Variability in the composition of commercial pig diets with particular reference to minerals

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (96) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
EP Hilliard ◽  
GR Pearce
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Mean Concentration

Samples of 28 pig diets fed to grower pigs in 24 commercial piggeries in Victoria were analysed for proximate constituents, fibre components, energy, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb and As. Vitaminmineral premixes, salts used in the premixes, and some other additives were analysed for Cd and Pb. There was a wide variability in the composition of all components in the diets except gross energy. 'Home mix' diets tended to have lower contents of ash and fibre, compared with diets supplied by feed manufacturers. Comparisons with recommended nutrient requirements showed that 8 diets were apparently deficient in crude protein (less than 16%) and only 7 diets contained sufficient crude protein to meet the requirements of pigs up to 50 kg liveweight (20% or more). However, amino acid contents were not determined. One diet was deficient in Na, six diets were deficient in Ca, and eight diets had Ca : P ratios less than 1:1. Seven diets contained Cu at levels recommended for growth promotion (125-250 mg kg-1) ; 20 diets contained added Cu but at levels insufficient for growth promotion. All diets contained excessive amounts of Zn and Fe (up to 317 and 701 mg kg-1 respectively) ; the mean concentration of Zn was three times the recommended requirement and the mean concentration of Fe was six times the recommended requirement. Concentrations of Cd occurred up to 0.61 mg kg-1 and of Pb up to 5.53 mg kg-1. One diet contained 32.41 mg As kg-1 but the next highest concentration was 1.07 mg kg-1. Vitamin-mineral premixes contained up to 81 mg Cd kg-1 and up to 1292 mg Pb kg-1. Copper sulphate contained 376 mg Cd kg-1; copper oxide contained 2550 mg Pb kg-1; zinc oxide contained 114 mg Pb kg-1.

Comparison of percentages of tissues and nutrients between parents and F3 offspring of Oreochromis aurea×Siniperca chuatsi

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Wang Jin-Long ◽  
Yang Hong ◽  
Wu Ting-Ting
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Distant Hybridization ◽  
Crude Lipid ◽  
Siniperca Chuatsi ◽  
Flesh Quality ◽  
Amino Acid Contents ◽  
Acid Index

AbstractThis research focused on the effect of distant hybridization to improve the flesh quality of offspring from Oreochromis aurea (♀)×Siniperca chuatsi (♂). The proportions of different tissues and percentages of nutrient components were compared between fish of the F3 generation and O. aurea and S. chuatsi. The results showed that the proportion of flesh in F3 hybrids was significantly lower than that in O. aurea. Crude lipid content was lower and crude protein content significantly higher in the F3 generation. Concentrations of four kinds of amino acids important for flavour (DAA) were higher in the F3 generation than in O. aurea, and the total DAA was significantly higher. Furthermore, the other amino acid contents and essential amino acid index of the F3 generation were intermediate between O. aurea and S. chuatsi. We conclude that some effects of hybridization have induced flesh quality improvement.

Dietary Intake and Nutritional Characteristics in Wild American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Leavitt ◽  
R. C. Bayer ◽  
M. L. Gallagher ◽  
J. H. Rittenburg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Molt Cycle ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Mineral Constituent ◽  
The Relationship

Nutrient and essential amino acid analyses of the stomach contents of wild adult American lobsters (Homarus americanus) collected from offshore and inshore populations indicated lobsters consumed varying nutrient levels according to their stage of molt. For example, soft-shell lobsters ate a higher level of mineral constituent. The location of the animal had no effect on the level of nutrient intake. The essential amino acid composition of the protein in the stomach remained the same throughout the molt cycle, but indicated a change in protein source with the location of the animal. The relationship between crude protein and gross energy was constant suggesting its importance in the nutrition of the lobster. Based on this study, we recommend a basal level of nutrient constituents for ration formulation. Key words: American lobster, natural intake, dietary formulation

Comparative Effects of Dry- and Moist-Heating Treatments on the Biochemical Characteristics of Terminalia catappa L. Seed

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Ezeokonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Total Dietary Fibre ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

The effects of dry- (roasting) and moist-heat (boiling) treatments on the biochemical characteristics of Terminalia catappa (tropical almond) seed were determined. There were no significant differences in crude protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate content of the seeds with respect to processing. Boiling increased significantly ( P < 0.05) the crude fibre, however roasting reduced it. Roasting had a better effect on the total dietary fibre (TDF) and gross energy level of the seeds than boiling. There were no significant differences in the effects of both processes on the amino acid, fatty acid and sugar profiles of the seeds. Roasting improved the potassium, phosphorus, copper and iodine, reducing the magnesium, calcium, zinc and iron contents. Boiling improved the sodium and selenium and reduced the potassium, magnesium and calcium levels.

scholarly journals Correlations of Dietary Crude Protein and Gross Energy on Blood Glucose and Urea, Milk Urea and Lactose Concentrations in Lactating Ewes

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
Ali Gholi Ramin ◽  
Ali Aghazadeh ◽  
Touraj Karamian ◽  
Sina Ramin
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Milk Urea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Correlations

Concentrations of serum glucose (SG) and urea (SU), milk lactose (ML) and urea (MU) and their relationships to dietary gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were studied in 16 lactating ewes in Urmia, Iran. Ewes were aged 3 to 5 years and were bred in a closed pen. They were fed alfalfa hay, pasture grass, concentrate and corn silage. Each lactating ewe was nursing a single lamb. Five ml of blood from v. jugularis, 50 ml milk and 200 g feed mixture were collected at 15 day intervals up to 135 days (9 samples). Serum glucose and urea concentrations were evaluated using a spectrophotometer, milk lactose in Polarimeter, gross energy by calculation method and crude protein by Kjeldahl methods. The mean values for dietary GE, CP, SG, SU, MU and ML were 2.39 Mcal/kg/DM, 14.1% food/DM, 2.69, 4.65, 3.67 mmol/l and 4.8 mg/dl milk, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found for serum and milk indicators during the milking periods among the sampling times. Serum urea and milk urea irregularly increased while serum glucose and milk lactose irregularly decreased. Positive correlations were found (P < 0.05) between SU/MU (r = 0.45), MU/GE (r = 0.75), MU/CP (r = 0.70) and SU/CP (r = 0.97). Negative correlations (P < 0.05) were found between MU/SG (r = -0.17), SU/ML (r = -0.20) and MU/ML (r = -0.24). Based on results, it is concluded that urea, glucose and lactose would be appropriate variables in the prediction of crude protein and gross energy concentration of diet in lactating ewes.

scholarly journals Apparent digestibility of nutrients, energy, and amino acid of nontoxic and detoxified physic nut cakes for Nile tilapia

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 849-853
Author(s):  
Hamilton Hisano ◽  
Marco Aurélio Lopes Della Flora ◽  
José Luiz Pilecco ◽  
Simone Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Physic Nut ◽  
Apparent Digestibility Coefficient ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract:The objective of this work was to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients, energy, and amino acids of nontoxic and detoxified physic nut cakes treated with solvent plus posterior extrusion, for Nile tilapia. The apparent digestibility coefficients of crude protein and gross energy were higher for detoxified than for nontoxic physic nut cake. However, the apparent digestibility coefficient of ether extract of the nontoxic physic nut cake was higher than that of the detoxified one. The apparent digestibility coefficient of amino acids of both feed ingredients was superior to 80%, except for glycine, for the nontoxic psychic nut cake, and for threonine, for the detoxified one. Nontoxic and detoxified physic nut cakes show apparent digestibility coefficient values equivalent to those of the other evaluated oilseeds and potential for inclusion in Nile tilapia diets.

Difficulties implementing diet selection strategies on the farm

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 66-66
Author(s):  
S.P. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Selection Strategies

This paper deals with practical systems where growing pigs or poultry are allowed to self select from two or more feeds. Most commonly a selection between just two feeds has been studied. Only systems are discussed that gave a choice of two feeds where a combination of these feeds gave a combined diet composition that approximately met the nutrient requirements of the pigs or poultry.Data from singly housed choice-fed animals is most valuable in evaluating their ability to select a suitable nutrient intake. A number of experiments have been published indicating that growing pigs have a poor ability to select different proportions of two feeds. Pigs can discriminate between feeds on the basis of their concentration of crude protein or amino acid. However, the majority of pigs eat predominantly one feed even though a mixture of two feeds would be a more appropriate choice.

RESPONSE FROM COPPER AND SELENIUM WITH VITAMIN E INJECTIONS TO CATTLE PASTURED ON MINERAL AND ORGANIC GROUNDWATER SOILS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. MILTIMORE ◽  
J. L. MASON ◽  
J. M. McARTHUR ◽  
C. C. STRACHAN ◽  
J. B. CLAPP
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good Drainage ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

An experiment, using a total of 127 cattle on one ranch over a 2-yr period and 82 cattle at two separate locations on a second ranch in 1 yr, tested injections of copper (Cu) and injections of selenium (Se) with vitamin E, separately and in combination. Injections of 100 mg Cu as copper calcium edetate resulted in an increased overall daily gain of 118 g or 22%. The injections of Se and vitamin E did not significantly increase gain and there was no synergistic effect when the two materials were given together. The crude protein, inorganic sulfate, S, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B concentrations were determined on grass from the experimental pastures and from grass growing in fields around one ranch. These latter forages were collected in seven paired locations with one member forage of each set being harvested from an organic groundwater soil and the other from an adjacent clay soil where there was good drainage. Forage growing on well-drained soils had a Cu/Mo ratio of 1.9, which was almost treble the 0.7 ratio found in forage grown on the groundwater soil. Cu levels in hair from cattle on ranch B, given only Cu injections, averaged 13.4 ppm Cu on an oven-dry weight basis, which was 54% higher in Cu than hair from the control cattle. The mean concentration of Se in hair of cattle receiving Se with vitamin E was 60 ppm, which was not significantly different from the control at 58 ppm.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Crude Protein and Amino Acid Contents on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Korean Native Ducks

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359
Author(s):  
Hyung Joo Kwon ◽  
Yun Kyung Choo ◽  
Sung Taek Oh ◽  
Hak Kyu Kim ◽  
Chang Won Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Contents

Digestion of food by the grazing sheep. II. The production of ammonia in the rumen

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
JP Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

High concentrations of ammonia have been found in the rumen in grazing sheep at all seasons of the year. It has been established that the mean concentration of ammonia sustained in the rumen during a 24 hr period depends on the crude protein intake. Other factors which may affect the production of ammonia in and its removal from the rumen are also discussed.

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