The effects in a long-term trial of minimum and reduced cultivation on wheat yields

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Rowell ◽  
GJ Osborne ◽  
PG Matthews ◽  
WC Stonebridge ◽  
AA McNeil
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cultivation Technique ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mechanical Weed Control

A trial was established at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales in 1967 to examine the value of the bipyridilium herbicides as substitutes for mechanical weed control in an extended cropping phase of a cereal/clover ley rotation. The experiment was continued for seven years and the results indicate that herbicides can successfully substitute for mechanical weed control. Direct drilling with a tined combine/seeder into a sprayed but undisturbed seed bed yielded an average of 1.97 tonnes of grain per hectare over seven years compared with 2.02 tonnes per hectare in the mechanically prepared or cultivated seed bed. The difference in yield was not significant. Direct seeding with a triple disc seeder following spraying of an undisturbed seed bed gave significantly lower yields than the other minimum tillage treatments. This minimum cultivation treatment was not successful because of poor plant establishment, possibly emphasized by restricted root growth. A reduced cultivation technique-cultivate-spray-drill-which was included in the trial over the last five years, gave comparable yields, 2.1 7 compared with 1.90 tonnes per hectare, to those obtained by conventional cultivation methods. There were no significant increases in yield with added nitrogen in a dry season, but in four out of the other six years there was significant linear increase in yield with increasing nitrogen rate. There was no significant interaction between cultivation method and applied nitrogen, indicating that neither minimum nor reduced cultivation increased the requirement for nitrogen fertilizer. The results are discussed in terms of mechanical aspects that will allow greater disturbance of the soil beneath the seed with a view to obtaining optimum root development.

Control of Amsinckia hispida and Juncus bufonius (toadrush) with herbicides

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (120) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
JE Pratley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
South Wales

The control by herbicides of an infestation of Amsinckia hispida and toadrush (Juncus bufonius) in wheat was investigated at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, during 1979 and 1980. Bromoxynil, bromoxynil+MCPA, terbutryne and methabenzthiazuron+2,4-D were used in both years, dicamba+MCPA in 1979, and dicamba and experimental herbicide DPX4189 (GleanTM�) in 1980. All herbicides reduced weed densities and improved crop yields. Terbutryne gave greatest control of weed populations, in excess of 98% in both years. Grain yield was more than doubled in each case. GleanTM produced the highest grain yield in 1980 although weed control was not as good as from some other herbicides. However, the undersown pasture legumes, particularly subterranean clover, had poorer survival from this herbicide. Dicamba and dicamba+MCPA were inferior to the other chemicals in the control of these weeds.

scholarly journals THE BUCKWHEAT ROLE IN CROP ROTATION AND WEED CONTROL IN THIS SOWINGS IN LONG TERM TRIAL

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Andris Lejiņš ◽  
Biruta Lejiņa
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Yield Decrease ◽  
Research Institute

Buckwheat research has been carried out within the long-term crop rotation stationary that was established in 1969 as a part of the Research institute of Agriculture. Buckwheat proportion within the partcular crop rotations went up to 22%. The highest buckwheat yields were obtained from the buckwheat variants that where cultivated after winter rye, and within the buckwheat monoculture experimental plots. A considerable yield decrease was observed when cultivating buckwheat after potatoes. Weeds in the buckwheat sowing were effectively brought under control by the herbicide Butisane 400 (1.5 l ha-1), applied immediately after sowing and Betanal AM 2.5 l ha-1 after seedling in 2-3 leaves stage.

DAMAGE AND RECONSTRUCTION OF LIFELINES IN PHANG NGA PROVINCE, THAILAND AFTER THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

2010 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHIRO TAKADA ◽  
YASUKO KUWATA ◽  
ARUN PINTA
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
City Planning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Okushiri Island

The Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred in December 2004 caused destructive damage to Phang Nga Province, Thailand. We carried out two times of interview surveys about 1 and 3 years after the event to administrative bodies and lifeline companies for getting the information on lifeline damage, restoration and reconstruction situation, and summarized the basic concept of reconstruction plan of tsunami suffered towns considering lifeline restoration. On the other hand, as for the comparison of reconstruction problems, the lifelines recovery is reviewed at Aonae district in Okushiri Island after the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-oki earthquake. As the result, the difference of the process of reconstruction of town and lifelines has been revealed and the importance of preparing of the reconstruction plan before the event under the consideration of a long-term city planning is pointed out.

The effect of dialectal variation on word recognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-568
Author(s):  
Yu-An Lu
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
Variant Frequency ◽  
Chinese Dialect ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Previous studies on Chinese dialect variation have mostly focused on the description of dialects, the regions where these dialects are spoken, attitudes towards dialects, and acoustic differences across dialects. The present study draws on experimental evidence concerning a vowel difference in two Taiwan Southern Min (TSM) dialects to provide more understanding on how non-contrastive, dialectal variations may affect speakers’ processing of speech. The variation of interest is a phonemic difference, [ə] and [ɔ], in the vowel inventory in two TSM dialects, in which the difference signals a lexical contrast in one dialect (e.g. [ə-a] ‘oyster’ vs. [ɔ-a] ‘taro’) but not in the other ([ɔ-a] ‘oyster, taro’). A long-term repetition-priming experiment investigating the word recognition involving the two vowels revealed a dialect effect on TSM speakers’ word recognition in accordance with prior exposure, native-ness and variant frequency. Implications of the findings are provided.

scholarly journals Specialists and generalists

Upravlenie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
I. V. Anokhov
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Labor Division ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Labor Specialization ◽  
Organizational Science

The article considers labor specialization in terms of A.A. Bogdanov’s General Organizational Science (Tectology), whose methodology provides conclusions different from generally accepted A. Smith’s concept of labor division. The article’s goal is to investigate specialist’s characteristics and his difference from generalist.In terms of tectology, the difference is the cause of any process or phenomenon. Labor specialization is also based on difference – the difference between initial resources and collective consumption. The depth of labor specialization is determined by the number of people and the volume of their consumption. Reaching the global market’s limits has led to a reduction of differences in most markets and a decrease in production profitability, which in the long term can lead to the curtailment of material and energy flows. A qualitatively new difference may be the difference between the values and meanings of humanity, on the one hand, and the dehumanized technosphere, on the other. Subjects capable of linking these differences are generalists, capable of combining an understanding of the technosphere as a system, an awareness of long-term cause-and-effect relations, and the values and meanings of humanity.The scientific novelty of the findings obtained lies in studying labor specialization and the prospects of its transition to universalization and generalization.

Palynological evidence for late Westphalian–early Stephanian vegetation change in the Dobrudzha Coalfield, NE Bulgaria

2007 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
TATIANA KH. DIMITROVA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER J. CLEAL
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parent Plant ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference

The Dobrudzha Coalfield in northeast Bulgaria has coal-bearing deposits ranging from latest Namurian to early Stephanian age (late Bashkirian to Moscovian age). Palynology of the coals in the upper Makedonka, Krupen and Gurkovo formations has been used to identify major changes in the vegetation during late Westphalian and early Stephanian times. The palynomorphs were grouped in two different ways (according to general morphotype and according to parent plant group) and stratigraphical trends in the two sets of groups used to identify vegetation change through the succession. Detrended Correspondence Analysis was also used to identify ecological relationships between the palynofloras. In the upper Makedonka and Krupen formations, lycophyte spores mostly comprise 15–25 % of the palynofloras in the thicker seams, but in the thinner coals they can represent up to 55 %. Of the other plant groups, ferns are the most abundant, representing 31–69 % in the thicker seams, 12–41 % in the thinner seams. This suggests that the arborescent lycophytes were mainly restricted to pioneer vegetation in these upland areas, and were replaced by ferns as the peat substrates became better developed, suggesting better-drained conditions. The thinner seams also have a noticeable component of sphenophyll spores, indicating significant areas of open conditions allowing colonization by these scrambling plants. In the Gurkovo Formation coals, lycophytes form an even smaller part of the palynological spectra, usually less than 10 % and in only one sample just over 25 %; fern spores make up 43–57 % of the palynofloras. This is in contrast to the palynofloras reported from contemporaneous clastic deposits in South Wales, most of which consist mostly of 34–60 % lycophyte spores and 14–34 % fern spores. Even more marked is the difference from the contemporaneous coals formed in lowland settings in the USA, which have mostly > 50 % lycophyte spores. This evidence suggests that the timing of the decline in abundance of arborescent lycophytes varied according to elevation above sea-level. In lowland coastal settings, the lycophytes remained dominant until middle–late Cantabrian times, but in more inland areas they were progressively replaced mainly by arborescent ferns during late Westphalian times.

Common Components of Human Error in Design, Maintenance, or Operations

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Balkey
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The Other ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Near Misses ◽  
Calculated Frequency ◽  
Failure Frequency ◽  
Final Failure ◽  
The Difference

Often, public reports of accidents only identify the last, obvious failure or immediate cause of the accident. If human error is the immediate cause or final failure, further assessment of accident contributors may stop, and an enhanced training program is often determined to be the primary solution for preventing further accidents of this type. However, in many cases, the accident is the final result of many inputs, decisions, actions and inactions. To demonstrate this characteristic of accidents, the 20 stories in a publication titled “Set Phasers on Stun” have been categorized into action errors and planning errors that involve designers, mechanics, or operators. For each story, the hazard and the number of simultaneous failures are listed. Then two of the 20 stories are assessed in detail; one story involves an action error and the other one involves a planning error. In each of these two stories, the system is first described as it should operate and then its risk is quantitatively assessed to identify findings, lessons learned, recommendations, analogies to the other 18 stories, and applications. This paper has three immediate goals. One, to recognize the difference between an action error and a planning error. Two, to recognize that most accidents involve 2 to 4 simultaneous failures. Three, to appreciate that quantifying the failure frequency serves two benefits. Because it is usually difficult to find out exactly what happened after an accident, the calculated frequency can help confirm what actually happened. When various alternatives are recommended, it can also help to select the most economic ones. This paper has two long term goals. One, consider assessing the failure rates of near misses. By reducing near misses, larger accidents will be reduced. Two, consider assessing the failure rates of personal near misses because you know what actually happened.

Comparison of estimates of long-term analytical variation derived from subject samples and control serum.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Z Williams ◽  
E K Harris ◽  
G M Widdowson
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Weekly Sample ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
Analytical Variation ◽  
Linear Trends

Abstract Variation in the assays of uniform control serum commonly are assumed to represent day-to-day analytical variation. To test this assumption, we compared the differences between results of serum aliquots assayed immediately for 12 constituents and frozen aliquots accumulated and assayed on a single day with the results of control serum variation from the same period. One aliquot of each weekly sample was stored frozen. Eleven subjects were sampled for 12 weeks. Storage at --20 degrees C for 15 weeks had a mild destructive effect on two enzymes in serum. The control serum data revealed significant linear trends in magnesium (upwards) and alkaline phosphatase (downwards) that substantially increased the respective variances. In the other 10 constituents tested, comparison of variances indicated that long-term (weeks) variation in control serum assays is similar to the difference of variation between aliquots assayed immediately and those frozen and assayed at the same time. For these constituents, this finding justifies the use of control serum to estimate long term analytical variation.

The winter production of some strains of subterranean clover grown in defoliated swards

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Collins ◽  
RC Rossiter ◽  
EC Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
New South ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Moisture Supply

The results of two experiments are reported, one at Perth, Western Australia, in an open-sided glass shelter, and the other at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, in the open. Clover swards were grown in boxes and after about one month were subjected to weekly, close defoliation. Two strains that differ in growth habit, Woogenellup (relatively erect) and Esperance (compact, lowgrowing), were used in both experiments. In addition, strain 209.8.19.1 (a crossbred similar to Esperance) was included at Perth, and Nungarin, Yarloop and Larisa at Wagga Wagga. The main finding was that winter production differed little, if at all, between the strains. The relevance of the results to the field evaluation of clover strains is emphasized, and we suggest that under good conditions of moisture supply, nutrition, plant density, etc., substantial differences between strains in winter production are unlikely

Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. complex pastures in southern New South Wales, Australia: a comparison with Medicago sativa L. and Phalaris aquatica L. pastures under rotational grazing

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Johnston ◽  
P. S. Cornish ◽  
V. F. Shoemark
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Eragrostis Curvula ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Wide Range

A grazing experiment conducted in Wagga Wagga (New South Wales) from September 1993 to September 1998 compared the productivity of pastures containing 3 palatable types of summer-active Eragrostis curvula complex, with pastures containing either Medicago sativa or Phalaris aquatica. Issues relating to the management of E. curvula pastures were also investigated. Herbage growth rates of the P. aquatica and M. sativa pastures were highest in winter and spring; E. curvula pastures were most productive in summer and autumn. Stocking rates equivalent to 30–40 dry sheep were carried by the pastures during their growing seasons. Throughout the study, the pastures were dominated by their respective sown perennial species, however, a suite of desirable and undesirable annual grasses and annual legumes usually contributed >20% of total herbage mass in spring. The P. aquatica pasture contained a higher proportion of weedy species than the other pastures, especially C4 grasses and broadleafed species, and towards the end of the experiment it was also invaded by several native perennial grasses. Overall, the wool yield from the M. sativa pasture was 0.5–1.0 kg/animal.year higher than the other pastures. Management to minimise herbage accumulation on the E. curvula pastures was a key issue, and provided that pastures were grazed heavily, this was achieved by the rotational grazing strategy used in the experiment. It was concluded that palatable varieties of E. curvula have a useful and complementary role as perennial pastures in southern Australia. By increasing herbage availability in summer and autumn, E. curvula may improve management flexibility for a wide range of pastures that are commonly grown on farms.

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