Measurement of the milk intake of reindeer and caribou calves using tritiated water

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. McEwan ◽  
P. E. Whitehead
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Water Turnover

The relation between water turnover and milk intake of five reindeer and caribou calves was determined using the tritium dilution technique. The results indicate that mean turnover rates of tritiated water of male calves from birth to 4 weeks of age increased from 1.44 to 1.65 liters per day, and that caloric intake ranged from about 3500 to 4100 kcal/day.

Rates of Water Turnover in Marsupials and Eutherians: a Comparative Review With New Data on the Tasmanian Devil.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Sarcophilus Harrisii

Water turnover rates of Tasmania devils, Sarcophilus harrisii, were measured under standardized conditions by use of tritiated water. Total body water of lactating females was lower than in non- lactating animals, while water turnover rates per kilogram were not significantly different, due to a higher rate constant for lactating animals. Mean water turnover rates were considerably higher than predicted from other marsupial studies. Statistical analysis of data from 13 species of marsupial and 27 eutherian species showed habitat to have a far greater effect on standard water turnover rate than phylogeny.

Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

The Effects of a Temperature-Determined Food-Supply on the Annual Activity Cycle of the Lesser Long-Eared Bat, Nyctophilus-Geoffroyi Leach, 1821 (Microchiroptera, Vespertilionidae)

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
WAH Ellis ◽  
TG Marples ◽  
WR Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Activity Cycle ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Annual Activity ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Free Ranging

Tritiated-water turnover rates for captive Nyctophilus geoffroyi were highest at 1031.3 mL L-1 day-1 for lactating females in January 1985 and lowest at 82.5 mL L-1 day-1 for females receiving a temperature-determined food supply in July 1985. Daily rates of water turnover were generally higher for males than females, and for bats receiving ad libitum food than for those receiving a controlled food supply throughout winter, indicating that food availability affects torpor in N. geoffroyi. Pre-winter fat deposition was more efficient under conditions of a temperature-determined food supply, where activity, weight and fat-level fluctuations of captive N. geoffroyi closely resembled those known for free-ranging temperate-zone microchiropterans.

Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: field studies of the body-water turnover of game and livestock

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. King
Keyword(s):  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
African Buffalo ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover

SUMMARYField studies were made of tritiated water turnover, drinking water and dietary water intake throughout the year, in 212 animals of the following species: African buffalo, dromedary camel, zebu cow, eland, small East African goat, fringe-eared oryx, and Dorper sheep.There were significant differences (P< 0·005) in the water drunk and water turnover between species and between seasons. Furthermore the species (or season) differences were also significantly different (P< 0·005) for each season (or species). The lowest turnover rates were found in oryx, then camel, sheep, goat, eland, cow and buffalo, when expressed in ml/l0·82/day, which was the appropriate metabolic unit for these species.The restraints imposed by traditional African animal husbandry have drastically reduced the natural ability of eland to conserve body water but had much less effect on buffalo and oryx. The reason appears to be that eland is behaviourally adapted to a semi-arid environment, whereas a species like oryx is more physiologically adapted.

scholarly journals Estimation of the intake of milk by lambs, from the turnover of deuterium- or tritium-labelled water

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Total Turnover

1. The total water turnovers of grazing ewes and their lambs were estimated on days 9, 23, 44, 69 and 86 of lactation from the dilution of tritiated water injected into the dam and deuterium oxide injected into the offspring. The contribution of milk to the total water turnover of the lambs was estimated at the same times from the accumulation of tritium in their body water.2. Mean total water turnover in the ewes was 6.5 litres/d over the entire period. In lambs, total turnover rose from 1459 ml/d at 9 d to 2791 ml/d at 86 d, and was closely related to live weight (r2 0.760, P < 0.001). The corrections to total water turnover, which were required because of the increasing body water pool size of the lambs during each measurement period, fell from +10.6% at 9 d to +3.7% at 86 d. All corrections were significant (P < 0.001).3. The intake of water as milk fell throughout the study, from 1501 ml/d at 9 d to 471 ml/d at 86 d. Pool-size corrections were significant (P < 0.001). Milk intakes calculated from these results were 1816, 1054, 862, 742 and 588 ml/d at 9, 23, 44, 69 and 86 d of lactation. The rapid decline in milk intake reflected undernutrition of the ewes in early lactation.4. The level of live-weight gain in early lactation was closely related to, and at a level expected from, the estimated milk intakes. From comparisons of estimated milk intakes with published estimates, it is concluded that the combined use of deuterium oxide and tritiated water results in accurate estimates of milk intake by the lamb throughout the ewe's lactation.

The accuracy of tritiated water turnover rate as an estimate of milk intake in lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
M Freer
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Water Pool ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Size Correction ◽  
Source Of Error

The accuracy of water turnover measurement as an estimate of milk intake was evaluated, with special reference to the validity of the assumptions underlying the technique. Even when milk was the only source of water for penned lambs, water turnover measurement significantly underestimated known milk intake. The underestimates were greater over longer measurement periods. It is suggested that these underestimates occurred because changes in body water pool size were not considered in the calculation of water turnover, since estimates were improved by the incorporation of a pool size correction. In a second pen trial, it was demonstrated that the inhalation of vapour from tritiated water excreted by other lambs was not a source of error in the estimation of water turnover. .In a field trial, the turnover technique was successfully employed to estimate milk intake in the first 3–4 weeks of life. A method for accommodating changes in pool size is presented, and it is suggested that the effects of pool size changes on the accuracy of the estimate of milk intake are too large to be ignored. In later weeks of the experiment, it was obvious that lambs were consuming water in forms other than milk, so that milk intake estimates were inaccurate. .It is concluded that in animals consuming only milk, measurement of tritiated water turnover provides an accurate estimate of milk intake, but only if changes in body water pool size are taken into account.

Corrigendum - Water content and water turnover in beef cattle

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
PH Springell
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Poor Diet ◽  
The Mean

Twenty-four steers, comprising British (Hereford and Hereford x Shorthorn), Zebu (Africander), and Zebu cross (British x Brahman or Africander) breeds, were either maintained on pasture, or yarded and fed on diets of a low and a high nutritional value. Tritiated water was injected into the animals on five occasions at intervals of 3 months. The body water content and the water turnover rate were calculated, and some of the sources of variation defined. Observed differences in the water content are attributable to nutritional factors rather than to breed differences. The mean body water content ranged from 615 to 809 ml/kg fasting body weight, where the higher values were associated with a poor diet. The mean half-life of tritiated water was lower in summer (as low as 58 hr) than in winter (up to 128 hr) in grazing and well-fed yarded steers. On a poor diet, however, the half-life in yarded cattle remained high and almost constant throughout the year, dropping to below 100 hr on only a single occasion. Occasionally the half-life was breed dependent, but generally no significant differences between breeds could be found. While mean turnover rates of up to 7.1 ml kg-1 hr-1 were found in better-fed cattle in summer, the value in poorly fed animals was almost constant throughout the year at about 3.3 ml kg-1 hr-1. There was, however, a winter minimum in the well-fed yarded and grazing groups. The turnover rate was also influenced by breed only to a limited extent. The results are interpreted in the light of their possible significance in the adaptation to a tropical environment, and in relation to their value in predicting the body composition.

Estimation of milk consumption in beef calves using a tritiated water dilution technique

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (101) ◽  
pp. 666 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Dove ◽  
A Axelsen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Similar Stage ◽  
Water Dilution

The milk intake of crossbred and Angus calves in the first 6 weeks of life was estimated from their water turnovers measured using tritiated water (TOH) dilution. Corrections were made for increase in TOH space occurring during the periods of measurement. The corrections were smaller than those noted in lambs at a similar stage of life, and there were no consistent differences between breeds or weeks. In crossbred calves, estimated milk intake rose (P < 0.05) from 8.65 1 day-1 in week 1 to 11.21 l day-1 in week 6. The corresponding intakes for Angus calves were 6.31 and 10.02 l day-1 but the difference between breeds was not significant. Liveweight gains ranged from 659 to 1170 g day-1 for crossbred calves and from 532 to 925 g day-1 in Angus calves. Total liveweight gain and dryweight gain were closely related to total milk intake (r= 0.94, P < 0.001, and r= 0.85, P < 0.01, respectively). Dryweight gain was also closely related to dry matter intake (r= 0.85, P < 0.01). Estimated milk intakes are compared with those previously reported, and it is concluded that, provided changes in pool size are taken into account, the TOH dilution technique is well suited to the estimation of milk intake in beef calves. It is suggested that, in converting water turnovers into milk intakes, an assumed factor of 0.96 would save time and effort, and involve little error.

Adaptations to prolonged fasting in free-living weaned gray seal pups

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (2) ◽  
pp. R267-R272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Gray Seal ◽  
Composition Changes

The water and energy metabolism of 12 free-living gray seal pups during their postweaning fast was investigated using tritiated water for determination of rates of energy expenditure and water turnover and changes in body composition. Changes in serum composition and urinary output were also measured. The duration of the postweaning fast ranged from 10 to greater than 28 days. The mean daily energy expenditure of pups was 12.0 +/- 1.0 (SE) MJ, equivalent to 2.7 times the basal metabolic rate predicted from M. Kleiber (The Fire of Life. Huntington, NY: Krieger, 1975). On average, lipid catabolism provided 94% of the energy used. Water-turnover rates were lower than predicted from C. R. Richmond, W. H. Langham, and T. T. Trujillo (J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 59: 45-55, 1962). Urinary output of water and solute were also low, and these declined as the fast progressed. Although pups were in negative water balance, there was no evidence that they experience dehydration during the post-weaning fast. The principal adaptations to prolonged fasting in weaned gray seals are, therefore, lowering of field metabolic and water-turnover rate and reliance on stored lipid as fuel.

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