Estimation of milk consumption in beef calves using a tritiated water dilution technique

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
A Axelsen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Similar Stage ◽  
Water Dilution

The milk intake of crossbred and Angus calves in the first 6 weeks of life was estimated from their water turnovers measured using tritiated water (TOH) dilution. Corrections were made for increase in TOH space occurring during the periods of measurement. The corrections were smaller than those noted in lambs at a similar stage of life, and there were no consistent differences between breeds or weeks. In crossbred calves, estimated milk intake rose (P < 0.05) from 8.65 1 day-1 in week 1 to 11.21 l day-1 in week 6. The corresponding intakes for Angus calves were 6.31 and 10.02 l day-1 but the difference between breeds was not significant. Liveweight gains ranged from 659 to 1170 g day-1 for crossbred calves and from 532 to 925 g day-1 in Angus calves. Total liveweight gain and dryweight gain were closely related to total milk intake (r= 0.94, P < 0.001, and r= 0.85, P < 0.01, respectively). Dryweight gain was also closely related to dry matter intake (r= 0.85, P < 0.01). Estimated milk intakes are compared with those previously reported, and it is concluded that, provided changes in pool size are taken into account, the TOH dilution technique is well suited to the estimation of milk intake in beef calves. It is suggested that, in converting water turnovers into milk intakes, an assumed factor of 0.96 would save time and effort, and involve little error.

ESTIMATED WATER AND FORAGE INTAKES IN NURSING RANGE CALVES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. BAILEY ◽  
J. E. LAWSON
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
The Difference

The intakes of water and forage dry matter by Angus calves on range before weaning were estimated from total water intake, milk intake, and digestible energy (DE) requirement. Water intake, including that in milk, as estimated by injection of tritiated water, rose from 8.3 kg/day at 44 days of age to 17.5 kg/day at 114 days and then fell to 13.7 kg/day at weaning. Milk supplied 90% of the water at 44 days and 25% at weaning. About 600 kg of free water would have been consumed over the pre-weaning period. Milk supplied 86% of DE intake at 44 days of age and 19% at weaning. Over this period, the forage dry matter intake, estimated from the difference between DE requirement and DE obtained from milk, rose from 0.5 kg/day to 5.5 kg/day and an estimated 450 kg would have been consumed between birth and weaning. Water intake per unit forage dry matter intake fell below 3.5 in late August or early September at which time siliceous urinary calculi could begin to form. Plant fiber residues in feces of calves increased as a consequence of the increasing forage intake and declining milk intake. It is suggested that the fiber content of feces could be used as an index of the relative importance of grass and milk in the nutrition of nursing calves on different types of range.

Estimation of food intake of sheep grazing green pasture when no free water is available

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
A. A. Degen ◽  
A. Breighet ◽  
M. Chen ◽  
N. H. Tadmor
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYTwo experiments were made to measure the dry-matter intake of grazing sheep. Three groups of five ewes grazed three plots of young barley. The mean daily drymatter intake per ewe from each group was estimated from the water turnover which was measured by the tritium dilution technique. The mean intake was also estimated by the double sampling technique for measuring standing crops. The mean estimate of one technique was within the standard deviation of the mean estimate of the other. The difference between the mean estimates from each technique did not exceed 18 %. It is concluded that water turnover could be useful for the measurement of the intakes of animals grazing green pastures.

scholarly journals Dry matter intake observed and predicted by the nutritional systems NRC and BR-Corte for feedlot nelore heifers fed with human feed products

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 3157
Author(s):  
Simone Pedro da Silva ◽  
Carina Ubirajara de Faria ◽  
Ana Caroline Rodrigues da Cunha ◽  
Aline Maria Soares Ferreira ◽  
Jean Marcos Castro Paula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Average Body

We aimed to evaluate the effects of using a concentrated ration containing industrialised human food on the productive parameters of Nellore heifers in confinement, in addition to comparing the dry matter intake (DMI) observed with that predicted by the nutritional systems BR-Corte and NRC, in order to determine which system makes the most accurate predictions for heifers of the breed Nelore in feedlots. Twenty-four Nelore heifers, with an average age of 24 months and average body weight (BW) of 350 kg, were used over the 70 days of the experiment. They were randomly assigned to two treatments and housed in partially covered stalls equipped with an automatic Growsafe® Systems feeding system. Animals in the control group (CONT) received a concentrated ration containing ground corn, soybean meal, urea, and mineral nucleus. In the residual treatment (RES) group, heifers received concentrated feed containing products from the human diet. The difference between the treatments was the concentrated ration; in the control treatment, the energy source used was maize, whereas in the residue treatment, the energy sources were corn chips, coconut candies, and ground coffee. Corn silage was included as forage for both treatments. The forage:concentrate (F:C) ratio was 84:16. The predicted intake was estimated according to the nutritional systems NRC (2000, 2016) and BR-Corte (VALADARES FILHO et al., 2010, 2016). The average DMI observed of the heifers was 7.46 kg day-1. Heifers fed with human feed residue had a higher dry matter intake (DMI) and higher ether extract intake (EEI) than animals fed with the control feed. In addition, heifers that received human feed products showed a lower average daily weight gain (DWG) of 1.08 kg day-1 than animals fed the control treatment with an average DWG of 1.24 kg day-1. The predicted dry matter intake by NRC 2000 was an overestimate by 9.78 % and by BR-Corte 2010 was an overestimate by 5.5 %. The NRC 2016 and BR-Corte 2016 underestimated the intake of heifers by 18.9 % and 7.1 %, respectively. It was concluded that growing Nelore heifers fed with human feed products, with a F:C ratio of 84:16, present a higher DMI and lower growth performance and feed efficiency than heifers fed the control diet. The DMI predicting models for Nellore heifers proposed by BR-Corte are more adequate than the NRC models.

Maternal fatness influences fetal size in ewes underfed in late pregnancy

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. McNeill ◽  
R. W. Kelly ◽  
I. H. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Fetal Size ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Energy Maintenance ◽  
Water Dilution

The effect of ewe fatness on fetal weight at term in ewes underfed in late pregnancy was tested by minimising the confounding effect of differences between fatness groups in placental weight. Twin-bearing Merino ewes in a fat (n = 9, condition score 3.8 units) or moderate (n =9, condition score 2.9) body condition were underfed to 0.6 of their requirements for energy maintenance from Day 108 to 144 of pregnancy. The fatness groups were developed over an 80-day period prior to mating by splitting a flock into 2 groups, each of similar mean liveweight and body condition score, and then enhancing the nutrient intake of one whilst restricting that of the other to maintenance levels until mating. After mating, both groups were fed similarly until Day 108 of pregnancy in an attempt to allow the development of placentas of a similar size in each. Maternal fat and protein mobilised between Day 108 and 144 of pregnancy were calculated on a per animal basis as the difference between maternal fat and protein weights at Day 108, estimated by the tritiated water dilution technique, and at Day 144, estimated by chemical analysis of fat and protein tissue following slaughter. At slaughter, the fat ewes had placentas of a size similar to those of the leaner ewes (588 v. 507 g, pooled s.e. = 50.7, P > 0.10) but produced a total weight of fetus that was 14% heavier (6646 v. 5826 g, pooled s.e. = 257.6, P < 0.05). The fat ewes also mobilised more body fat between Day 108 and 144 (3.62 v. 2.58 kg, pooled s.e. = 0.446, P < 0.10), and maintained higher levels of non-esterified fatty acids in their plasma during late pregnancy. There was no effect of ewe fatness on the extent of protein mobilisation (0.66 v. 0.62 kg, pooled s.e. = 0.623, P > 0.10) over late pregnancy. We conclude that additional maternal fat reserves can limit the extent to which fetal growth is restricted in ewes undernourished during late pregnancy.

scholarly journals Mineral supplementation of dairy heifers in Marandu-Grass pasture in spring and summer seasons

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto de Almeida Targino ALCOFORADO ◽  
Aianne Batista LIRA ◽  
Carla Giselly de SOUZA ◽  
Edson Mauro dos SANTOS ◽  
Safira Valença BISPO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Tropical Grasslands ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Here in this study we assessed dairy heifers kept in tropical grasslands during spring and summer seasons to observe the effects of two supplementation strategies upon their performance. Sixteen dairy heifers (Holstein 5/8 x Gyr 3/4) with 135.25 kg of body mass were randomly assigned in two supplementation treatments (e.g., mineral salt and protein salt supplement) during spring and summer seasons, divided into two groups of eight animals that represented 4.29 animal unit ha. Initial and final fasted weights (i.e., feed and water withheld for 16h) were obtained before to start and at the end of each grazing cycle (28 days), and then the weight gain (kg animal-1) per grazing cycle was calculated by the difference between final and initial weights. There was no significant effect (P <0.05) on the intake of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and dry matter digestibility, between treatments (P <0.05). However, there was a significant effect (P <0.05) between seasons; e.g., respective means of dry matter intake (kg day-1,% BW g / kg 0.75), intake of crude protein (g day-1 g / kg 0.75), ether extract (g day-1), neutral detergent fiber (g day-1 and% BW) were 3.95 and 2.88 kg, 2.54 and 1.65%, 89.27 and 59.56 g kg0.75, 429.89 and 298.43 g day-1, 9.72 and 6.18 g kg0.75, 118.79 and 84.07 g day-1, 2.90 and 2.05 kg day-1, 1.86 and 1.18%, for Spring and Summer seasons. Moreover, the dry matter intake (% BW and g kg 0.75 of DM) were higher (P < 0.05) during the spring season (e.g., 2.53 vs 1.64 % BW; and 89.26 vs 59.56 g kg0.75 DM).

Measurement of the milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Water Turnover

The relation between water turnover and milk intake of five reindeer and caribou calves was determined using the tritium dilution technique. The results indicate that mean turnover rates of tritiated water of male calves from birth to 4 weeks of age increased from 1.44 to 1.65 liters per day, and that caloric intake ranged from about 3500 to 4100 kcal/day.

scholarly journals Voluntary Intake, Chemical Composition, and Nutrient Digestibility of Pangolagrass and Stargrass Hays

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-398
Author(s):  
R. Gutiérrez-Vargas ◽  
J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
A. Ramírez-Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Digitaria Decumbens ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis ◽  
The Difference

Pangolagrass (Digitaria decumbens) and stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) harvested at 30, 45, and 60 days and made in to hay, were fed to four castrated male ruminants (goats and steers) in individual digestion stalls. The grasses were fertilized at the rate of 4,480 kg/ha/yr with 15-5-10, harvested, sun-dried for 2 days and cut in 3- to 6-cm pieces. Each experimental period lasted 21 days, divided into a 14-day preliminary feed ing period and a 7-day collection period. Each hay was offered at a level of 90% intake, as determined in the preliminary period. Hays, offered and refused, and feces were weighed and sampled daily. Representative samples were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, neutral-detergent fiber, acid-detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, and silica. Hemicellulose was determined as the difference between neutral-detergent fiber and acid-detergent fiber. Apparent digestion coefficients for each fraction were calculated on all hays and all ruminants. Pangolagrass dry-matter intake was significantly (P < .01) greater than that of stargrass hay by both goats and steers. No significant differences in dry-matter intake were obtained between hay ages of 30, 45, and 60 days. Goats had a higher dry-matter intake (P < .01) than steers. Significant differences were obtained between hays in neutral-detergent fiber (P < .01), hemicellulose (P < .01), and cellulose (P < .05) contents and between hay ages in crude protein (P < .05), cellulose (P < .01), lignin (P < .05), and silica (P < .01) contents. For digestibilities, significant differences were obtained between hays in dry matter (P < .05), neutral-detergent fiber (P < 05), and cellulose (P < .01); between hay ages in lignin (P < .01) and silica (P < .01); and between ruminants in dry matter (P < .01), neutral-detergent fiber (P < .01), acid-detergent fiber (P < .01), hemicellulose (P < .01), and cellulose (P < .01). Goats may not necessarily substitute for steers in digestion trials; and lignin, but not silica, tends to be a valid marker for determining digestibility.

Studies on the supplementary feeding of sheep consuming mulga (Acacia aneura). 4. Effect of sulphur on intake and digestibility, and growth and sulphur content of wool

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (95) ◽  
pp. 768
Author(s):  
RJW Gartner ◽  
DR Niven
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Calcium Sulphate ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Acacia Aneura

The effect of supplementing sheep fed mulga with sulphur in the form either of molasses, or calcium or sodium sulphate, was examined. Sulphur supplementation increased dry matter intake by 38 per cent without significant differences in digestibility. Liveweight changes were related to intake. Clean wool production was increased by 45 per cent with sulphur supplements (0.48 vs. 0.33 mg cm-2 day-1) but the fibre diameter and the sulphur content of the wool (mean 2.66 per cent) were not influenced by sulphur intake. The cations calcium and sodium had no effect on any responses. Molasses increased feed intake more than calcium sulphate or sodium sulphate did, but the difference was not statistically significant. The extra response in intake to molasses could be due to its contribution of cobalt, as mulga is marginal in this element (0.07 p.p.m.).

The Quantities of Herbage Eaten by Grazing Dairy Cows

1955 ◽  
Vol 1955 ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. MacLusky
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Chemical Marker ◽  
Faecal Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The herbage dry matter intake of grazing animals may be estimated by chemical marker and faecal analysis methods (Raymond, 1954) or by pasture sampling methods.Pasture sampling methods generally involve two main difficulties. The first is the low precision resulting from the variability of pasture yields. When intake is estimated from the difference between the yields of herbage on a given area sampled before and after the grazing period, the estimate bears the error variances of both the sample means. The second difficulty lies in ensuring that the estimated difference in yields is the true difference due to consumption. The samples must be cut below the level to which the animal can graze, and the amount of herbage growth during the grazing period must be estimated and allowed for. Growth can be estimated from the difference between the yield of herbage before grazing and the yield of protected herbage at the end of the grazing period.

Seasonality of calving in pasture-based dairy systems: its effects on herbage production, utilisation and dry matter intake

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. García ◽  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
System P ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the influence of season of calving on (i) pasture productivity, (ii) total dry matter intake by cows, and (iii) the relationship between intake and milk yield of individual cows. Three systems in which the cows calved either in autumn, in spring or half in autumn, half in spring, were managed according to a set of common guidelines during 3 consecutive years. Herbage accumulation rate (HAR) was estimated by the difference between 2 successive grazings (pre- and post-grazing herbage mass). Average HAR in each month was similar between systems. However, small differences in HAR were observed between calving systems in spring and summer, and appeared to be related to the proportion of the farmlet closed for silage. Herbage dry matter intakes varied seasonally (P<0.05), but independently of the calving system (P>0.05). Cows from different calving systems, offered 8.9 or 2.5 kg maize silage dry matter per cow daily in the paddocks, consumed an average of 6.0 and 1.4 kg, respectively. A large variation in intake was observed between individual cows with ranges from 2 to 10 kg and 0.2 to 2.9 kg, respectively. In conclusion, applying the same grazing management decisions to systems with contrasting calving dates resulted in only small seasonal, but not annual, differences in pasture HAR. The results also indicated that when maize silage is fed in the paddock, wastage can be high and variation in intake between individual cows can also be large.

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