Effects of variation in dietary energy concentration of starter and finisher diets on broiler production

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (88) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Farrell ◽  
JB Hardaker ◽  
GE Battese ◽  
RB Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Performance Data ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Finisher Diets

Least-cost starter and finisher broiler diets at five levels of metabolizable energy (ME) concentration were formulated. The diets were fed in selected combinations of starter and finisher energy concentration to batches of broiler chickens to 1650 g. Performance data were recorded and it was found that best biological efficiency was obtained by feeding starter-finisher diets with ME concentrations in the range 12.6 to 13.8 MJ kg-1. However, best economic results were obtained from diets with energy concentrations somewhat below these levels, at approximately 12.2 to 12.5 MJ kg-1. There was no evidence that ME of the starter diet influenced the ME concentration of the finisher diet required for optimal performance.

Effects of dietary energy concentration on production of broiler chickens

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (82) ◽  
pp. 672 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Farrell ◽  
JB Hardaker ◽  
ID Greig ◽  
RB Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Dressing Percentage

Eight least-cost diets with a determined range of metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations from 9.3 to 14.3 MJ kg-1 were formulated. Each diet was offered for about 12 weeks to two pens of about 100 broilers of each sex. Observations on feed consumption, liveweight and mortality were made weekly for each pen. Dressing percentages were recorded for samples of ten birds from each pen at two different Iiveweights. As ME concentration of the diets increased, birds grew faster and required less food, in terms of both total weight and total energy, to reach specified liveweights, although these effects were not marked when the dietary ME concentration was above 13.5 MJ kg-1. Feed conversion was less efficient at the same ME concentration when birds of each sex were taken to higher liveweights. Dressing percentage increased with increases in dietary ME concentration for males, but for females it tended to decline at the highest energy concentrations. Mortality was the same (2 per cent) on all diets.

NUTRITIVE VALUE OF SORGHUM GRAIN FOR BROILER CHICKENS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 869-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. HULAN ◽  
F. G. PROUDFOOT
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Apparent Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Sorghum Grain ◽  
Finisher Diets

Sorghum grain (SG) contained more crude protein (103.5 g/kg) and ash (17.0 g/kg) but less crude fiber (17.7 g/kg) and total lipid (22.6 g/kg) than corn. The SG contained 0.37% ± 0.02 tannin, had a higher apparent metabolizable energy value than corn or wheat and contained all of the amino acids considered essential for chickens at levels in general between those of corn and wheat. Two experiments were carried out to ascertain the nutritive value of SG as a partial replacement for corn and wheat in practical poultry diets using 320 male and 320 female Cobb chicks in each. Starter (finisher) diets fed from 0–21 days (22–42 days) contained the following levels of SG: 15 (19); 30 (39); 45 (58)%. The diets were isoenergic and isonitrogenous. The inclusion of up to 45% SG in the starter diet and up to 58% in the finisher diet had no significant effect on mortality, live body weight, feed conversion or percentage of grade A carcasses. Key words: Broiler chickens, sorghum grain, milo, diets

The effect of dietary energy concentration on protein utilization during late pregnancy in ewes

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Guada ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Nitrogen Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Unit Increase

SUMMARYFrom 62 days of gestation to parturition, 20 Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn ewes were each offered one of four diets with roughage to concentrate ratios of 20:80; 40:60; 60:40 and 80:20, at daily metabolizable energy and digestible crude protein intakes of 490 kJ and 3·55 g/kg W0·75respectively. Plasma concentration of free fatty acids, glucose and urea were determined weekly, and nitrogen balance and digestibility trials were carried out at 70–80 and 130–140 days of gestation.On all treatments the concentration of plasma free fatty acids increased during pregnancy from approximately 200–600 μ-equiv./l and the concentration of glucose and urea decreased by approximately 25%.Digestibility coefficients for dry matter and organic matter increased from 58 to 68% and from 60 to 70% respectively as the proportion of concentrates in the diet increased and were not affected by stage of gestation. The apparent digestibility of nitrogen was not affected by the energy concentration of the diet.Between mid and late gestation there was a mean increase in daily nitrogen retention of 2·5 g and an improvement in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization of 19 percentage units.Nitrogen retention and the efficiency with which the apparently digested nitrogen intake was retained increased as the dietary energy concentration was increased. The mean daily increases in nitrogen retention were 0·0135 and 0·0039 g for each percentage unit increase in the concentrate portion of the diet at mid and late gestation respectively. The corresponding values for the improvement in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization were 0·13 and 0·10%.

An assessment of whether energy was the first factor limiting production of dairy cows grazing kikuyu grass pasture

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (100) ◽  
pp. 530 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Moir ◽  
HG Dougherty ◽  
PJ Goodwin ◽  
FJ Humphreys ◽  
PR Martin
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Kikuyu Grass ◽  
Whole Plants

Whole plants of kikuyu grass were taken at intervals over a 9-month period from four commercial dairy farms on which this grass was the predominant species. The plants were separated into leaf and stem fractions and their metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations were estimated from their cell-wall contents. The overall mean ME in the dry matter of leaf and stem on each farm was of the order of 11 and 9 MJ kg DM-1, respectively. From considerations of appetite limits depending upon whether energy was derived mainly from leaf or stem, and taking into account ME supplied from supplementary feeds, and ME requirements for milk production, it was concluded that the production of the herd with the highest mean production cow-1 (4140 kg lactation-1) was limited by dietary energy concentration, although the genetic capacity of the cows to produce milk at the expense of body weight loss overcame this limitation to some extent. On the other farms with low to intermediate levels of productivity, the amount of food on offer was the first limiting factor.

Growth performances, nutrient utilization and carcass traits in broiler chickens fed with a normal and a low energy diet supplemented with inorganic chromium (as chromium chloride hexahydrate) and a combination of inorganic chromium and ascorbic acid

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. AHMED ◽  
S. HALDAR ◽  
M. C. PAKHIRA ◽  
T. K. GHOSH
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Chloride Hexahydrate ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Diets for broiler chickens (n=90) were supplemented with chromium (CrCl3, 6H2O), either alone (0·2 mg/kg diet) or in a combination with ascorbic acid (0·2 mg Cr and 50 mg ascorbic acid/kg diet). The objectives of the study were to ascertain if ascorbic acid had any additive effect on the actions of chromium and whether chromium supplementation could alleviate the nutritional stress in the birds imposed by a reduced energy intake. The birds were fed at the recommended (Bureau of Indian Standards 1992) and at a lower plane of energy. Live-weight gain and diet utilization were higher (P<0·01) when the normal energy diet supplemented with chromium was fed. Food intake (35 days) was higher (P<0·001) in the birds fed with the low energy diet. There was an increase (P<0·01) in metabolizability due to the supplementation of chromium. The metabolizability of crude protein and total carbohydrate increased (P<0·05) when chromium and ascorbic acid were supplemented together. Chromium intake was higher (P<0·001) in the supplemented birds, especially in those fed with the low energy diet (P<0·05), though its retention was higher (P<0·05) when the normal energy diet was given. Chromium in combination with ascorbic acid also enhanced (P<0·01) chromium retention. Blood glucose (P<0·001) and plasma cholesterol (P<0·05) were lower in the supplemented birds and blood glucose was reduced further when ascorbic acid was supplemented together with chromium (P<0·01). Plasma protein increased (P<0·05) in the supplemented chickens. However, variation in the dietary energy concentration did not exert any significant effect on these blood parameters. Plasma chromium was higher (P<0·05) in the supplemented birds, though chromium had little effect in this regard with ascorbic acid. Plasma copper increased (P<0·05) when chromium was supplemented alone and increased further (P<0·05) when chromium and ascorbic acid were supplemented together. Deposition of chromium in the breast and thighs increased (P<0·05) due to supplementation. Protein content and total accretion of protein in the carcass were higher (P<0·05) when chromium was supplemented alone and with ascorbic acid. The supplemented birds had less (P<0·01) fat per 100 g of carcass irrespective of the dietary energy concentration. Weight of the hot carcass increased (P<0·05) due to chromium supplementation although dietary energy concentration did not affect this particular parameter. It was concluded that inorganic chromium supplementation (0·2 mg chromium/kg diet) might effectively enhance the growth performance, diet utilization and carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Addition of ascorbic acid might also be beneficial in this regard. However, dietary energy concentration was more critical and to yield the maximum benefit of Cr supplementation in broiler chickens, an optimum level was essential.

Review: Energy partitioning in broiler chickens

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Lopez ◽  
S. Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Concentration Changes

In commercial nutrition and in research studies, metabolizable energy (ME) is the standard measure of energy used in describing energy requirements and diets for poultry. The provision of dietary energy will influence the intake of all other nutrients. Broilers exhibit an outstanding ability to control their energy intake by adjusting their feed intake as diet energy concentration changes. There is still considerable debate on the accuracy, precision and usefulness of different procedures used for determining ME values of diets and ingredients. ME intake is generally partitioned into energy retained (ER) in body tissues (mainly as fat and protein) and as heat production (HP): ME = HP + ER. There are few reported estimates of HP and its components, fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF). Requirements for maintenance (MEm), including major components of FHP and physical activity, are established at around 155 kcal kg BW0.60. We recentlyreported that maintenance requirements for young broilers based on kg BW0.75 were 8% lower than the values estimated using kg BW0.60, and that BW raised to the exponent 0.60, was a more precise estimator. Gross energy retained in the body as fat (TERF) and protein (TERP), together contribute most of the total energy retained (TER) in the body. Efficiency of ME utilization above maintenance varies from 70 to 84% for lipid deposition in adult birds and between 37 and 85% in growing birds. Key words: Energy, broiler, metabolic rate, energy retention

scholarly journals Energy manipulation of isonitrogenous diets for broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.F. Akinmoladun ◽  
A.B. Falowo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Total Protein Intake ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Finisher Diets

A total of 378 unsexed Anak broiler chicks were used to assess the effects of varying energy levels and manipulation on growth, haematology, and carcass traits. The experiment was conducted in two phases. First, one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to one of three starter diets, which differed in their energy density (LSE: 2786.80 Kcal/kg; OSE: 3015.40 Kcal/kg; and HSE: 3252.20 Kcal/kg). The chicks were assigned to seven replicates per treatment with 18 chicks per replicate. When the chicks were 27 days old, they were randomly re-allocated to three finisher diets (LFE: 2770.66 Kcal/kg, OFE: 2961.74 Kcal/kg, and HFE: 3150.43 Kcal/kg). Thus, there were seven replicates of nine treatments with six chicks per replicate in the finishing phase. The starter and finisher diets were isonitrogenous. Birds fed the OSE and HSE starter diets gained more weight and were heavier at 27 days than birds fed LSE. Energy intake by birds fed HSE was greater than by birds fed OSE, and birds fed OSE had greater energy intake than birds fed LSE. Feed conversion ratio was improved for birds fed OSE and HSE. Birds fed LSE and then HFE consumed the least feed and gained as much or more weight during the finisher phase as any other group. Overall, FCR between days 27 and 50 tended to differ among the treatments (P =0.06). Total protein intake increased with decreasing dietary energy in both phases. Varying dietary energy levels did not affect the haematological parameters, carcass traits and internal organ weights.

Dietary energy content and floor space relationships for optimal growth and efficiency of broilers

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (67) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Yule
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Total Output ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fixed Size ◽  
Floor Space

Commercial broilers, kept in small, fixed-size pens, were allowed 310, 370, or 460 cm2 of floor space per bird started at one day of age, in a windowless controlled environment house. At each stocking density birds were offered diets with 12.5, 12.9, or 13.4 MJ kg-1 of metabolizable energy from 41 to 64 days of age. Male and female broilers grew more slowly (P < 0.05) when offered the lowest energy diet. They were heavier (P < 0.05) when allowed 460cm2 of floor space per bird. Total output on the basis of liveweight produced per unit of floor space over 64 days of age was largest in the most densely stocked pens. Optimal dietary metabolizable energy concentration was approximately 12.9 MJ kg-1; however, reasons for varying this recommendation are discussed.

The effects of dietary energy content on the response of dairy cows to body condition at calving

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Jones ◽  
P. C. Garnsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Beet Pulp

ABSTRACTFour groups of six cows were fed from 12 weeks before calving to achieve condition scores at calving of 3·23 (F) and 1·98 (T). For the first 20 weeks of lactation all cows were given 10 kg/day of isonitrogenous (180 g crude protein per kg dry matter (DM)) compounds containing either a high (13·0 MJ/kg DM; HE) or a low (9·8 MJ/kg DM; LE) concentration of metabolizable energy, together with 3 kg/day molassed sugar-beet pulp and hay offered ad libitum.The mean milk yield of cows receiving compound HE (27·7 kg/day) was higher (P > 0·05) than that of cows receiving compound LE (25·6 kg/day). Cows in group FHE yielded 27·0 kg/day, compared with 25·5 kg/day for FLE (P > 0·05); cows in group THE yielded 28·4 kg/day compared with 25·17 kg/day for TLE (P <0·05). After peak lactation, milk yields were maintained better in group THE but declined at a faster rate in group TLE than in groups FHE and FLE. Neither dietary energy concentration nor condition score at calving significantly affected milk composition (butterfat 43·5, protein 29·1, lactose 50·2 g/kg). Cows receiving compound HE consumed significantly (P < 0·001) more energy (208 MJ/day) than cows receiving compound LE (188 MJ/day). Over the first 10 weeks of lactation, changes in condition were –0·83, –0·88 +0·08 and –0·25 (s.e.d. 0·22, P < 0·05) condition score units for cows in groups FHE, FLE, THE and TLE respectively.It is concluded that with diets of high energy concentration intake is mainly limited by physiological mechanisms so that thin cows eat more than fat cows and produce similar amounts of milk. With diets of lower energy concentration, intake is limited by rumen capacity and thin cows eat the same as fat cows. This results in increased fat mobilization and a slight decrease in milk yield by cows which are fat at calving but the limited fat reserves of cows which are thin at calving are insufficient to compensate for reduced energy intake so large reductions in milk yield are observed.

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