Survival feeding of pregnant and lactating ewes with combinations of wheat and lucerne hay

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
BW Clements ◽  
AR Gleeson ◽  
PJ Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Diet Analysis ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Lamb Growth

An experiment was performed to determine the proportion of roughage required by pregnant and lactating ewes fed wheat-based diets under drought conditions. Five dietary treatments ranging from wheat alone to lucerne hay alone were fed to pregnant and lactating Merino ewes, at levels estimated to give a similar net energy intake per ewe per day. The energy levels fed were altered during the experiment in an attempt to maintain ewe liveweight at a constant level. Wheat alone was unsuitable for lactating ewes, while a diet of 54% hay and 46% wheat (54:46) gave the best milk yields, lamb growth and lamb survival. The mean milk yields of the ewes ranged from 26.5 � (SD) 2.5 ml hour-1 for wheat alone to 38.1 � 2.2 ml hour-1 for the 54:46 diet. Lamb liveweight gains between birth and weaning (at seven weeks) were related to ewe milk yields, with lambs on the wheat alone diet gaining 3.17 kg and those on the 54:46 diet gaining 5.10 kg. Only half of the lambs born to ewes fed wheat alone survived to weaning, compared with 89% of lambs on the 54:46 diet. Analysis of the responses indicated that, for milk yield, the 54:46 diet was near optimum and that lamb growth and survival would be maximized at 60-67% hay.

scholarly journals Choice feeding in fattening pigs: Effect of diets differing in nutrient density on feeding behaviour and fattening performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 247-257
Author(s):  
Josef Pichler ◽  
Christiane Schwarz ◽  
Martin Gierus ◽  
Karl Schedle
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Fattening Performance ◽  
Choice Group ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Choice Feeding

The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of feed consumed by pigs when they had the choice to meet their nutrient requirements offering a low (LND) or a high (HND) nutrient dense diet on animal performance and feeding behaviour. In total 120 barrows and gilts were allotted to three dietary treatments (LND, HND and a feed choice group, FC). Diets were calculated to keep a constant ratio of megajoule net energy (MJ NE) to nutrient standardised ileal digestible (SID) lysine, SID methionine and cysteine, SID threonine, SID tryptophan, Ca, available P and Na. Pigs of the feed choice treatment that could choose between LND and HND chose an energy content between 13.3 and 13.6 MJ ME or rather 10.1 and 10.4 MJ NE. The ratio between LND and HND changed during the growing period to a higher percentage of HND (26.2% : 73.8% in the starter, 22.0% : 78.0% in the grower and 20.0% : 80.0% in the finisher phase). No differences between barrows and gilts were detected regarding the selected diet. As a result, similar zootechnical performance data were observed for HND and FC, whereas LND led to a declined (P < 0.05) performance. Regarding the feeding behaviour no differences in the parameters meal size and daily feeder visits between LND and HND (P > 0.1) were observed. However, within the FC treatment more and greater meals were consumed (P < 0.05) at the HND feeder compared to the LND feeder. Pigs of modern genetics still have the ability to cover their nutrient requirements choosing between diets differing in nutrient density without impairing performance. Furthermore, the results give no indication for the necessity of different energy levels in diets for sexed pigs.

The use of urea to improve milk yields and lamb survival of Merinos in a dry tropical environment

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
RGA Stephenson ◽  
JC Edwards ◽  
PS Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
C 30 ◽  
C 50 ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Lamb Growth

Urea supplementation of lambing Merino ewes increased milk yield and lamb growth and survival rates in both pen and paddock studies. These productivity gains occurred in a semi-arid environment characterized by poor reproductive efficiency in Merinos. In pens, urea supplenlents fed to lactating ewes at the rate of c. 12 g/day stimulated intake of poor quality pasture hay (0.9 %nitrogen) by c. 30% and increased total nitrogen intake by c. 100%. Milk yield was improved by c. 50% and lamb growth rate by c. 140%. Sorghum grain supplements stimulated milk yield and lamb growth to a lesser extent than urea. The correlations found in pen studies between nitrogen intake and milk yield of ewes (r � 0.85; P < 0.05), and between ewe milk yield and lamb growth (r % 0.80; P < 0.01), prompted further investigations under paddock conditions. Ewes grazing dry pastures and supplemented with urea (8-10 glday) via drinking water yielded more milk (11-32%) than unsupplemented counterparts. Similarly, there were improvements in lamb growth (80-100%) and survival (c. 10%) in the supplemented groups.

The effect of suckling, management and season on sheep milk production as estimated by lamb growth

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Doney ◽  
Joan Munro
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Lamb Growth

1. The mean daily live-weight gains of lambs from the 1956–59 flock records were used to estimate the milk yield of ewes during the first six weeks of lactation.2. The yield was affected by the number of lambs suckled but not by the number born. Ewes rearing twins on the hill gave a higher yield than those rearing singles (145%–155%). Good grazing raised the yield to twice that of ewes rearing singles on the hill.3. In 3 out of the 4 years the utilised yield was remarkably constant in the case of ewes rearing single lambs, but ewes rearing twins on the hill were more variable. Ewes rearing twins on low ground did not show any significant seasonal differences.4. From an experiment on 36 ewes it was confirmed that twin-rearing ewes produce more milk than single-rearing ewes in all environments. There was no difference between ewes rearing one lamb whether born as a single or as a twin. Leaving two lambs on the ewe for a few days to establish a high level of milk yield did not benefit the remaining lamb after its twin was removed.

scholarly journals Yield And Composition Of Milk And Their Relationship With Preweaning Lamb Growth In The Yankasa Ewes And Their Crosses With The Sires Of Suffolk X Wenselydale Breed

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
O. W Ehoche ◽  
I. Adu ◽  
S. A. S. Olorunju
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lamb Growth ◽  
Daily Milk

Milk production in Yankasa ewes and their crosses with the sires of Suffolk/Wenselydale breed was measured at weekly intervals following oxytocin administration. The influence of age and breed of dam on yield and composition were investigated and the relationships between milk yield, milk composition and lamb weight gain were determined. Daily milk intake production in Yankasa and crossbred ewes averaged 348.1 and 505.7g respectively. The mean fat and protein content over the entire lactation were 5.86 and 5.07% for Yankasa and 6.19 and 4.96% for crossbreds, respectively. Crossbred  ewes produced significantly higher (P<0.01) milk than Yankasa at all stages of lactation. Age of the ewe had significant effect (P<.05) on total milk yield but not on fat or protein content. The correlations between lamb weight and milk yield at various stages of lactation ranged from 0.51 to 0.66 and 0.62 to 0.71, respectively, for Yankasa and crossbred lambs. Sheep milking can make a significant contribution to rural daily production in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Production of ewes rearing twin or triplet lambs fed grass silage with a commercial concentrate or a mixture of beet pulp and soybean meal

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. V. Petit
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feed Supplement ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Lamb Growth

Forty multiparous Outaouais ewes were used to investigate the effects of number of suckling lambs (2 versus 3) and type of feed supplement in grass silage-based diets on ewe and lamb performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic supplements were either a mixture of beet pulp and soybean meal (BP) or a commercial concentrate (CO). Dietary treatments continued from 28 d prepartum until 42 d postpartum. Milk yield was measured weekly. Dietary treatments and number of suckling lambs had no effect (P > 0.10) on DM intake. Feeding BP resulted in similar milk yield for ewes nursing twin (TW) and triplet (TR) lambs, and feeding CO resulted in higher milk yield for ewes nursing TW compared to those nursing TR; this resulted in a significant interaction (P = 0.08) between diet and the number of suckling lambs. Dietary treatments and number of suckling lambs had no effect (P > 0.10) on milk composition. Loss of body weight was greater (P < 0.01) for ewes nursing TR than for those nursing TW, while there was no difference (P > 0.10) between ewes fed BP and those fed CO. Body weight at birth and on day 42, and ADG of TW were greater (P < 0.01) than those of TR, but type of supplement had no effect on lamb performance. Intake of DM was below requirements of ewes nursing TW. These data suggest that DM intake is not responsible for all differences observed in milk yield. Factors such as greater body weight loss could have contributed to increased milk yield. Feeding BP compared to CO may have contributed to maintain similar milk yield for ewes nursing TW and TR, but lamb growth was limited by milk yield as less milk was available per lamb for TR compared to TW. Key words: Ewes, lambs, lactation, beet pulp

A DAIRY RECORDS STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING LEVELS ON MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522
Author(s):  
A. K. W. TONG ◽  
B. W. KENNEDY ◽  
J. E. MOXLEY
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Quadratic Effects

A total of 139,720 Holstein and 17,259 Ayrshire 305-day lactation records from the Dairy Herd Analysis Service were studied to estimate linear and quadratic effects of net energy intakes from silage, hay, pasture and meal and effects of silage:hay ratio, roughage:meal ratio and energy concentration on milk yield and composition. Effects of correcting for feeding levels on estimates of herd and cow variance components were studied also. Linear effects of increased net energy intakes from silage, hay, pasture and meal on milk, fat and protein yields were positive (P <.01) for both breeds. For Holsteins, all quadratic effects on milk yield were also positive (P <.01). Quadratic effects of each roughage source on fat and protein yield were negative, but meal had a positive quadratic effect (P <.01). Quadratic effects were inconsistent for the Ayrshires. Both linear and quadratic effects of feeding levels on fat and protein percent were inconsistent for the two breeds. For both breeds, greater silage:hay ratios and energy concentrations increased yields, and greater roughage:meal ratios decreased yields and fat percent (P <.01). Correcting records for net energy intake reduced estimates of herd, cow and error variance components. Repeatability estimates of yield traits were also reduced, but percentage trait repeatabilities were not altered.

Diet Selection by Yearling Northwestern Crows (Corvus caurinus) Feeding on Littleneck Clams (Venerupis japonica)

The Auk ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Richardson ◽  
Nicolaas A. M. Verbeek
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Corvus Caurinus ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Net Energy Intake

Abstract Yearling and adult Northwestern Crows (Corvus caurinus) used similar methods in searching for buried Japanese littleneck clams (Venerupis japonica) and therefore encountered similar proportions of different-size clams. The mean size of clams eaten by yearling birds was significantly smaller than the mean of those eaten by adults despite the similar proportions encountered. The estimated lower limit of the diet (the smallest clams eaten by the average bird) was 25.5 mm for yearlings and 29.0 mm for adults. Yearlings took more time to find and handle clams and required more drops to break them open than did adults. Consequently, yearlings achieved only one-third the rate of net energy intake of adults feeding from the same food source. However, the extended diet consumed by the yearlings yielded close to the maximum possible rate of energy intake, within the limits imposed by their inefficiency.

EFFECTS OF DIETARY MOLYBDENUM ON PRODUCTIVITY AND METABOLIC PARAMETERS OF LACTATING EWES AND THEIR OFFSPRING

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 769-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. WITTENBERG ◽  
T. J. DEVLIN
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonium Molybdate ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Test Diet ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Ewe Lamb ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Ceruloplasmin Activity ◽  
Lamb Growth

A trial was undertaken to determine ewe lactation, lamb growth and metabolic responses to varying concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) in the diet of ewes. Twelve lactating ewes with twin lambs were assigned to one of three dietary treatments for the first 6 wk of lactation. Ewes were individually fed a corn silage-barley diet supplemented to contain 0.9 (0 Mo), 18.4 (20 Mo) or 40.7 (40 Mo) mg Mo kg−1 dry matter (DM) using ammonium molybdate [(NH4)6Mo7O24∙4H2O]. No feed was offered to lambs. Ewe milk yield and composition, ewe and lamb body weight and blood samples were obtained weekly. Two ewes assigned to 40 Mo and one ewe assigned to 20 Mo developed a condition that was corrected by thiamin administration during their fourth to fifth week on test. Diet did not influence (P > 0.05) milk yield or composition with the exception of milk Mo which increased (P < 0.05) for ewes fed Mo-supplemented rations. Dietary Mo concentration did not influence (P > 0.05) ewe plasma copper (Cu), trichloroacetic acid soluble plasma Cu or ceruloplasmin activity in ewes. Ewe plasma Mo concentrations increased (P < 0.05) 11- and 16-fold, respectively, for ewes fed 20 Mo and 40 Mo relative to those fed 0 Mo. Ewe liver Cu and Mo concentrations at the end of the trial tended (P < 0.10) to be greater for the Mo-supplemented diets. Lamb plasma and liver Cu concentration were not influenced by ewe diet. Milk Mo concentration did not influence (P > 0.05) lamb weight gain but did influence (P < 0.05) plasma Mo. Lamb age influenced (P < 0.05) plasma Mo levels which peaked when lambs were 2–3 wk old and declined thereafter. Key words: Ewe, lamb, lactation, growth, molybdenum, copper

scholarly journals Back-Calculation of Fish Size in Diet Analysis of Piscivorous Predators: A New Index for the Alien Silurus glanis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4322
Author(s):  
Renato Bacchetta ◽  
Andrea Marotta ◽  
Alessandro Nessi ◽  
Paolo Tremolada
Keyword(s):  
Diet Analysis ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Top Predator ◽  
Silurus Glanis ◽  
K Index ◽  
Caudal Vertebrae ◽  
Back Calculation ◽  
Control Capability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Bone Remains

The wels catfish Silurus glanis has been constantly spreading in many European basins, outside its native range. Being a voracious predator, it is considered to have a severe impact on local fish communities. In the Ticino River (Northern Italy), bones of S. glanis were found in feces from the top predator Lutra lutra. To estimate the control capability of L. lutra for this species and to back-calculate S. glanis’ size from its bone remains, whole skeletons from 27 differently sized S. glanis specimens were analyzed. A double pharyngeal element and all caudal vertebrae emerged as significant items for species identification. The mean length of the pharyngeal element was directly related to fish mass, while for vertebrae, a K-index was proposed to identify the position of each vertebra along the spine and, from this, to calculate the original fish mass. This methodology allowed us to establish that the length of the preyed S. glanis was 85–435 mm, and the ages were between 0+ and 2+ years. The proposed methodology opens new perspectives for more detailed studies on the efficiency of predation by piscivorous species on allochthonous ones.

525 Late-Breaking: Late Gestational Nutrient Restriction of Primiparous Beef Heifers Decreases Milk Yield and Pre-weaning Calf Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Allison M Meyer ◽  
Colby A Redifer ◽  
Lindsey G Wichman ◽  
Erin M Shangraw ◽  
Thomas B McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
D 63 ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Fall Calving

Abstract Fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers (single-sired; BW: 451 ± 28 [SD] kg; BCS: 5.4 ± 0.7) bred to a single sire were individually-fed 100% (control; CON; n = 12) or 70% (nutrient restricted; NR; n = 13) of NASEM net energy and metabolizable protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Post-calving, all females were limit-fed chopped tall-fescue hay supplemented to meet lactational nutrient requirements in Calan gates to constrain calves’ diets to milk only until d 147. Four-hour milk yields were measured 5 times; calf size was determined every 21 d. Data were analyzed with treatment, calving date, and calf sex (when P &lt; 0.25) as fixed effects; day and day x treatment were included for milk yield. From calving to d 147, CON cows had greater (P ≤ 0.003) BW, BCS, and backfat, but NR cows gained more (P ≤ 0.004) BW, BCS, and backfat. Milk weight and volume was 15% less (main effect; P &lt; 0.04) for NR cows. Calf size did not differ at birth (P ≥ 0.27). From d 42 to 147, calves born to NR dams had lower (P ≤ 0.02) BW. Heart, abdominal, and flank girths were less (P ≤ 0.07) for NR calves through d 147. Calf ribeye area tended to be less (P ≤ 0.11) in NR calves at d 42, 84, and 126. Nutrient restricted calves had less shoulder to rump length (d 63 to 147; P ≤ 0.08), shoulder height (d 63 to 126; P ≤ 0.02), cannon length (d 42 to 105 and 147; P ≤ 0.09), and cannon circumference (d 63 and 105 to 147; P ≤ 0.06). These data indicate that even when dams are fed to meet lactational requirements, milk yield and calf growth are reduced by late gestational nutrient restriction.

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