Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 5. Effects of supplementing grain/animal protein diets in commercial piggeries

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
GH O'Neill ◽  
WT Kirsop ◽  
GJ Roese ◽  
DG Paton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Protein Diets

In two co-ordinated field experiments, each involving five to eight replicates, grainlanimal protein diets were restrictively fed to growing pigs. In experiment 1 a mineral-vitamin premix improved performance during early growth, compared with the diet supplemented with vitamins A and D3 alone. The results of experiment 2 showed that this response was most likely due to the presence of 250 ppm copper in the premix. There was no difference in performance between vitamins A and D3 or the mineralvitamin premix without copper. However, when the premix contained 250 ppm copper, growth was increased by 4.6% and feed conversion improved by 4.3%. A supplement of vitamins A and D3 was all that was needed to ensure sound performance.

Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 4. Effects of copper, zinc and iron supplements in a wheat/animal protein diet on performance, liver mineral stores and backfat quality

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (98) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
CE Lewis ◽  
MG Croft
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Copper Storage

The effects of supplementing a wheat/animal protein diet with copper (nil, 125 or 250 ppm), zinc (nil or 150 ppm) and iron (nil or 150 ppm) were studied in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment with 48 pigs. The diet was restrictively and individually fed to barrows and gilts between 18 and 73 kg liveweight. Daily rate of gain, feed conversion ratio and carcase score were not affected by the supplementary minerals. Supplementary copper increased the storage of manganese, zinc and copper in the liver. Although liver copper levels were greater in both sexes at 250 than at 125 ppm copper, barrows stored more copper than gilts at the higher level. Adding 150 ppm zinc at the same time as 250 ppm copper reduced liver copper storage in the barrows to the level of that in gilts given the same amount of copper. The iodine number, i.e, softness, of backfat in barrows was increased to that of gilts by 250 ppm copper; gilts were unaffected. Zinc supplementation also increased backfat softness in barrows but not in gilts. Despite this, 150 ppm zinc partially reduced the effect of 250 ppm copper on backfat in barrows.

Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 3. Salt, calcium and phosphorus, and trace mineral supplements in a wheat/soybean meal diet

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (95) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
CE Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broken Bones ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

A 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 factorial experiment with 72 growing pigs examined the effect of adding salt, calcium and phosphorus (Ca + P) and trace minerals (TM-manganese, zinc, iron and copper) to a wheat/soybean meal diet. Gilts and barrows were individually fed at restricted intakes from 20 kg liveweight. Pigs required both salt and Ca + P to reach slaughter at 73 kg. Without these minerals they stopped growing; lameness and broken bones were also common. All pigs fed salt plus the higher level of Ca + P (0.84 and 0.57 per cent, respectively) completed the experiment but only half those fed salt plus the lower level (0.42 and 0.29 per cent Ca + P, respectively) did so. There was a response to salt within three weeks. In the first four weeks, 0.125 per cent added salt improved growth by 26.5 per cent and feed conversion ratio by 21 per cent. The results indicated that growing pigs require less sodium than currently estimated (Agricultural Research Council). A response to both levels of supplementary Ca + P was seen after about seven weeks with salt and nine weeks without salt. In the first eight weeks of the experiment there were no differences in performance between the two levels of added Ca + P when salt was also used. Between 8 and 12 weeks, pigs fed the higher level grew 17 per cent faster. Although 0.84 + 0.57 per cent Ca + P increased rib Ca and P levels, foot and joint abnormalities showed that these levels were insufficient for normal bone development. This suggests that the Agricultural Research Council estimates of Ca and P requirements for restrictively fed growing pigs are low. TM supplementation did not affect performance when both salt and Ca + P were added to the diet.

scholarly journals The value of hydrocarbon-grown yeast as a source of protein for growing pigs

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
A. W. Myres
Keyword(s):  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
British Petroleum ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protein Diets

1. The yeast grown on normal paraffins (British Petroleum Proteins Ltd, London) contained 62% crude protein and, except for lower content of methionine, its amino acid composition was similar to that of white fish meal.2. The value to growing pigs of yeast + methionine as a protein supplement to diets based on barley and fine wheat offal was compared with that of white fish meal. The two protein supplements supplied the same amount of total nitrogen and were compared at a ‘standard’ level, commonly used in practice, and at a ‘low’ level. Two experiments were conducted: a feeding trial covering the live-weight range from 20 to 90 kg, and a metabolic trial (20–60 kg live weight) in which N retention and digestibility were measured.3. There was a small but significant difference in favour of the yeast treatment for growth rate and feed conversion ratio, but there were no consistent differences in the linear measurements of the carcasses due to protein source.4. In the metabolic trial there was no significant difference in performance, N retention, apparent N digestibility or linear carcass measurements and no consistent difference in tissue components, between the diets supplemented with yeast or fish meal.5. In pigs given the ‘low’-protein diets, performance and most of the other variables measured were significantly poorer than in those given the ‘standard’ protein diets, irrespective of whether yeast or fish meal was the source of supplementary protein.6. It is concluded that yeast (+ methionine) may be closely equated with high-quality fish meal as a protein supplement in diets for growing pigs. The small differences found are discussed in relation to possible differences in availability of amino acids and energy values in the diets.

scholarly journals Response of growing pigs to different evaporative cooling systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
O. A. Adebiyi ◽  
M. A. Muibi
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Physiological Parameter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Water Trough ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Improved Performance

Study was conducted for seven weeks to compare the response of growing pigs to shower and wallow cooling systems. Growing cross breeds of Landrace x Large White pigs (weight 20-25kg) were used. Treatment 1, 2 and 3 were pigs without shower/wallow (control), pigs on wallow and pigs under shower, respectively. Forty-eight pigs comprising four pigs/replicate were replicated four times to the three treatments in a completely randomized design. The shower was activated for 5 minutes every hour from 11am to 5pm. During the period, the performance response, physiological parameter, temperature humidity indexes, microbiological and behavioral response of the growing pigs were observed. Significant differences were observed in the final weight of pigs in T3 (49.50 kg) compared to pigs in T1 (46.75 kg) and T2 (46.00kg). Although, pigs in T1 had the highest significant feed intake of 14.15kg compared to 10.81 kg and 10.38 kg that were observed for pigs in T2 and T3 respectively, the feed conversion ratio of pigs in T3 (3.82) was better. The temperature humidity index in the pen suggested that the pigs were at intense heat stress, thus requiring cooling (THI ranged from 81.12 to 86.39). The respiratory rate of the pigs ranged from approximately 41 min-1 to 51-1 min while the weekly rectal temperatures ranged from 37.3°C to 39.4°C in all the treatments. The microbial analysis of the water in wallow and shower showed an increase in microbial population to be 26.0 x 104 ± 3.54 and 12.0 x 104 ±1.32 while the fungi populations were 2.0 x 104 ± 0.86 and 1.0 x 104 ± 0.57 respectively. Pigs in T1 were found to exhibit more habitual lateral lying position, increased frequency of visiting water trough and defecating in resting areas. Huddling, defecating in wallow and frequency of using wallow was predominant in T2 pigs. It can be concluded that pigs in wallows may be more predisposed to infectious diseases due to high microbial load, however, pigs under shower responded positively to cooling via improved performance

Mineral and vitamin supplementation of diets for growing pigs. 1. Wheat-based diets and the effect of preventing cross-coprophagy on the response to supplementation

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (94) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
EB Greer ◽  
CE Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Pantothenic Acid ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Mineral Supplementation

Two factorial experiments examined the effects of mineral and or vitamin supplementation on the performance of 64 growing pigs. The wheat-based diets contained either meat-and-bone meal (with some fish meal up to 32 kg liveweight) or solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM). A basal supplement of vitamins A and D2 was added to all diets. The pigs were individually fed at restricted intakes between 18 and 73 kg liveweight and housed as mixed treatment groups. In a third factorial experiment, 32 growing pigs were restrictively fed a wheat/SBM diet from 20 kg liveweight to 75 kg or for 20 weeks. The pigs were individually housed to prevent cross-transfer of vitamins from supplemented to unsupplemented pigs by way of the faeces (cross-coprophagy). Mineral supplementation of the wheat/animal protein diet (experiment 1) did not affect pig performance, but improved the growth rate and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed the SBM diet (experiment 2) by 45 and 32 per cent respectively. Omitting the mineral supplement from the SBM diet caused loss of appetite, soft bones, joint and foot abnormalities and lameness in many pigs; 5 out of 16 pigs did not reach slaughter weight. Gilts fed the SBM diet were less tolerant of mineral deficiencies than barrows. They also stored less calcium in their bones when minerals were added to the diet. There was no response to vitamin supplementation even though both diets, but especially the SBM diet, were apparently deficient in a number of vitamins. The SBM diet provided 76, 83 and 53 per cent respectively of the pigs' estimated requirements for riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12. In experiment 3 the SBM diet supplied 64, 80 and 28 per cent of the pigs' riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12 requirements. As in experiment 2, there was no response to vitamin supplementation. Cross-coprophagy was thus most unlikely to have caused the lack of response to vitamin supplementation in the group-housed pigs of experiment 2. Mineral supplementation improved growth rate by 108 per cent and feed conversion ratio by 40 per cent.

scholarly journals Response of growing pigs to different evaporative cooling systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
O. A. Adebiyi ◽  
M. A. Muibi
Keyword(s):  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Physiological Parameter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Water Trough ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Improved Performance

Study was conducted for seven weeks to compare the response of growing pigs to shower and wallow cooling systems. Growing cross breeds of Landrace x Large White pigs (weight 20-25kg) were used. Treatment 1, 2 and 3 were pigs without shower/wallow (control), pigs on wallow and pigs under shower, respectively. Forty-eight pigs comprising four pigs/replicate were replicated four times to the three treatments in a completely randomized design. The shower was activated for 5 minutes every hour from 11am to 5pm. During the period, the performance response, physiological parameter, temperature humidity indexes, microbiological and behavioral response of the growing pigs were observed. Significant differences were observed in the final weight of pigs in T3 (49.50 kg) compared to pigs in T1 (46.75 kg) and T2 (46.00kg). Although, pigs in T1 had the highest significant feed intake of 14.15kg compared to 10.81 kg and 10.38 kg that were observed for pigs in T2 and T3 respectively, the feed conversion ratio of pigs in T3 (3.82) was better. The temperature humidity index in the pen suggested that the pigs were at intense heat stress, thus requiring cooling (THI ranged from 81.12 to 86.39). The respiratory rate of the pigs ranged from approximately 41 min-1 to 51 min0-1 while the weekly rectal temperatures ranged from 37.3°C to 39.4°C in all the treatments. The microbial analysis of the water in wallow and shower showed an increase in microbial population to be 26.0 x 104±3.54 and 12.0 x 104±1.32 while the fungi populations were 2.0 x 104±0.86 and 1.0.x 104±0.57 respectively. Pigs in T1 were found to exhibit more habitual lateral lying position, increased frequency of visiting water trough and defecating in resting areas. Huddling, defecating in wallow and frequency of using wallow was predominant in T2 pigs. It can be concluded that pigs in wallows may be more predisposed to infectious diseases due to high microbial load, however, pigs under shower responded positively to cooling via improved performance.

A nutritional evaluation of diets containing meat meal for growing pigs. 1. The effect of calcium level in wheat-animal protein diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (36) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham ◽  
JM Holder
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Calcium Level ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Protein Diets

Diets containing 1.4, 2.5, and 3.5 per cent calcium were fed to pigs in two experiments to observe the effect on performance of calcium level in diets containing animal protein supplements. Rate of liveweight gain and efficiency of food conversion were depressed as the level of calcium increased. There was also a trend towards a decrease in the lean content of the ham with increased calcium intake. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were depressed as calcium intake increased, but no apparent effect on nitrogen retention was detected. There was no indication of parakeratosis in any of the animals.

scholarly journals Animal Protein Sources as a Substitute for Fishmeal in Aquaculture Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3854
Author(s):  
Rendani Luthada-Raswiswi ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa ◽  
Gordon O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
By Products

Fishmeal is the main source of dietary protein for most commercially farmed fish species. However, fishmeal prices have been raised even further because of competition with domestic animals, shortage in world fishmeal supply, and increased demand. Increased fishmeal prices have contributed to the quest for alternatives necessary to replace fishmeal as a global research priority. A literature search was conducted using these terms on Google Scholar and EBSCOhost; fishmeal replacement in fish feeds, fishmeal alternatives in fish feeds, animal protein sources in aquaculture, insects in fish feeds, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products. To calculate the variation between experiments, a random effect model was used. Results indicated that different fish species, sizes, and inclusion levels were used in the various studies and showed that the use of insects, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products has some limitations. Despite these drawbacks, the use of animal protein sources as a replacement for fishmeal in fish diets has had a positive impact on the feed conversion ratio, variable growth rate, final weight, and survival rate of different types of fish species of different size groups. Findings also showed that some animal by-products had not been assessed as a protein source in aquaculture or animal feeds, and future studies are recommended.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

Insulin secretion, body composition and pig performance are altered by feeding pattern

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Newman ◽  
Jeffery A. Downing ◽  
Peter C. Thomson ◽  
Cherie L. Collins ◽  
David J. Henman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Entire Male

Three studies investigated the effect of feeding strategy on production performance and endocrine status of growing pigs. For Experiment 1, 20 entire male pigs (70.0 ± 4.6 kg) were allocated randomly to individual pens in one of four climate-controlled rooms. Pigs were fed for 23 days either ad libitum or entrained to feed bi-phasically for two 90-min periods. For Experiment 2, 20 entire male pigs (41.2 ± 3.5 kg) were housed as per Experiment 1. Pigs were fed for 49 days either ad libitum or fed bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. For Experiment 3, 100 female pigs (66.1 ± 3.5 kg) were randomly allocated to individual pens within a commercial piggery and fed for 42 days either ad libitum or bi-phasically for two 60-min periods. Ear vein catheters were inserted into 10 pigs from each group and hourly blood samples were collected for 24 h in Experiments 1 and 2 and for 11 h in Experiment 3. Plasma insulin, non-esterified fatty acid and glucose concentrations were determined in Experiments 1 and 2, and glucose and insulin concentrations in Experiment 3. Feed intake and performance were recorded in all experiments and carcass composition was assessed by computed tomography for Experiment 2. There were no differences in final liveweight between the two treatment groups for all experiments. Pigs fed for two 90-min periods (Experiment 1) showed no difference in feed intake when compared with feeding ad libitum. Pigs in Experiment 2 fed for two 60-min intervals consumed 2.49 kg/pig.day compared with those fed ad libitum that consumed 2.68 kg/day (P = 0.057). In Experiment 3, pigs fed twice daily consumed 2.82 kg/pig.day compared with 2.91 kg/pig.day in ad libitum-fed pigs (P = 0.051). Bi-phasic fed pigs in Experiment 2 had improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion efficiency compared with pigs fed ad libitum. For all experiments, there was no difference in plasma glucose concentrations between the two treatments. In all three experiments, the circulating insulin concentrations for pigs fed ad libitum remained at a constant level throughout the sampling period. However, plasma insulin concentrations for the bi-phasic fed pigs significantly increased ~1 h after both feeding periods during all three experiments. Insulin secretion of pigs fed for two 90-min periods differed from that of pigs fed for two 60-min periods. Plasma insulin concentration increased five-fold following feeding for 60 min, compared with that in pigs fed for 90 min, which increased two-fold. Bi-phasic-fed pigs from Experiment 2 had reduced (P < 0.05) total carcass fat and significantly increased muscle when compared with pigs fed ad libitum. The data showed that feeding pigs at two succinct periods aligned insulin secretion to the time of feeding. Pigs fed for 60 min, unlike those fed for 90-min intervals, had reduced feed intake in comparison to those fed ad libitum. This may suggest that the duration of the feeding bout is important for this response and this may in turn influence both energy balance and the way energy is partitioned.

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