scholarly journals Animal Protein Sources as a Substitute for Fishmeal in Aquaculture Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3854
Author(s):  
Rendani Luthada-Raswiswi ◽  
Samson Mukaratirwa ◽  
Gordon O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
By Products

Fishmeal is the main source of dietary protein for most commercially farmed fish species. However, fishmeal prices have been raised even further because of competition with domestic animals, shortage in world fishmeal supply, and increased demand. Increased fishmeal prices have contributed to the quest for alternatives necessary to replace fishmeal as a global research priority. A literature search was conducted using these terms on Google Scholar and EBSCOhost; fishmeal replacement in fish feeds, fishmeal alternatives in fish feeds, animal protein sources in aquaculture, insects in fish feeds, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products. To calculate the variation between experiments, a random effect model was used. Results indicated that different fish species, sizes, and inclusion levels were used in the various studies and showed that the use of insects, terrestrial by-products, and fishery by-products has some limitations. Despite these drawbacks, the use of animal protein sources as a replacement for fishmeal in fish diets has had a positive impact on the feed conversion ratio, variable growth rate, final weight, and survival rate of different types of fish species of different size groups. Findings also showed that some animal by-products had not been assessed as a protein source in aquaculture or animal feeds, and future studies are recommended.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Fish Feeds and Their Impact on Fish Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Marijani ◽  
Emmanuel Kigadye ◽  
Sheila Okoth
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fish Mortality ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
Fish Feeds ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi

The rapid population growth in developing countries has led to strong pressure on capture fisheries. However, capture fisheries have reached their maximal limits of fish production and are supplemented by farmed fish. The growth in aquaculture has led to high demand for fish feeds, which play a very important role in fish nutrition and health. Use of animal protein in fish feeds is expensive; hence, a majority of farmers from developing countries use local feed ingredients from plant origin as a source of dietary protein. However, these ingredients of plant origin provide the best natural substrates for fungi, which can be easily accompanied by mycotoxin development under suitable conditions. The locally made feed comprises ingredients such as soybeans, cottonseed cake, and wheat and maize bran which are mixed together and ground after which the compounded feed is pelleted and stored. Among the ingredients, maize and oilseeds are more susceptible for mycotoxigenic fungi compared to other ingredients. The outcomes of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds are not different from other animal species intended for human consumption, and they are directly associated with production losses, particularly decreased weight gain and feed conversion, impaired immune system and reproductive performance, and increased fish mortality. Fish may also carry mycotoxin residues along the food chain, thus compromising human health. Hence, it is important to ensure the control of mycotoxin contamination in fish feeds, especially during the production and storage.

scholarly journals Relationship between Earning Multiples, Corporate Governance and Earnings Management Practices: An Empirical View with a Mediation Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 387-395
Author(s):  
Syeda Faiza Urooj ◽  
Muhammad Anees Khan ◽  
Muzammal Ilyas Sindhu
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Audit Committee ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Significant Negative Impact

This paper investigated the effect of corporate governance in improving the earnings multiple and reducing the discretionary accruals. This study developed four econometrics models. Random effect model employed for examining the first three econometric models, while for the fourth econometric model study used Andrew F. Hayes mediation process. Results suggest that BOD size, BOD meetings and audit committee size has a significant positive impact on earnings multiples, while earnings multiples have a negative impact on dictionary accrual. Moreover, BOD size and audit committee size has a significant negative impact on dictionary accrual, whereas BOD meetings and employee ownership has a significant positive impact on dictionary accrual. The results further revealed the novel link that earnings multiples partially mediate the relationship between corporate governance variables and dictionary accrual. The new findings provide important insights for all the stakeholders like government, practitioners, academia, researchers, banks, Bursa Malaysia, security commission and public listed companies.

scholarly journals A Panel Data Analysis of Globalization, Peace and Stability: Implications for Governance and the Global Knowledge Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Ayaz Zafar ◽  
Muhammad Tariq Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Effect Model

This study attempts to explore the relationship between globalization and the knowledge economy via governance. It intends to explain the channel of their relationship through peace and stability. Knowledge economy pillars (Education and Information and communication technology) are used as the dependent variable and globalization is used as an independent variable. To obtain the objectives of the study, the panel data set of 198 countries is used for the period of 1996-2016. The study has employed econometric techniques of panel data set such as the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), Random Effect Model (REM), and Hausman test. The results reveal that globalization has a significant and positive impact on the knowledge economy. Hence the study recommends that the country should execute such reforms that help enhance the globalization and increase the development of the knowledge economy.

scholarly journals Production and Refinement of Omega-3 Rich Oils from Processing By-Products of Farmed Fish Species

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vida Šimat ◽  
Jelena Vlahović ◽  
Barbara Soldo ◽  
Danijela Skroza ◽  
Ivica Ljubenkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Volatile Components ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
By Products

In this study, the effect of a four-stage chemical refining process (degumming, neutralization, bleaching, deodorization) on the quality parameters, fatty acid composition and volatile compounds of crude oils produced from processing by-products of farmed fish species (tuna, seabass and gilthead seabream) was evaluated. The quality of the oils was compared to commercially available cod liver oil on the basis of free fatty acid, peroxide value, p-anisidine, total oxidation (TOTOX), thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), oxidative stability at 80, 100 and 120 °C, tocopherol content, and volatile components, while the fatty acid profile and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were used as an indicator of the nutritional values of fish oils. Quality parameters of the studied oils and oil oxidative stability were enhanced with refining and were within the limits recommended for fish oils without the loss of PUFAs. In tuna by-product refined oils, the proportion of PUFAs was over 40%, with 30% of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids. The volatile compounds of the oils were quantified (in mg/kg) and major components were 2,4-heptadienal, pentadecane, 2,4-decadienal, 2,4-nonadienal and dodecane. The use of aquaculture by-products as an alternative source for fish oil production could contribute to a more sustainable and profitable aquaculture production, providing economic benefits for the producers and setting new standards for a fish by-product disposal strategy.

EVALUATION OF TWO ANIMAL PROTEIN SOURCES IN SINGLE PHASE FEEDING OF BROILER CHICKENS

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
U. OKAH ◽  
G. C. OKEKE ◽  
A. I. UKANWOKO ◽  
T. B. ADEWOLE
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Sources

A study was carried out to compare the use of blood meal and fish meal as protein sources in single phase feeding of broiler chickens.  Three isonitrogenious and isocaloric diets containing between 20.5 to 21.1 % CP and 3440 to 3454 kcal/kg ME were formulated. The control diet contained none of the animal protein sources while the other two diets contained blood meal and fish meal at 6%, respectively. After six weeks of straight feeding, data were collected on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was calculated. Carcass characteristics and cost benefit were also calculated. The results indicated that birds fed fish meal based diet  consumed more feed (p< 0.05) than those on control diet,  while intake of those on blood meal based diet  was an interphase between the control and fish meal based diet groups. The birds fed fish meal based diet also recorded higher (p< 0.05) daily weight gain than those on control and blood meal based diets. Feed conversion ratio was better in the group fed fish meal based diet than those fed the control diet, but similar (p> 0.05) to the group fed the blood meal based diet. The dressing percentage of the birds was similar (p>0.05) in the control and blood meal based diet groups, but they were higher (p<0.05) than the fish meal based diet group. The neck, back, drumstick and head were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the control group than in the groups containing animal protein. Cost benefit analysis showed that feed cost and cost per kg weight gain were higher (p< 0.05) in fish meal based diet group than in control and blood meal based diet groups. Revenue per bird and gross margin were higher (p< 0.05) in the blood meal based diet group than in the control diet and fish meal based diet groups. In conclusion, fast growing broiler chickens for eatery houses can be better reared with a single diet of 21 % CP and 3440 kcal/kg ME using blood meal as a protein source.   Keywords: , , , , , ,  

scholarly journals The Determinants of Banks’ Liquidity in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tam Le
Keyword(s):  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Interest Rate Policy

This paper is aimed to identify the key determinants of commercial banks’ liquidity in Vietnam, testing the hypotheses of trade-off between bank liquidity and profitability. The random effect model (REM) is applied with data of 140 observations from 20 Vietnamese commercial banks in period 2008 to 2014. The key findings are: First, there is no trade-off between liquidity and profitability, as banks have better profitability will pay more attention to keeping liquidity in safe level. Second, interest rate policy has good and positive impact on bank liquidity, implying the importance of discount window and open market operation in providing liquidity to commercial banks. Third, however, opportunity cost of keeping liquid assets has negative impact on banks’ liquidity, which means that liquidity buffer should reflect the opportunity cost of keeping liquid assets instead of loans. Fourth, bank size is negatively related with banks’ liquidity, which means that smaller banks are more concerned about the liquidity problems than big banks. This is the signal for Vietnamese policy makers to start avoiding the “too big to fail” problem when restructuring the banking system and the plan for increasing the bank size to regional and international levels. Lastly, GDP growth has negative impact on banks’ liquidity. The better is the economic investment opportunities, the less the chance for banks to keep more liquidity. Customers will request more debts, while the demand of ithdrawing cash from banks will be lower. Therefore, managing bank liquidity in Vietnam needs to pay attention to these characteristics. Key words: bank liquidity, determinants, liquid assets, opportunity cost, profitability.

scholarly journals Linking insecticide mosquito nets to malaria: the roles of malaria Knowledge and household-income

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aliye Mohammed ◽  
Tao Hong
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Malaria Knowledge

Abstract Background: Drawing on the theory of the health belief model, this study examined the interplay of insecticide mosquito nets, malaria-knowledge, household income, and malaria. The study premised on the notion that insecticide mosquito nets proposed to be positively related to malaria, and knowledge was proposed to mediate the relationship between insecticide mosquito nets and malaria. Furthermore, household-income was anticipated to have a moderating effect on the direct and indirect relationships (through malaria knowledge) between insecticide mosquito nets and malaria. Methods: The hypothesized relationships were examined using the panel data collected from 10 regions of Ethiopia during 2011 – 2015. Structural equation modeling and random effect model used to test the articulated hypothesis. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 13.0. Results: The results were consistent with our proposed hypotheses, showing a significant and positive relationship between the research variables. Accordingly, our estimate suggests that malaria knowledge contributed to improving insecticide mosquito nets and malaria disease relationships. The result revealed a significant and positive effect (β = 0.47, p = 0.003) of the indirect effect where the direct effect coefficient is also positive (β = 0.28, p = 0.001). The study also reported a positive impact of household-income in strengthening the relationship between insecticide mosquito nets and malaria via knowledge with considerable value (β = 0.13, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The findings are potentially useful for the health sector to assure the success regarding infectious disease prevention and control, particularly malaria, explaining how such factors contribute to the relationship.

Linking insecticide-treated mosquito nets to malaria: The roles of malaria Knowledge and household-income

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aliye Mohammed ◽  
Tao Hong
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Malaria Knowledge

Abstract Background: Drawing on the theory of the health belief model, this study examined the interplay between insecticide-treated mosquito nets, malaria-knowledge, household income, and malaria. The study was premised on the notion that insecticide-treated mosquito nets are positively related to malaria prevalence; and that knowledge mediates the relationship between insecticide-treated mosquito nets and malaria. Furthermore, household-income was hypothesised to have a moderating effect on the direct and indirect relationships (through malaria knowledge) between insecticide-treated mosquito nets and the prevalence of malaria. Methods: The hypothesised relationships were examined using panel data collected from ten regions of Ethiopia during 2011 – 2015. Structural equation modelling and the random effect model were used to test the hypotheses. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 13.0. Results: The results were consistent with our proposed hypotheses, showing a significant relationship between the research variables. Accordingly, our findings suggest that malaria knowledge contributes to improving the relationship between insecticide-treated mosquito nets and malaria prevalence. The results revealed a positively significant indirect effect (β = 0.47, p = 0.003) as well as a positively significant direct effect (β = 0.28, p = 0.001). Further, the study showed a positive impact of household-income in strengthening the relationship between insecticide-treated mosquito nets and malaria through knowledge, with a considerable value (β = 0.13, p = 0.000). Conclusion: The findings are potentially useful for the health sector to ensure success in infectious disease prevention and control, particularly malaria, and to explain how various factors contribute to the relationship.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Raw Materials and Fish Feeds in Europe and the Potential Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Health and Growth of Farmed Fish Species—A Review

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Paraskevi Koletsi ◽  
Johan W. Schrama ◽  
Elisabeth A. M. Graat ◽  
Geert F. Wiegertjes ◽  
Philip Lyons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Fish Feeds

The first part of this study evaluates the occurrence of mycotoxin patterns in feedstuffs and fish feeds. Results were extrapolated from a large data pool derived from wheat (n = 857), corn (n = 725), soybean meal (n = 139) and fish feed (n = 44) samples in European countries and based on sample analyses by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the period between 2012–2019. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was readily present in corn (in 47% of the samples) > wheat (41%) > soybean meal (11%), and in aquafeeds (48%). Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was frequently observed in feedstuffs and aquafeed samples. For example, in corn, multi-mycotoxin occurrence was investigated by Spearman’s correlations and odd ratios, and both showed co-occurrence of DON with its acetylated forms (3-AcDON, 15-AcDON) as well as with zearalenone (ZEN). The second part of this study summarizes the existing knowledge on the effects of DON on farmed fish species and evaluates the risk of DON exposure in fish, based on data from in vivo studies. A meta-analytical approach aimed to estimate to which extent DON affects feed intake and growth performance in fish. Corn was identified as the ingredient with the highest risk of contamination with DON and its acetylated forms, which often cannot be detected by commonly used rapid detection methods in feed mills. Periodical state-of-the-art mycotoxin analyses are essential to detect the full spectrum of mycotoxins in fish feeds aimed to prevent detrimental effects on farmed fish and subsequent economic losses for fish farmers. Because levels below the stated regulatory limits can reduce feed intake and growth performance, our results show that the risk of DON contamination is underestimated in the aquaculture industry.

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