avidly by the sheep. Voluntary consumption ranged from 1400 to 2100 g dry matter/day, and maximum balances were 2080 kcal and 17 g nitrogen/day. Digestibility of energy was 78% at the lowest level of feeding and 74% at the highest. Cell wall and cell contents were respectively 74 and 82% digestible. Energy losses in methane were unusually low (7–11% of digestible energy) whereas losses in urine were unusually high (12–21%). The net result was that metabolizable energy was a lower fraction of digestible energy than for most forages, e.g, it was c. 77% at maintenance instead of the normal 82%. Net availability of metabolizable energy was 84% between fasting and half maintenance, 69% between fasting and maintenance, and 54% above maintenance. The value of this clover per gram was in keeping with its chemical composition and digestibility; its exceptional value as a feed was due to the large amounts of digestible energy which the sheep took in when fed ad libitum.

scholarly journals Changes of chemical composition and nutritive values of Reed Canary Grass (Phalaroides arundinacea) in first growth

2010 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Péter Kovács ◽  
János Lazányi ◽  
Géza Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Energy Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Canary Grass ◽  
Energy Maintenance

Change in chemical composition and nutritive value of Reed Canary Grass (Phalaroides arundinacea) were investigated in springtime in 2004-2006. The nutritive value of Reed Canary Grass was observed between the end of April and the middle of June relating to the following parameters: crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, ash, N-free extract, net-energy growth, net-energy maintenance, Metabolizable Protein Energy dependent,Metabolizable Protein N-dependent.It was also analysed whether a relationship between the climatic factors affecting the growing period as well the chemical composition of grasses and the annual weather were looked for. For the estimation of weather conditions the climate index was calculated. A correlation can be detected between the change of parameters of nutritive value and the quality of the current year. Between 2004 and 2006, the result of the analysis of nutritive value indicated a significant difference with respect to each chemical composition at the rate of P<0.01 depending on the time when the samples were taken. According to the outlined data it can be stated that the change of the value of crude protein and ash show decreasing  endency agreeing the research literature. In parallel with the change of nutritive value, the amount of crude fibre and N-free extract increased. However, the value of Net-Energy maintenance revealed an alteration only in the first half of the observed period. The same alteration tendency can be detectedin the Net-Energy growth. 

Effects of corn processing and cattle size on total tract digestion and energy and nitrogen balance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Petzel ◽  
S Acharya ◽  
J M Zeltwanger ◽  
E A Bailey ◽  
D W Brake
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Calorimetry Data

Abstract This study used 18 calves (295 ± 29 kg) and 18 yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) fed whole, cracked or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate nutrient digestion and energy balance across different types of processed corn and sizes of cattle. Cattle were fed a diet comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) from whole, cracked or SFC to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements. Subsequently, cattle were placed in individual stanchions and urine and feces was collected together with measures of gas production via indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no interaction of corn processing and cattle size (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) and rumination rate (min/kg DM intake; DMI) was not affected by corn processing or cattle size. Eating rate (min/kg DMI) was faster (P &lt; 0.01) for yearlings compared to calves. Total tract starch digestion was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed cracked (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Dietary digestible energy and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to cracked or whole. A greater proportion of digestible energy was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to cracked and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than cracked. Conversion of digestible energy to metabolizable energy in this study was more closely related to a dynamic model used to estimate metabolizable energy of feeds to dairy cows than to a linear model used to predict metabolizable energy of feeds to beef cattle. If library estimates of net energy for maintenance are correct, then retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar between each type of processed corn; however, retained energy was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for cattle fed cracked compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC. Yet, observed amounts of net energy based on measures of retained energy were not different (P ≥ 0.60) between cracked and SFC. Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or cattle size, although cattle fed cracked had numerically greater (P ≤ 035) N retention. These data indicate that physical processing of corn provides greater net energy to cattle in comparison to whole corn.

scholarly journals Digestibility and energy content of Paulownia (Paulownia elongata S.Y.Hu) leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-310
Author(s):  
G. Ganchev ◽  
А. Ilchev ◽  
А. Koleva
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Paulownia Elongata

Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the digestibility and energy content of Paulownia elongata S.Y.Hu leaves after leaf fall. Leaves together with petioles were dried at room temperature and milled with a roughage mill before feeding to animals. A classical digestion trial was performed, with three rams weighing 55.4kg on average, by determining the chemical composition of consumed feed, feed leftovers and excreted faeces. Digestibility was evaluated as difference in the amount of ingested nutrients and nutrients excreted with faeces and it was determined to be 50.72, 52.08, 31.63, 54.09, 55.15 and 56.06% for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The energy value for ruminants calculated on the basis of chemical composition and established digestibility was 8.29 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg DM, 6.55 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/ kg DM, 0.59 feed units for milk (FUM)/kg DM and 0.52 feed units for growth (FUG)/kg DM.

The utilization by lambs of the energy and protein in dried pelleted grass treated with formaldehyde

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Energy

ABSTRACTA primary growth crop of perennial ryegrass (cv. S24), containing 17% crude protein and 9·9 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter, was artificially dried, ground through a 3·0 mm screen and pelleted either without further treatment (C), or after the application of formaldehyde (T) at a rate of 1 g/100 g crude protein. The C and T diets were each fed to 20 lambs for 77 days. Diets C and T were given ad libitum and at three lower planes of nutrition. Similar amounts of dry matter, nitrogen and digestible energy were consumed at each of the four planes of nutrition by lambs fed diets C and T. Carcass energy, fat and protein retention, and total body energy retention were measured by the comparative slaughter technique and did not differ between the diets (P> 0·05). Metabolizable energy intake was calculated from digestible energy intake using the factor 0·81. The efficiency of utilization of the metabolizable energy for growth and fattening (kf) and the net energy value were calculated by linear regression analysis from the total body energy retention, the calculated metabolizable energy intake and dry-matter intake data scaled to M0·75. They did not differ between the diets (P > 0·05), and were 0·370 (C) and 0·431 (T) for kf, and 2·09 (C) and 1·97 MJ/kg dry matter (T) for net energy.

scholarly journals Prediction of metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal for broiler chickens

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237-2245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edney Pereira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello ◽  
Luiz Fernando Teixeira Albino ◽  
Jorge Victor Ludke ◽  
Michele Bernardino de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Gross Energy

This research aimed at generating and evaluating prediction equations to estimate metabolizable energy values in poultry offal meal. The used information refers to values of apparent and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn and TMEn) and for chemical composition of poultry offal meal. The literature review only included published papers on poultry offal meal developed in Brazil, and that had AMEn and TMEn values obtained by the total excreta collection method from growing broiler chickens and the chemical composition in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The general equation obtained to estimate AMEn values of poultry offal meal was: AMEn = -2315.69 + 31.4439(CP) + 29.7697(MM) + 0.7689(GE) - 49.3611(Ca), R² = 72%. For meals with high fat contents (higher than 15%) and low mineral matter contents (lower than 10%), it is suggest the use of the equation AMEn = + 3245.07 + 46.8428(EE), R² = 76%, and for meals with high mineral matter content (higher than 10%), it is suggest the equations AMEn = 4059.15 - 440.397(P), R² = 82%. To estimate values of TMEn, it is suggested for meals with high mineral matter content the equation: TMEn = 5092.57 - 115.647(MM), R² = 78%, and for those with low contents of this component, the option is the equation: TMEn = 3617.83 - 15.7988(CP) - 18.2323(EE) - 96.3884(MM) + 0.4874(GE), R² = 76%.

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